Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491
UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO AS NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTs BY KALAODI VILLAGERS IN THE INDONESIAN ISLAND OF TIDORE
Firlawanti Lestari Baguna 1*) Much. Hidayah Marasabessy 2*) Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, KhairunUniversity*) 1E-mail: [email protected] 2 [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Tagafura protected forest situated in Tidore Island has a diverse of native non-timber forest products (NTFPs) including various species of bamboo trees. The present study was aimed at observing the types of bamboo growing in the forest and identifying the villagers’ strategies in sustaining natural resource. The study was conducted from September to November 2018. The data of types of bamboo was collected through a field observation, whilst the data on villagers’ strategies was gathered using an interview technique to the 30 respondents. A snowball sampling method was used for respondent selection. The result showed that there were about seven species of bamboo distributed across the forest that have been utilized by Kalaodi villagers, who have a direct access to the forest, as a raw material for making household furniture. Kalaodi villagers have their own traditional way to preserve bamboo trees from extinction. Also, the forest area has been divided into two categories of land use: the privately owned land and the protected forest. The villagers develop strategies to sustain bamboo vegetation by cultivating the plant in both the forest and their owned land; complying with the restriction of over- exploitation and destruction; utilizing bamboo for household needs, and passing the local wisdom to young generation. Keywords: Types of bamboo, types of bamboo utilization, Kalaodi local wisdom.
Abstrak
Hutan lindung Tagafura yang terletak di Pulau Tidore memiliki keanekragaman hasil hutan bukan kayu termasuk bambu. Terdapat sekitar tujuh spesis bambu yang tersebar di hutan tersebut. Masyarakat desa Kalaodi yang menghuni hutan Tagafura telah memanfaatkan bambu untuk memenuhi keperluan hidup mereka. Mereka memiliki cara tradisional untuk melestarikan tanaman bambu agar tidak punah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis bambu yang ada di hutan tersebut dan mengidentifikasi strategi masyarakat dalam melestarikan tanaman bambu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan September-November 2018. Data jenis bambu dikumpulkan dengan melakukan obervasi lapangan, dan data tentang strategi masyarakat dikumpukan melalui wawancara terhadap 30 responden. Pemilihan responden dilakukan menggunakan metode sampling bola salju. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah hutan Tagafura telah dibagi dalam dua kategori yaitu lahan milik pribadi dan wilayah hutan lindung. Masyarakat desa mengembangkan strategi melestarikan tanaman bambu dengan membudidayakan di wilayah hutan, menaati larangan pemanenan bambu secara
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491 berlebihan, menggunakan bambu terutama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga, dan meneruskan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal kepada generasi muda. Kata kunci: Jenis-jenis bambu, jenis pemanfaatan bambu, kearifan lokal
INTRODUCTION tree, for example; sap, leaves, skin, fruit, or in the form of plants that have special NTFPs are biological materials properties such as rattan and bamboo. other than wood originating from forests The potential of forest products and environmental services (Awono et such as Rattan, Resin, Bamboo, Sago, al., 2013). Whereas according to FRA Aren, Honey, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, and (2010) Non-timber forest products Ornamental Plants and medicinal plants (NTFPs) as goods are both biological is a potential NTFP in the North Maluku and non-biological from forest resources Province. Bamboo is one of the potential (Undang-Undang-Undang Republik NTFP commodities in Tidore Kepulauan Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999) other City (BPDAS Ake Malamo, 2012). than wood released from forests. According to that the excess Non-timber forest products utilization of NTFPs (Non-Timber (NTFPs) are one of the important timber Forest Products) can help communities resources for people who live around obtain more diverse sources of forests other than wood. Undang- livelihood without destroying forests. Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 One form of local wisdom of the people Tahun 1999 chapter 23rd explains that of “Tidore Kepulauan City”, namely utilization of forest and the use of forest Kalaodi Village, inherited by their areas aim to obtain optimal benefits for ancestors in seeking utilization, is the the welfare of the entire community prohibition or bobeto (for violators who equitably while maintaining its damage and take excessive forest/natural sustainability. products), legu dou and tola gumi was Utilization of NTFPs in traditions in preserving nature. community empowerment was carried Bamboo is a plant in the grass out while taking into account the group that has many benefits both functions of forests and aspects of forest ecologically, socially and economically. sustainability. Non-timber forest Ecologically, the availability of bamboo products are generally a by-product of a can certainly affect the condition of
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491 water availability, because bamboo is take place from September to November one of the plants that can bind and store 2018th. water. Economically bamboo has added Method of collecting data value and selling value that can compete The collection of plantation data with timber forest products that can be a is carried out by measuring and source of income for the community. observing the respective types of Socially, Indonesian people have known bamboo found in the field. Interviews bamboo as part of lives from birth to (personal interviews) were conducted death, bamboo was often used in with informants regarding the use of traditional ceremonies and synonymous bamboo. The population in this study with people in Tidore Community. were people who knew the use of Tidore community used bamboo bamboo in Kalaodi, Tidore Isle. as a traditional toy (meriam and Sampling in this study by means of dodorobe), traditional ceremonies (Paca purposive sampling, namely the Goya), skeletons of houses, cooking technique of selecting informants with utensils and fences have been used for special considerations, which is generations. Many households depend someone who is considered the most their lives primarily on non-timber forest knowledgeable about the use of bamboo. products as a subsystem and/or as the Sample in this study was 30 respondents main source of income. This study aims consisting of; (1) people who are to identify the type of bamboo and the considered to know about utilization utilization of bamboo in the Kalaodi such as (craftsmen and traditional village at Tidore Isle. leaders) are at least 10 people; (2) 20 MATERIALS AND METHODS people in general such as (who have Materials heard and used bamboo). Bamboo plantation located in
Kalaodi Village, Tidore Isle North Data analysis Maluku Province. The reason for Field Data obtained were choosing this place is that still there are tabulated and analyzed descriptively. bamboo plants, people still use bamboo The data about types of bamboo be in their daily lives and traditions from analyzed and grouped based on the generation to generation. The study will morphological characteristics of
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491 bamboo. Data related to the form of atter) as called Tabaliku ake, Tui bamboo utilization that was collected be Bamboo (S. five) as called Gilou, Talang analyzed descriptively using the Bamboo (S, brachycladum) as called tabulated. Lou van and Betung Bamboo (D. asper RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Schult.) Becker ex. Heyne) as called Tui Bamboo Types Jawa. The results of the study show that The types of bamboo consist of 4 the area around the forest present types (four) genus, namely Bambusa, of bamboo in Kalaodi Village. Table 1 Gigantochloa, Schizostachyum and, presented the types of bamboo in Dendrocalamus. Genus Bambusa has 2 Kalaodi Village. (two) types of bamboo, namely B. Table 1 shows the types of bamboo maculata and B. vulgaris. Genus found in the Kalaodi Village forest area. Gigantochloa group only has one type, There are 7 (seven) types of bamboo be namely G. atter. Genus Schizostachyum discovered in the area. The bamboo group found 2 (two) types of bamboo, species is Tutul Bamboo (B. maculata namely S. five and S. brachycladum. Widjaja) as called Tabaliku Cina, Ampel Genus Dendrocalamus genus was found Bamboo (B. vulgaris Schard) as called only 1 (one) type of bamboo, namely D. Lou, Loleba Bamboo (B. atra Lindl) as asper (Table 1). called Tui Biasa, Atter Bamboo (G. Table 1. List of Types of Bamboo in Kalaodi Isle
Indonesia No Local Name Species Genus Name Tabaliku 1 Bambu Tutul Bambusa maculate Bambusa Cina 2 Lou Bambu Ampel Bambusa vulgaris Schard Bambusa 3 Tui biasa Loleba Bambusa atra Lindl Bambusa 4 Tabaliku Ake Bambu Ater Gigantochloa atter Gigantochloa 5 Gilou Bambu Tui Schizostachyum lima Schizostachyum Schizostachyum 6 Lou Van Bambu Talang Schizostachyum brachycladum Dendrocalamus asper 7 Tui Jawa Bambu Betung Dendrocalamus (Schult.) Becker ex. Heyne
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491
Utilization of Bamboo Forest uses bamboo in various uses. In general, the use of bamboo by the The results of the study show that community is presented in Table 2. the community around the Kalaodi
Table 2. Utilization Bambo of Kalaodi Community
Local Name Botanical Name Use For Tabaliku Cina Bambusa maculata Table, Chair, Trash can, Wall, Fence, Traditional Ceremony, Gerbang Lou Bambusa vulgaris Schard Obor, Craft, Bamboo shoot Tui biasa Bambusa atra Lindl Saloi, fishing rod, Wicker, dodorobe (Traditional toy) Tabaliku Ake Gigantochloa atter Wicker basket, lemang, Fence, Traditional Ceremony (mug) Gilou Schizostachyum lima Lanjaran Lou Van Schizostachyum Raw Nasi Jaha, Craft, traditional brachycladum ceremony Tui Jawa Dendrocalamus asper Knock Down, Pole, Bamboo shoot, (Schult.) Becker ex. Heyne Traditional ceremony (Fola ma katu, Rumah Ritual Buku se dou)
Table 2 shows the forms of Basket, young culm for making nasi bamboo use based on species by the jaha, fences and traditional ceremonies. Kalaodi community. The form of Tui Bamboo (Gilou) was used to support utilization of the type of Tutul Bamboo horticulture plants (trajectory). The form (Tabaliku Cina) was used for making of utilization of the type of Talang home walls, fences, tables, chairs, and Bamboo (Lou Van) was used as a trash bins and traditional ceremonies. building material (skeleton hood/roof Ampel Bamboo ( Lou ) was used for frame) and food container (Nasi Jaha). torches, crafts, bamboo shoots. Form of Utilization of Betung Bamboo (tui Utilization of the type of Loleba Bamboo bamboo) is used as a household (Tui Biasa) was used as an ingredient in construction (building frame/pole) and making saloi, wicker and traditional food ingredients (bamboo shoot). games (dodorobe). Ater Bamboo Bamboo material known by the (Tabaliku Ake) was used for making community has good properties to be
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491 utilized, including strong, resilient, The results showed that 7 (seven) straight, flat, hard, easy to split, easy to types of bamboo were utilized by the work and lightweight so it is easy to community around the Kalaodi Village transport. In addition, bamboo is also forest area, namely Tabaliku Cina, Lou, relatively inexpensive compared to other Tui Biasa, Tabaliku Ake, Gilou, Lou building materials because it is found in Van, Lou Van, and Tui Jawa. It was the surrounding forests (Arinasa and found to consist of 2 (two) genus Peneng, 2013). Bamboo was a versatile Bambusa, 1 (one) genus Gigantochloa, 2 plant for the people of Kalaodi. (two) genus Schizostachyum and 1 (one) genus Dendrocalamus (Table 1). Discussion This condition is in line with the research of Huzaemah (2016) which Types of Bamboo found 9 types and 1 bamboo variety Kalaodi was one of the Kelurahan included in 5 (five) genera in the in East Tidore Sub-District located in the Blowupus Watershed of North Lombok hills. Kalaodi consists of 4 (four) hills, Regency, namely D. asper, T. siamensis, namely the hill Tagafura, Kulili, S. jaculans, G. atter, G. apus, B. glauco- Bukumen, and Pululu. Kalaodi was one phylla, B. multiplex, B. maculata, B. area that functions as a catchment area of vulgaris, and B. vulgaris var. vittata. precipitation. Kalaodi has many bamboo plants. According to Balittri (2011) Utilization of Bamboo bamboo plants have the advantage of Bamboo is one of the non-timber repairing very good water catchments, so forest products that is widely used by the they can increase water storage. community because it is easy to find. Bamboo plants grow and develop The results showed that the people of naturally without intensive care. These Kalaodi use bamboo still traditionally types of bamboo have been growing and and are subsistence. Bamboo is used in developing for a long time in the Kalaodi accordance with the knowledge, skills, area. However, some informants stated abilities and local culture. The use of that they had planted. Seeds used for bamboo by the Kalaodi community that planting are made from bamboo shoots is; or rhizome cuttings.
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491
Building material color of brownish spots on the surface of In general, the Kalaodi the bamboo stem (Arinasa and Peneng, community uses bamboo as a part of the 2013). house such as walls, house poles, roof Craft truss, fences and making livestock pens. Handicraft materials usually use The type of bamboo that is suitable for bamboo that is soft, flexible and easily home poles is Bamboo Betung or Tui formed and has aesthetic value. Jawa ( D. asper ), for the roof frame is According to interviews with bamboo, Lou van or Talang Bamboo (S, which are usually used for making brachycladum) and Gilou or Tui handicrafts, namely Tutul Bamboo, Tui Bamboo ( S. five ) are used for fencing. Bamboo, Ampel Bamboo, Bamboo Ater, According to the interview and Talang Bamboo. Tutul bamboo is results, betung bamboo has a large used as a craft and furniture material diameter of bamboo stems, thick and because it has the color of brown spots strong walls. However, the lack of this on the surface of the bamboo stem bamboo is to have a heavier reed. Gutter (Arinasa and Peneng, 2013) and high and distilled bamboo are used as a roof aesthetic value. Tui bamboo is used for and fence frame because the stems are making saloi because it is hard, straight strong, light and small in diameter. and easy to form. Ampel and Talang Furniture Bamboo are used for webbing such as The Kalaodi community utilizes baskets because of the distinctive color Tutul Bamboo and Tui Bamboo for the of the fiber. Atter bamboo is used for manufacture of crafts and furniture. webbing because the color of the Tutul bamboo stems are usually directly bamboo stem is shiny and easily shaped sold by the Kalaodi community for woven baskets. (farmers) but are used directly by Socio-cultural Kalaodi Craftsmen as the main raw Bamboo is inseparable from material for making types of furniture people's lives, although along with the such as chairs, tables, goblets and baby times, bamboo is still used in people's boxes. Whereas Tui Bamboo is used for lives with low intensity. According to making Saloi and wicker. Tutul bamboo Widyana (2012) in the socio-cultural life is used as furniture because it has the of the community, bamboo is one of the
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491 things that are not usually left behind, for remove the bitter taste. Talang Bamboo example in traditional ceremonies, used to make nasi jaha. wedding ceremonies, family Environment celebrations and even bamboo raw Kalaodi’s community has known materials that are typical musical the benefits of ecologically bamboo instruments of certain communities. which can store and bind groundwater so Moreover, the socio-cultural that the springs around Kalaodi can be development of the community is maintained. Bamboo as a plant for the marked by the development of bamboo conservation of soil and water forming accessories in the manufacture of high- watersheds binds grains of soil value household art and souvenirs. Some vulnerable to erosion. Studies show that places of bamboo species are certainly a one hectare of bamboo plants can absorb part of the myth and complete rituals of more than 12 tons of CO2 from water society that are worth magic. (Widnyana, 2012). Bamboo is also more The condition is proven because effective in water conservation where it is based on interviews of bamboo used bamboo is permeable in 90% of by public ceremonies and the village rainwater, while trees are only 35–40%. party is always done by the Society Kalaodi after the harvest season is Paca CONCLUSION goya, Songa, and Salai Jin. In addition, The conclusion of this study that bamboo shoots can be used for food such there are 7 (seven) types of bamboo used as Betung Bamboo. The statement is like by people around the forest in Kalaodi Sutiyono et al. (2009), not all types of namely Bamboo Tutul (Tabaliku Cina) bamboo have bamboo shoots that are Bamboo Ampel (Lou), Bamboo Loleba good for bamboo species whose bamboo (Tui Biasa), Bamboo Ater (Tabaliku shoots can be directly used as vegetable Ake), Bamboo Tui (Gilou), Bambu ingredients directly, namely petung Talang (Lou Van), Bambu Betung (Tui bamboo (D. asper). While bamboo Jawa) and utilization of bamboo by the shoots from the type of Ampel Bamboo community Kalaodi as building (B. vulgaris) can be used as vegetable materials, furniture, craft materials, ingredients after being processed first to social-cultural activities, and environment.
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Volume 18 Number 1 Cannarium (Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian) June 2020 ISSN: 1693 – 1491
ACKNOWLEDGE Prastiyo, S. 2009. Identifikasi potensi dan pemasaran produk dari We are grateful to the Khairun hutan rakyat bambu (studi University for the Financial Support of kasus: Desa Pertumbukan Kec. Wampu Kab. Langkat) This Study. We would like an [Skripsi]. Fakultas Pertanian appreciation to all the respondents at Universitas Sumatera Utara. Sumatera Utara. Kalaodi Village for sharing their Sutiyono, Widiarti, A., Mawazin. 2009. information and for the heartiest Teknik budidaya bambu cooperation during our field surveys for penghasil rebung sebagai sumber pangan [Laporan their effort of the manuscript. penelitian]. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan REFERENCES Konservasi Alam. Bogor. Widjaja, E. A. 2001. Identifikasi Jenis- Arinasa, IBK., Peneng, IN. 2013. Jenis- jenis Bambu di Kepulauan Jenis Bambu di Bali dan Sunda Kecil. Puslitbang Potensinya. LIPI Press. Jakarta. Biologi-LIPI. Bogor. [BPDAS] Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Widyana, K.. Bambu dengan berbagai Aliran Sungai Akemalamo. 2012. manfaatnya. Bumi Lestari Laporan Akhir Fasilitasi Penetapan Journal of Environment, [S.l.], Jenis HHBK Unggulan Provinsi v. 8, n. 1, nov. 2012. Tersedia Maluku Utara. pada:
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