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Breeding Home Range and Habitat Use of a Rare High-Elevation Songbird in Industrial Forests of New Brunswick

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Breeding Home Range and Habitat Use of a Rare High-Elevation Songbird in Industrial Forests of New Brunswick BREEDING HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF A RARE HIGH- ELEVATION SONGBIRD IN INDUSTRIAL FORESTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK by Christopher Ward Bachelor of Science Zoology, University of Guelph, 2013 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Management in the Graduate Academic Unit of Forestry and Environmental Management Supervisors: Tony Diamond, Ph. D., Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management (co-supervisor) Joe Nocera, Ph. D., Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management (co-supervisor) Examining Board: Graham Forbes, Ph. D., Department of Biology Thom Erdle, Ph. D., Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management This thesis is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK September, 2020 © Christopher Ward, 2020 ABSTRACT This thesis estimates home ranges, habitat selection, habitat use, and nest success of the Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli), a threatened songbird species inhabiting industrial forests in north-central New Brunswick. Home ranges were estimated as 18.14 ± 5.33 ha (90% AKDE) for females, and 13.2 ± 2.2 ha (90% AKDE) for males. A population estimate, derived from the number of female home ranges within a potential habitat model, was calculated at 5 275 (4 077 – 7 469) individuals in New Brunswick. Compositional analysis showed significant habitat preference in both sexes at the home range vs. landscape level, but no significant preference at the relocations vs. home range level. Compositional analysis indicates that they prefer unthinned habitat but interactions between precommercial thinning treatments and year since the treatment increased likelihood of use as years increased. Different females showed different preferences to habitat, and 4/5 females nested in forest that had been thinned previously, with three of those nests succeeding. I discuss management and conservation implications of these results for this species in New Brunswick. ii DEDICATION To all those who have believed in and supported me in my adventures. In loving memory of Edmund Ward (1930 -2020). iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you first to my supervisor, Dr. Tony Diamond, for believing in me to take on this project, and all the support, guidance, and patience during two field seasons and several years of analysis and writing. It has been an absolute pleasure learning from you during this experience. To my co-supervisor, Dr. Joe Nocera, and advisory committee member Dr. John Kershaw, thank you for your valuable advice and support in writing this thesis. Joe, thank you for inviting me into your lab group – it has been great to engage with you and your students over these past few years. To all my colleagues in the FOREM wildlife labs – the Diamond lab (Steph, Lauren, Kate, Chelsae, Dodds and Rock Mark), the Nocera lab (Erin, Doug, Kelly, Delaney, Shaylyn, Courtney and Brennan) and the Forbes lab (Cole and Phil) – thanks for all the insightful discussions and great friendships over the past four years. Thank you to all the field technicians (Sebastian Orue Herrera, Sarah Latimer, Sebastien Georgel, Audry Maynard and Anneleen Hulshof) for putting up with me during some of the most impossible fieldwork. I genuinely could not have done it without you all – THANK YOU! Thank you to Birds Canada (especially Amy-Lee Kouwenberg and Laura Tranquilla) for all the support for this project, and to Greg Campbell for showing me the ropes when I first began working with Bicknell’s Thrush. Thank you to my family, for supporting me and being my anchor throughout this whole experience. Finally, to my partner Laura – thank you for believing in me and pushing me to following my dreams. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 Population Estimates ....................................................................................................... 2 Habitat Associations and Potential Habitat Models in NB ............................................. 3 Relationship with Silviculture......................................................................................... 5 Nest Site Selection .......................................................................................................... 6 Conservation Rationale ................................................................................................... 7 Thesis Approach ............................................................................................................. 9 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2 – POPULATION ESTIMATE OF BICKNELL’S THRUSH (CATHARUS BICKNELLI) IN NEW BRUNSWICK USING HOME RANGE ANALYSIS ............... 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 Methods......................................................................................................................... 19 Study site ................................................................................................................... 19 Capture and tagging .................................................................................................. 19 v Tracking .................................................................................................................... 20 Triangulation ............................................................................................................. 21 Home range calculation ............................................................................................ 21 Population calculation ............................................................................................... 22 Results ........................................................................................................................... 23 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 29 Home range estimate methods .................................................................................. 29 Modelling Occurrence .............................................................................................. 30 Home range sizes ...................................................................................................... 31 Overlap ...................................................................................................................... 33 Population Estimate .................................................................................................. 34 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 3 – HABITAT PREFERENCE OF BICKNELL’S THRUSH (CATHARUS BICKNELLI) IN INDUSTRIAL FORESTS ..................................................................... 43 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 43 Methods......................................................................................................................... 46 Field Methods ........................................................................................................... 46 Location estimate and home range ........................................................................... 47 Habitat Variables ...................................................................................................... 47 Habitat Use................................................................................................................ 47 vi Results ........................................................................................................................... 48 Second-order Selection ............................................................................................. 49 Third-order Selection ................................................................................................ 53 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 59 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 4 – MODELLING BICKNELL’S THRUSH (CATHARUS BICKNELLI) HABITAT USE IN REGENERATING INDUSTRIAL FORESTS ................................ 68 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 68 Methods........................................................................................................................
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