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Printed in the United States of America 12345671211100908 U Contents PREFACE xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Political Science and Scientific Methods in Studying Politics 11 The Range of Political Science: Historical Developments 12 Thinking Scientifically: Some Foundations of Scientific Inquiry 17 Thinking Scientifically About Politics 21 Case Studies 21 Survey Research 24 Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 28 Indirect Quantitative Analysis 29 Science: Limitations 31 How Can We Have a Science of Human Behavior When Human Behavior Is Often Unique? 31 How Do We Know Our Findings Are Correct? 32 Does the Pursuit of Science Lead Us to Ignore Important Questions? 32 Does Science Contradict Its Own Logic? 34 Can Science Avoid Coming into Conflict with Ethics? 35 Summing Up 39 Study Questions 39 Following up Through Internet Sources 40 v vi CONTENTS 3 Key Concepts in Political Science 41 Power 42 Types of Power 43 Debates in the Study of Power 55 States 56 States: State Formation, Development, and Change 58 Debates in the Study of States 59 Nations 67 States and Nations: Relations and Interactions 67 Debates in the Study of Nations 70 Summing Up 72 Study Questions 73 Following Up Through Internet Sources 74 4 Political Theory: Examining the Ethical Foundations of Politics 75 Analyzing Political Theory: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 76 Some Fundamental Ethical Questions in Politics 79 What Purpose Should the State Serve? 79 Should States Promote Equality? 82 Should States Be Organized to Maximize Their Own Power or Organized to Restrain This Power? 88 Should States Try to Help Us Be Ethical? 91 Summing Up 95 Study Questions 96 Following up Through Internet Sources 97 5 Political Ideologies I: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism 98 Liberalism 98 Classical Liberalism 99 Modern Liberalism 104 Classical and Modern Liberalism Today 106 Conservatism 108 Traditional Conservatism 108 Traditional Conservatism Today 111 Traditional Conservatism and Classical Liberal Conservatism in Conflict 112 CONTENTS vii Socialism 116 Marxism 117 Marxism-Leninism 122 Social Democracy 124 Summing Up 126 Study Questions 126 Following up Through Internet Sources 127 6 Political Ideologies II: Fascism 128 The Fascism of Mussolini and Hitler 128 Neofascism 139 Summing Up 142 Study Questions 142 Following up Through Internet Sources 143 7 Political Ideologies III: Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism 144 Feminism 145 Liberal Feminism 150 Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism 151 Environmentalism 154 Basic Principles 155 Diversity within Environmentalist Ideology 159 A Note on Postmodernism 161 Summing Up 162 Study Questions 163 Following up Through Internet Sources 163 8 Comparative Politics I: Governmental Systems: Democracy and Nondemocracy 164 Democracy as a Fluid and Varied Governing Process 165 Democracies Compared 170 Participation: The United States and Switzerland 170 Pluralism: The United States and Germany 172 Developmentalism: The United States and Argentina 175 Protection: The United States and Great Britain 178 Performance: The United States and India 181 Nondemocracy: A Fluid and Varied Governing Process 183 Questions About China 188 viii CONTENTS Summing Up 190 Study Questions 192 Following up Through Internet Sources 193 9 Comparative Politics II: Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Elections 194 Interest Groups 195 Interest Groups in the United States 195 Interest Groups Compared: Democracies 203 Interest Groups Compared: Nondemocracies 207 Political Parties 208 Political Parties in the United States 208 Political Parties Compared: Democracies 213 Political Parties Compared: Nondemocratic and Transitional Systems 216 Elections 217 Elections in the United States 218 Elections Compared: Democracies 226 Elections Compared: Nondemocracies 228 Summing Up 228 Study Questions 230 Following up Through Internet Sources 231 10 Comparative Politics III: Governing Democracies: Executives, Legislatures, and Judiciaries 232 Executive–Legislative Relations: Presidential and Parliamentary Systems 232 The U.S. Presidential System: The Executive 233 The British Parliamentary System: The Executive 238 Other Examples of Executive–Legislative Relations 240 The U.S. Presidential System: The Legislature 241 The British Parliamentary System: The Legislature 245 Judicial Review Versus Parliamentary Sovereignty 247 Summing Up 249 Study Questions 250 Following up Through Internet Sources 250 11 International Relations I: Introduction 251 Models of Analysis 253 Idealism 253 CONTENTS ix Realism 255 International Relations: Out of Bipolarism and into the Twenty- First Century 258 Bipolar Politics 258 After Bipolarism 260 International Security Questions 261 Summing Up 270 Study Questions 271 Following up Through Internet Sources 271 12 International Relations II: Contemporary Issues 272 Media and Politics 275 Economics and Politics 279 Summing Up 287 Study Questions 287 Following up Through Internet Sources 288 NOTES 289 GLOSSARY 346 INDEX 355 CREDITS 363 U Preface his text seeks to introduce students to some analytical dimensions of political Tscience through discussions of research, theory, comparative, U.S., and international questions within the discipline. As discussed in greater detail in Chapter 1, this text includes chapters on political science and scientific research approaches, key concepts in political science, political theory and political ideo- logy, comparative politics and U.S. politics, and international relations. The text draws on academic and applied contributions to political discourse in an effort to show students that political science is a field of inquiry with many practical uses. Specifically, in this text I try to introduce basic political science concepts, demonstrate their significance in understanding contemporary political issues, and connect the concepts to larger theoretical models of analysis. The goal of encouraging students to think critically about the questions discussed in this text has also motivated every substantive decision throughout the composition process. Analyzing Politics is written not only to instruct, but also to provoke, to challenge, and sometimes to unsettle readers. Furthermore, I hope the text invites students to explore a broader range of perspectives and sources than those traditionally incorporated into introductory political science classes; toward this end, I have included