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Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde Yerli Malı Kavramı Ve İstanbul

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Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde Yerli Malı Kavramı Ve İstanbul itüdergisi/b sosyal bilimler Cilt:6, Sayı:2, 15-26 Aralık 2009 Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde yerli malı kavramı ve İstanbul yerli malı sergileri Gülname TURAN*, Ayla ÖDEKAN İTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sanat Tarihi Doktora Programı, 34437, Taksim, İstanbul Özet 1930’larda fikirde üretkenliğin, uygulamada endüstrileşmenin desteklenmesinin sonucu olarak ulu- sun refahının arttırılması yolunda tüketim mallarına öncelik verilir. Gündelik yaşam eşyalarıyla refah, hijyen, modernlik gibi konular ilişkilendirilirken, “yerli mal” kullanımı teşvik edilerek üret- kenliğin arttırılması hedeflenir. Dışa kapalı ekonomiyle birlikte toplumda tasarruf bilincini uyan- dırmak ve yerli ürünlerin tüketimini özendirmek amaçlı uygulamalar yapılır. Böylece, 1929’da Milli İktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti (MİTC) kurulur. MİTC’nin Türkiye’de ürün tarihi bağlamındaki en be- lirgin etkinliği ulusal yerli malları sergilerinin düzenlenmesidir. 1851 uluslararası sergisine katılı- mın ardından yeni bir kavrayışla düzenlenmeye başlanan sergilerin, MİTC’nin aracılığıyla Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde sürdürülerek başka bir düzleme taşındığı görülür. “Sergicilik” içine giri- len ekonomik koşulların aşılmasına hizmet etme önceliğiyle benimsense de aynı zamanda Erken Cumhuriyet’in propaganda araçlarındandır. Cemiyet Ankara’da düzenlediği sergiler dışında, İs- tanbul’da 1929-1938 yılları arasında, 10 yıl boyunca “Yerli Malları Sergisi”nin düzenlenmesini sağlar. Sergi salonu olarak Galatasaray Lisesi’nin salonu kullanılır. Yerli malları sergileri sergile- necek ürünler, ürünlerin sergileneceği stantlar ve tanıtımın aracısı afişler gibi farklı alanlarda ta- sarlama ve uygulama zemini hazırlamıştır. Sergilerin amacı tasarruf bilincini yerleştirmek ve yerli mal kullanımını özendirmek için Türkiye’de üretilen ürünlerin geniş kitlelerle aynı çatı altında bu- luşmasını sağlamaktı. Bununla birlikte sergilerde halkın yerli ürünler hakkındaki olumsuz fikirlerini değiştirmek, yerli mallarla güven kazanmak da hedeflenmiştir. Satış da yapılan bu sergiler tüketim toplumunun yeni bir boyutu olan departman mağazaları görevini de periyodik olarak üstlenmişler- dir. Bu sergiler Erken Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinde bazı mimar ve sanatçıların stant tasarımları yap- malarına olanak da sağlamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi, yerli malı, yerli malı sergileri, sergi tasarımı. *Yazışmaların yapılacağı yazar: Gülname TURAN. [email protected]; Tel: (212) 293 13 00 dahili: 2823. Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sanat Tarihi Programında tamamlanmış olan "Türkiye’de Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi zanaat ve sanayi üretiminde tasarım" adlı doktora tezinden hazırlanmıştır. Ma- kale metni 09.06.2009 tarihinde dergiye ulaşmış, 22.10.2009 tarihinde basım kararı alınmıştır. Makale ile ilgili tartışma- lar 31.03.2010 tarihine kadar dergiye gönderilmelidir. G. Turan, A. Ödekan The idea of domestic products and supported factories, state-owned factories, together Istanbul domestic products exhibitions with local artisans, and artists. The exhibitions of domestic products provided a platform for the activ- during the Early Republican Period in ity of design and practice in different working areas. Turkey Products of industry and crafts from a wide range of the Turkish daily life were exhibited. Designing the Extended abstract stands and pavilions of the exhibitors was one of the Priority was given to consumer products during main design activities for a significant and a limited 1930’s in the Early Republican Period Turkey, as a number of designers. The posters for the announce- result of the governmental support on the idea of ment and the promotion of the exhibitions and the productivity and on the practice of industrialization, other activities of MITC were also a telling design in order to increase the welfare of the nation. Con- activity of the time. MITC, as some of the state or- cepts like welfare, hygiene and modernity were em- ganizations, was successful in using graphic design phasized in relation to everyday products. Increase as a strong tool of propaganda and promotion. in productivity was aimed by encouraging the use of Among the exhibitors, most of the state institutions and factories, and some of the private firms showed domestic products. Expanding the idea of consump- themselves off through high modernist stands, which tion and encouraging the use of domestic products acted as a face of modern production and positivist were the significant efforts within an economy that thinking. The modernist stands and pavilions of most was closed to outside and highly state supported. In state firms were designed by the design- 1929, National Union of Economy and Savings ers/decorators/artsists of the time such as Arif Dino, (MITC) was founded as an offspring of the policy of Vedat Ar and İsmail Hakkı Oygar. These high mod- economy significantly supporting industrialization ernist stands acted as meeting points between mod- and mechanization. One of the missions of MITC ern design and the public. The posters designed by was “the promotion of increasing the quantity, the İhap Hulusi, also served the same purpose whilst quality and the beauty” of Turkish products and to promoting the use of domestic products. make them known and sold worldwide. The objective of the İstanbul Domestic Products Ex- MITC organized “the National Models Exhibition” hibitions was to bring the products of Turkey to- in 1930, “the Agriculture and Technique Exhibi- gether with large communities under the same roof tion” in 1931, “the Second National Exhibition of for setting the idea of money saving and encourag- Industry” in 1931, “Tenth Year Economy Exhibi- ing the consumption and use of domestic products. tion” in 1933 and “Ankara Industry Exhibition” in Another important and significant issue that domes- 1934. The most significant events that MITC organ- tic product exhibitions acted as a key actor was ized in the context of design history were “the na- tional exhibitions of domestic products”. After the about challenging the negative impressions of the Turkish participation to the first International Great public on the domestic products, and presenting the Exhibition in 1851 and to the successor 19th Century concept “Türk Malı (Turkish Product)” as reliable. and early 20th Century world exhibitions, the idea of Writers and thinkers of the period supported MITC exhibiting was carried into a new level of under- and the idea of “Türk Malı”, while they also criti- standing by the agency of MITC during the Early cized local producers for not reaching the standards Republican Period. Despite the fact that exhibiting that MITC was promoted. was appropriated for overcoming the hard economic conditions, it was also one of the propaganda tools Domestic products were not only exhibited but also of the Early Republic serving as an arena of modern sold in these exhibitions. It can be argued that these socialization. Apart from the ones held in Ankara, exhibitions acted as the first modern domestic de- MITC encouraged the organization of domestic partment stores in the Republican Turkey, and trig- products exhibitions for ten years of time in Istanbul, gered a new dimension of the consumer society. between 1929 an 1938. The exhibitions were organ- ized in the large hall of Galatasaray High School. Keywords: Early Republican Period, domestic The profile of the exhibitors was heterogeneous in- products, domestic product exhibitions, exhibition cluding firms from the private sector, state- design. 16 Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde yerli malı sergileri Giriş Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde milli iktisat ve tasar- 1930’larda fikirde üretkenliğin, uygulamada en- ruf hakkındaki konuşmasını yaptığı 12 kânunu- 1 düstrileşmenin desteklenmesinin sonucu olarak, evvel tarihidir (madde 45) . ulusun refahının arttırılması yolunda tüketim mallarına yeni bir öncelik yüklenir. Tüketim Milli İktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti mallarının aynı zamanda inkılâplarla ilişkilenen MİTC’nin Türkiye’de ürün tarihi bağlamındaki “asrilik” sembolü anlamı da çok güçlüdür. Tü- en belirgin etkinliği, ulusal yerli malları sergile- ketim malları/gündelik yaşam eşyalarıyla refah, rinin düzenlenmesidir. Cemiyet Budapeşte ve hijyen, modernlik gibi konular ilişkilendirilir- Leipzig uluslararası sergilerine katılımı da sağ- ken; “yerli mal” kullanımı teşvik edilerek üret- lamıştır. Türkiye’de 1851 uluslararası sergisine kenliğin arttırılması hedeflenir. Bu hedef, en- katılımın ardından yeni bir kavrayışla düzen- düstrileşmiş kapitalist ülkeleri etkisine alan lenmeye başlanan sergilerin, MİTC’nin aracılı- 1929-1930 dünya ekonomik krizinin de sonuçla- ğıyla Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde sürdürüle- rındandır. Türkiye ekonomisi dünya ekonomisi rek başka bir düzleme taşındığı görülür. Cemi- ile bütünleşememiş olmasına rağmen olumsuz yet kurumsallaşmış sergiciliğin yerleşmesine ve etkilenmemek amacıyla dışa kapalı ekonomi düzenli sergi faaliyetlerinin devam ettirilebilme- politikası izler (Duman, 1999). Dışa kapalı eko- sine yönelik bir adım olarak “Ankara Sergi Evi” nomiyle birlikte, toplumda tasarruf bilincini binasını yaptırır. uyandırmak ve yerli ürünlerin tüketimini özen- dirmek amaçlı uygulamalar yapılır. Bu amaç “Sergicilik” içine girilen ekonomik koşulların doğrultusunda 14 Aralık 1929 tarihinde Milli aşılmasına hizmet etme önceliğiyle benimsense İktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti (MİTC) kurulur. de; aynı zamanda Erken Cumhuriyet’in propa- Cemiyet Büyük Buhran’ın ortaya çıkardığı yarı ganda araçlarındandır. Özellikle devlet teşeb- resmi bir kuruluş olarak
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