Vol.14/ No.56/ Feb 2018

Received 2017/07/20 Accepted 2017/12/30

Persian translation of this paper entitled: معماری کیوبیک و معماری مسکونی مدرن در ترکیه و ایران )دهه 1930( is also published in this issue of journal.

Cubic Architecture and Modern Residential Architecture in and Iran (1930s)

Mohammadhamed Mousavi* Khosrow Afzalian** Zahra Fanaei***

Abstract By investigating the modern architecture in Turkey and Iran, it is observed that the “modern house” discourse is a major part of the architecture in these two countries. The modern architectural idealists in the West introduced residential architecture as the essence of modern architecture and considered it an important and significant subject. Naturally, this view was influenced by the culture of Turkish-Iranian architecture in the early twentieth century. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of modern architecture on the residential architecture of these countries and understand the reasons for their similarities and differences. Hence, this paper seeks to study the impacts and their causes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cubic architecture on modern residential buildings in Iran and Turkey, and presents comparative study on the developments in residential architecture of the two countries in the early twentieth century. In this study, the differences and similarities between the underlying factors and the developments of residential architecture were have beeninvestigated in two countries. Alao we have tried to present the comparative study of developments in Residential Architecture in the 1930s, for both countries. In this study, a comparative- analytical research method has been used. Library method has been used to gather the information. three buildings from Iran and three buildings from Turkey have been selected to do th comparative study. Then the characteristics were evaluated for the purpose of comparison. The results of this study show that, a comparative study on residential architecture from different aspects in the two periods of the republic and Pahlavi I, thre is general similarity in follow-up of Bauhaus and expressionism current in the emergence of fundamentally new forms of residential architecture of this period. Cubic houses have different structural and formal qualities. The structure of the organization of the cubic Plans can be divided into four categories: Plans with a central plateSoffeh, an inner plateSoffeh, an external plateSoffeh and without plateSoffeh that have a mutual relationship with the traditional architecture of these countries.

Keywords Cubic Architecture, Residential Architecture, Pahlavi I, Turkey, Bauhaus, Expressionism.

*. Department of Architecture, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. [email protected] **. Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Department of Architecture, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Corresponding author, [email protected] ***. Department of Art Research, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. [email protected] ...... 69...... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism Mohammadhamed Mousavi,Khosrow Afzalian,Zahra Fanaei / Bagh- e Nazar, 14 (56):69-84

Introduction architecture in Iran and Turkey in the early twentieth From the beginning, the modernization project century? The residential architecture of Turkey and in the countries of Turkey and Iran was deeply Iran in the early twentieth century is influenced by ambiguous. The leaders of the republic and Pahlavi the cubic architecture. I sought to import western forms, institutions, and lifestyle Without considering the feeling Research Methodology of alienation and individual mentality that was The present study has been done using comparative- centered on the experience of modernity analytical research method. data were collected The modern architects of these countries wanted to using library studies. By investigating the Iranian participate in the transformation of society using and Turkish contemporary architectural trends, modern architecture products. 1930s architects a comparative study was done on the 1930s focused on two axes:Awareness of the society in residential architecture of the two countries and the order to better understand the architecture profession factors affecting them. Then, first the indices were and to create conditions for the acceptance of determined to do a comparative study between the modern architecture in society, These issues were samples. After analyzing the cases, the results were subdivided into clandestine ideological problems finally expressed. such as nationalism, rationalism and, to some extent, regionalism, so that the flow of nationalism Research Background was related to architects’ demands in creating social Bozdoğan, while studying and analyzing cubic awareness of the architectural profession, and also house in the article entitled “Modern Life: The rational and regionalist movements were effective cubic House in the Culture of the Period of the in providing the conditions for social acceptance of Early Republic”, first, introduced the social modern architecture. (İmamoğlu, 2010: 35). background of the emergence of new architecture and style in the residential culture of Turkish elite Statement of Problems class and bureaucrats and then analyzed ’s By investigating the modern architecture in Turkey cubic architecture and its impact on the formation and Iran, it is observed that the “modern house” of urban middle class life (Bozdoğan, 1996). discourse is a major part of the architecture in these Kanpinak in his thesis entitled, “Modernism and two countries. The modern architectural idealists Housing, Residential Architecture in the Period in the West introduced residential architecture as of the early Republic of Turkey.” The cultural and the essence of modern architecture and considered social context of Turkey in the 1930s was heavily it an important and significant subject. Naturally, affected by the Renewal reforms and the official this view was influenced by the culture of ideology of the Republican regime. The main Turkish Iranian architecture in the early twentieth objective of this detailed study is the residential century. However, the importance of residential houses in between 1931 and 1940, that architecture was exacerbated by intensified by the analysis of their symbolic and social functions and revolutionary- political atmosphere of the early also their features helps to understand the unique twentieth century in Turkey and Iran. Therefore, fetures of architecture culture of Republic period investigating the effect of the cubic architecture on (Kanipak, 1998). the residential architecture of these countries and Bozdoğan and Akcan in their book, “Turkey, the reasons for their similarities and differences is Modern Architecture in History”, divided the major necessary. The question of this research is: how has streams of residential architecture of the 1940s and the cubic architecture affected modern residential 1930s into three categories: cubic houses, residential

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complexes, and new Turkish houses. They belived Tehran from the first modern residential apartments that The cubic architecture, which served to the and Cooperative and cheap houses during the decadent and colonial culture of the West, prevents Pahlavi I era, to contemporary vulgar and eclectic the emergence of a trend of original and modern housing, and explains the main flows of the Pahlavi Turkish architecture. The Turkish Dwelling Culture residential buildings, as following: d during the early Republic period was constantly The continuation of the late Qajar housing, the fluctuating among the demands for a Western and combination of traditional architectural elements ideal life model for the unique Turkish identity with European housing and modern housing. This (Bozdoğan, 2012). thesis is very valuable and unparalleled in gathering at the end, Akcan ‘s doctoral thesis etitled, “Modernity and analyzing Pahlavi housing in Tehran. And in the Transformation of German Turkish Relations finally, it demonstrates the factors that affect the and Residential Culture in the Early Twentieth development of housing architecture in this period Century,” focused on the development of the theory as follow: Political and Programmatic Causes due of translation in architecture, and examines the to change in the structure of the state-historical, history of intercultural exchange of housing policy socio-cultural. This thesis is one of the few types and a residential culture in Germany and Turkey in of research on modern residential architecture the first half of the twentieth century. This thesis in Pahlavi I & II periods, which considered the attempts to demonstrate the complex history of the evolution of residential architecture as inevitable in city and modern architecture, looking at homes the light of the global conditions (Jannipur, 2001). and housing in the mid-early 20th century (Akcan, Zarkesh in his paper, “The Role and Influence of 2012). Governmental Elements in the Architecture of The studies on the residential architecture of the Private Buildings in the Pahlavi I Period,” writes: Pahlavi I era and the comparative study of the Searching for and identifying government agents architecture of Iran and Turkey, the following show that these factors have two aspects: non- studies can be noted. Marefat in his Ph.D. thesis physical and physical dimensions. He concludes entitled “ Power Generation; the Architecture of that during the Pahlavi I Period, The role of Tehran in 1921-1941”, demonstrated: Reza Shah government agents has been to continue to make Pahlavi between 1921 and 1941, transformed changes, and the existing architectures include the Tehran from a traditional Islamic city to a modern style of Tehran and the syncretist 19th-century capital. Urban network, public spaces, government European architecture from the mid-Qajar era institutions and new typology of housing reflect the and the emergence of new methods in the popular continuous transformation of Tehran’s personality architecture largely based on Western architecture. during his period (Marefat, 1986). (Zarkesh, 2009). Marefat in his research not only looked closely The thesis of Jamal al-Din Soheilietitled “The at the subject of housing but also illustrated the Impact of Social and Political Factors on the residential architecture of that period by presenting Appearance of National Architectural Movements, extensive images of buildings constructed in a Comparative Study of Iran-Turkey Architecture in Tehran. Jannipur in his doctoral thesis entitled, “The the 1950s-1920s.” is one of the rare studies which evolution of the residential architecture of Tehran compares Iranian contemporary architecture with during the Pahlavi era”, outlines the developments the architecture in the countries of the region. This in the residential buildings of Tehran during the study examines the role of political movements in Pahlavi I & II periods, and investigates the process the advent of national movements in architecture of shaping and transforming residential buildings in in the Pahlavi I era in Iran and contemporary in

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Turkey (Soheili, 2010). Iran and Turkey in the early twentieth century Hassanpour’s Ph.D. thesis etitled “Reflection of can be classified into four categories: the new Traditional Architecture in Turkish Contemporary urban model, new materials, and technologies, the Architecture from 1940 to 1980 and Compare transformation of the interiors and the development it with Iran. “ “. This study by identifying the of new typology of housing. The first two factors factors affecting architecture in Iran and Turkey are directly linked to the role of the government in tries to compare the contemporary architectural supporting public projects, and the latter two further developments in both countries. As a result emphasize the role of architects and their customers of the comparison of architectural and urban in creating these changes (Bozdoğan, 2000:136). developments in different aspects, along with the The growing medium-sized urban class and their general similarity in the follow-up of international needs demanded new solutions that technology, trends and its interactions during mentioned period, materials, and structural innovations were replaced the tendencies of contemporary architecture in both with common housing traditions . In this way, a countries do not match objectively. (Hassanpour, variety of modern homes were created: row houses, 2015). Hence, according to the studies carried out apartments and villas (Marefat, 1986:250). on the modern residential architecture in the Pahlavi The term “cubism” includes different meanings I era, it seems that there are few studies in this that may conflict with each other. The initial uses area, which addresses the formation of residential of the term “architecture of cubism” refer to the architecture trends in this period, Therefore, architecture of the cubic or cubic shapes (i.e., this study to fill the gap by adopting the modern boxes or crystals) [...]. Colomina believes that residential architecture of Iran and Turkey tries to “ while modernity is clearly recognized by the investigate the developments of modern residential transformation of perception, but Le Corbusier architecture in the first Pahlavi period. and Ozenfant said that this change was not linked to changes in the artistic forms but it is due to the Theoretical Foundations of Research conditions of perception in urban life, “ (Colomina, • New urban pattern and cubic architecture 1997:148). Between 1920 and 1940, the governments of Iran and The term “cubism” refers only to the architecture Turkey were the largest supporters of architecture. of the cubic masses, which was the primary use of They follow ambitious modernization projects the term in the West. Thus, the external appearance to redefine urban space through a new generation was dominated by the perception of the cube rather of well-trained, foreign and Iranian professional than the spatial organization and emphasized the architects. Formation and spatial transformation need for spatial relations between the home and were part of the city’s transformation during this the environment or between the home and nature period. However, describing house developments as through terraces and open spaces (Bozdoğan, a simple or inevitable result of social innovations is 2001:142). misleading. The house reflects the values, interests, In this way, the basic design principles that have and expectations of individuals from their private been common for centuries in Iran and Turkey have lives, that its shape can not simply dictated by political been changed or replaced with highly differentiated powers. Changes in urban scale are only one of the spatial layers. Thus, the nature of construction factors influencing the developments in residential activities has been generaly changed by the growth architecture in this period (Marefat, 1986: 155). of speculative housing market in the early twentieth In general, the factors influencing the changes in century in Iran and Turkey. With a brief overview, the residential architecture of the countries of it is possible to observe the blindly adaptation

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of West’s cubic house in Iran and Turkey, such Cantilevers, flat roofs, rounded corners, cubic that in the lower layer of this blindly adaptation, compositions, vertical spacing in the exterior, a delicate transformation was taking place, which Horizontal band windows and windows in the could be well understood by looking closely at the corners, a non-symmetrical organization in the plan, principles of traditional and modern homes. extraversion, and The Soffeh, structural element for organizing the plan, replacing the traditional Cubic Architecture and Rational Modern courtyard with the open and the semi-open spaces House (Table 4).The cubic architecture is a reflection of The idea of a modern nation through the design Bauhaus’s architecture and German Expressionism of a modern home was very attractive for Turkish in Iran and Turkey. This architecture has been craftsmen, such that the idea was the main axis of led by architects in Turkey such as the Austrian Turkish architectural issues in the early twentieth Halzmeister and the Seifi Turkan Turks and in century. Without considering the architectural Iran by Vartan. In general, cubic architecture can developments in Central Europe, especially German be considered Rational and Functional architecture and Austrian architects, they focused mainly on (Table 3). home architecture. (Bozdogan,2001:216). The term “cubic” houses, which in the early 1930s In Turkey, modern architects such as Seyfi Erkan, was a popular style of residential architecture, Zaki Sayar, Abedin Mortaz, Abdullah Zia and Becir began to decline in the late 1930s, with the rise of Ehsan, and in Iran, Vardan, Budaghian, Ali Sadegh, a nationalist wave, along with nationalist attacks Zafar and Pul Abkar, they followed this idea in on modernist avant-garde in Germany and other residential projects in the 1930s.The term cubic European countries. The term “cubic houses” (cubic) refers villas and apartments of the 1930s. declined, and many architects Put modernity in a But the ideal type or paradigm of the dominant cubic defensive position (Akcan,2012:102). house was single-family houses and villas that were In the followingsection, the most prominent praised for such qualities as proximity to nature, features of the cubic architecture are compared and sunlight, and healthy living in these houses during analyzed, Circular windows and Round corners, 1930s modernism discourse (İmamoğlu,2010:178). which is found in the residential buildings of Turkey At the same time, Ankara and Tehran were and Iran. recognized as the modern capitals of Turkey and Iran, and early prototypes of cubic architecture Circular Window can be seen in new regions such as Yenisehir(New In the residential architecture of the 1930s, we can City) and Chankaya in Ankara and Ferdowsi, see Circular windows on the facade of the cubic Enghelab(Shahreza) and Palestine(palace) in buildings. It seems that in the modern architecture Tehran. Presidential Palace buildings (1932-1930), of the period of the republic and the Pahlavis, of Mustafa Kemal Ataturkwere designed by the Circular Window Causes same references to the Clementz Holzmister and the Sa’d Abad Palace fact that organic forms are associated with symbolic (1932-1933) was designed by Vartan, to portray and industrial notions in the minds of the architects the ideals of modern residential architecture. At of this period. Despite the insignificant resources the same time, these buildings can be regarded as in the construction industry of Iran and Turkey in paradigmatic for the cubic villas. The properties of the early twentieth century, industrialization in the cubic houses can be outlined as follows: architecture was more like a dream that technology A Geometric facade, an asymmetric composition was never an effective parameter in modern Turkish of cubes in the facade, strip windows, terraces, architecture and Iran.

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The symbolic significance of technological modernization. artifacts used in modern Western architecture Round corners such as airplanes, cars, and ships was not related The cubic architecture in Turkey and Iran, in addition to Iran and Turkey positision. However, the forms to the Circular window, widely used Round corners created by these artifacts, as a representation of as a formal feature. Although these characteristics modernism and the Circular window as one of these can be correlated with machine metaphor in the early symbols, was praised and welcomed by modern 20th century. Firstly, the modernization of modern architects. Most European architects considered architecture in Turkey and Iran does not happen the Circular window related to technological issues quickly, but there is a long process to develop the and considered it as a way to demonstrate function formal language of modern 1930s architecture. oriented and technological rationalism in the early Second, the architects had to struggle with the 20th century. They put a circular window in spaces inadequate construction industry and the weakness such as basements, parking lots, and stairs or in of the national economy. However, contrary to what the bathroom. These architects were more closer the architects claimed, the forms of the modern to rationalism than to the conventional aesthetic residential architecture of the 1930s were radically rules of modern architecture. So the idea of new and at first glance, this formal language modernization with the use of organic lines and attracted the attention of viewers, However, the round window as a sign of the machine age was organization of the plan and the performance of the created in the residential architecture of this period. residential houses of the 1930s did not differ much (Kanpinak,1998:82). As it seen at Reza Shah from the previous decades. In this transitional phase, Palace in Saadabad and the summer villa of Mustafa architects needed a more formal feature to prove Kemal Ataturk, in Flora Istanbul, it is easy to see the their argument about the radical and revolutionary aesthetics of the machine age in the early twentieth nature of modern architecture. Therefore, round century. Bsed on what has been discussed it can corners were widely accepted by the architects of be concluded that the round window is an indirect this period (Kanpinak,1998:84-85). In the cities reference to the technological tools presented by of Tehran and Ankara before the 1930s, only the modern Western architectureand, it is a symbol of curved surfaces of the cubic apartments could be

Table 2. Round Corner, Turkish and Iranian Cubic Architecture. Table 1. Circular window, Turkish and Iranian Cubic Architecture. Source: authors. Source: authors.

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a new extreme form. This visual alienation, like a to the private realm, family law, and home space was rounded window, would lead to greater awareness a was a bold move on the one hand, and one of the on modernization. most controversial issues of this period.. The cubic house can be considered as a symbol of the modern Findings secular and western lifestyle (Bilgen, 2010:67). According to surveys, the rounded windows were not as large as Western samples in the houses of Table 3. Effective Movements on the architecture of Turkey and Iran in Turkey and Iran. Usually, in the organization of the the twentieth century. Source: authors. plan, the Round space was assigned to the living room. Since the row windows were one of the characteristics of modern residential architecture, Turkish and Iranian architects tended to use it in their projects. In many of these spaces, the row windows can be seen in an external view. In general, Round corners were one of the important features of the modern residential architecture in 1930s. The features such as: responding to visions and landscapes, emphasis on spatial planning, creating conflict and alienation in urban environments, and increasing social awareness on modernization.

Discussion The difference between the present study and the previous researches was determined considering the study history. Studies in the field of Pahlavi Residential Architecture are more than studies done on adaptive comparisons between Turkish and Iranian residential architecture in this period. even, the studies on housing in the Pahlavi period was very general, whereas the focus of the present study was more limited on on the adaptation of residential architecture in Turkey and Iran and investigates the impact of the cubic architecture on the modern residential architecture of both countries in the early twentieth century. As already mentioned, the architects of the 1930s, in response to a set of rational criteria, the functional and hygiene of modern architecture sought social acceptance of modernization in society, in order to become an architectural profession as a necessary ground for the process of building construction and civilization (İmamoğlu, 2010:45). The idea of expanding Westernism and secular reforms

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Table 4. Cubic Architecture Features. Source: authors.

- a Liber plan

- Console canopy on the entrance - Glass surfaces in the interior

- lofty interior spaces - non-symmetric - Combining the curved and orthogonal line in the plane

Plan - Extroversion - The central courtyard of traditional houses is rarely in the center of the plan

- The Soffeh, structural element for organizing the plan - replacing the traditional courtyard with the open space and the semi-open - A terrace replace with the traditional ivan - Eliminating vestibule transition space

- Cantilevers - Entrance Console Canopies

- Cubic compositions of boxes - Geometric facades - Asymmetric compositions

- Horizontal band windows - Flat roof Facade

Cubic ArchitectureCubic Features - Balconies - Round Corners - Corner windows - Circular windows - Row windows - Nodecorations - Free façades

Chankaya Palace, Halzmeister, Ankara Sadabad Palace, Vardan, Tehran

Iran Turkey

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Table 5. Cubic Architecture Analysis, Chankaya Palace. Source: authors.

Components of the building

Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard

Mass

Facade

window

Tension The plan is balanced and equaled, with a liber plan, spatial  -  - - - - tension, and this tension or abandonment of symmetry in the organization and arrangement of open spaces in the plan.

Harmony Harmonies on the south porch, especially in the use of suspended columns on the porch, the facade of the winter

    -   yard, the rows of pillars round the courtyard, the vertical windows around the winter yard, the Colonnades around the building. Organize The organization of the plan is formed around a courtyard,     around this courtyard in the plan, mostly on the southern side - - - are the functional spaces, and on the north side are most communication spaces and Colonnades.

Transparency Transparency in the plan, through elements such as windows, south porch and most importantly the middle - - -     winter yard as light sources, therefore, create transparency in the building, there is a kind of ambiguity and doubt about the

Chankaya, Clemenz Halzmeister use of transparency, semi-transparent volume.

Continuity The liber plan eliminates the hierarchy and transitional spaces of the traditional Turkish houses, thus creating space    continuity, the use of colonades for the continuation of the - - - - interior space to the outside.

Extraversion Extraversion is related to two elements, first: Southern ivan, second: the colonades around the building, which is in   contrast to the central courtyard on the plan, which increases - - - - - the degree of introversion.

Curved form In the southern view, the underground has rounded windows

------ Palace Mustafa of Kemal(Atatürk),

Open space Open space communication is divided into three categories: communication south Ivan, colonades around the building and the central      courtyard, south Ivan and colonades are directly connected to - - the open space and the middle courtyard has an indirect connection with the open space.

Pictures

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Table 6. Cubic Architecture Analysis, Sa’ad Abad Palace. Source: authors.

Components of the building

Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard

Mass

Facade

window

In the plan, asymmetry or tension, as well as the opening and Tension closing of the interior spaces, there is no liber plan, due to    - -  the layout of the openings, there is a tension and rhythm in - the face.

Harmony in the building: First in the Facades, which are Harmony most clearly visible on the eastern ivan entrance. Second in    -   the plan, organize the uses and contradictory lines on the - plan.

The middle sofa is used as an element for organizing the Organize plan, which is the center of organization for users, and Organize windows as a row in the facades.   - - - - 

At the center of the plan, there is a midle sofa that corresponds to the tradition of four-sofa houses in Iran , the

Abad, Vardan Transparency -  - - -   only source of transparency are windows, the ambiguity and uncertainty of using transparency. Sa'ad The hierarchy on the eastern front of the building: the yard, the stairs, the entrance porch, the corridor, the middle sofa. Continuity   -  - - - We see more space separation than continuity in the building. While on the south side of the garden, a kind of continuation and expansion of the garden into space. Exterior facade, numerous windows to the garden, the Extraversion removal of traditional courtyards.     Palace Reza of Shah, - - -

The remarkable features of the residential architecture of this Curved form period is Rounded Corner that we see in the terrace and the staircase, the Circular windows in the facades.    - - - 

South terrace and windows to the garden. Open space communication  - - - - - 

Pictures

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Table 7. Cubic Architecture Analysis, Residential apartment. Source: authors.

Components of the building

Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard

Mass

Facade

window

In the plan, asymmetry or tension, as well as the opening and Tension closing of the interior spaces, there is no liber plan,    - Considering the placement of the semicircle terraces in the - - - facade, there is an asymmetric and tension in the facade.

Harmony Rows of terraced pillars on the southern side of the Harmony building, regular windows on the north and south facade,   -   Regular combination of right-angled lines and curves on the - - plan.

Planning is organized around a corridor. The linear

Organize Organizing of windows in the facade, organizing asymmetric vertical shaft in the plan.   - - - - 

In the center of the plan a corridor without light, more Transparency clarity in the walls, porch and wide terrace of the first and second floors.   - - -   Tehran, Ali Sadegh

Removal of the hierarchy of traditional houses, therefore, the Continuity continuity of the building with surrounding space, in the rtment, - - -   plans, with the location of the porch,we can see the - - continuity of the open space to interior.

Extrovert Mass without central courtyard, wide windows on Extraversion the facade, south porch with regular columns, so This      building is extroverted.

Residential apa - -

The combination of a semi-circular terrace with a square Curved form plan in the southern view, semi-circular Vertical shaft.    - -  -

The porch and the terrace in the first and second floors, the Open space row windows in the north and south facing the courtyard. communication  - - - -  

Pictures

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Table 8. Cubic Architecture Analysis, a Residential apartment. Source: authors.

Components of the building

Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard

Mass

Facade

window

The asymmetric layout of the semicircular living space in Tension the anti-center plan leads to tension in the plan, without a    - liber plan, the expansion and contraction of space on the - - - plan.

The harmony in the north and south faces is completely Harmony opposite, so that on the north facade with the regular   -  consoles of the terraces and in the south facade by emptying - - - the terraces. s Organize the plan around the centeral sofe, which is the Organize center of organization for the users on the plan. Organizing    windows in a row in a row, organizing asymmetric vertical - - - - shaft in the plan.

At the center of the plan central sofa, which is related to the Transparency tradition of Turkish houses, the central square is without   - - -   transparency, with greater clarity in the walls and terraces of the floors, vertical shaft in the south view. Istanbul, Abedin Morta

There is no hierarchy of traditional houses, so the continuity Continuity of the building with surrounding open space. - - - - -  

Extrovert Mass without central courtyard, wide windows on Extraversion the facade, The semicircular porch in front of the living space, so This building is extroverted.    - -   Residential apartment,

Combine the volume of the semicircular in the plan, as the Curved form living space and the terrace on the northern front of the building.    - -  -

A spacious terrace in front of the living room, console Open space terraces on the north and south facades, numerous windows facing the yard. communication  - - - -  

Pictures

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Table 9. Cubic Architecture Analysis, Fisherabad’s villa. Source: authors.

Components of the building

Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard Mass

Facade

window

Asymmetric placement of stairs and semi-open spaces in the Tension plan leads to tension in the plan, central sofe in the center of the plan, spatial expansion in semi-open spaces and plan    - - -  plan.

By placing communicational spaces around and the corners Harmony of the plan, it is planned to form a four-sofa order in the    -    middle space of plan. Varied and different windows are connected through a modular cement grid.

The plan is organized around the centeral sofa, which is the

Organize center of organization for users on the plan. Asymmetric      organization of vertical shafts in the plan, linear - - arrangement of the ivan on the south façade.

The Central sofe, central core without transparency, Due to Transparency the location outside the city, transparency is provided on the plan with free windows, a glass box suspended in the   - - -   residential section.

Tehran, Keyqobad Zafar The semi-open space of the porch on the ground floor is the Continuity continuum of the garden space in the building, the console cubes are transparent in the facade of a visual  - - - -   interconnection of the interior to the outside.

Console glass cubes, multiple openings on the four sides of

abad villa,'s Extraversion the plan, facing the garden and the surrounding area, directly connected to the garden space on the ground floor.    - -   Fisher

The Circular windows in the facades. Curved form ------

A spacious porch in front of the living room, a glass cube in Open space    the south facade, numerous windows facing to the yard. communication - - - -

Pictures

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Table 10. Cubic Architecture Analysis, Suvadie villa. Source: authors.

Components of the building Description

Concepts

Building Building plan Sofe Ivan Ivan Yard

Mass

Facade

window

Tension in the distribution of semi-open and closed spaces, Tension as well as expansion and contraction of space, without a     free plan, a rhythm in the layout of openings. - - -

Order in the villa facads, coherence in the uses and right- Harmony angled lines in the plan, regular openings.    - -  

Planning is organized around a communication corridor. Organize     Organizing windows in a linear view, arranging asymmetric - - - open spaces on the plan. an k r A

fi Plans with a central core without transparency, ambiguity, y Transparency The concepts of transparency and ambiguity in the seyfi

, Se     arkan projects are the concepts that he fluctuates between - - - them.

Istanbul On the plan: There is no hierarchy of traditional houses. Continuity    Therefore, the continuation of the building with the garden - - - -

villa, space by placing the outer space(semi-open space) on the

e ground floor, especially with the use of ivan in front of the d living room at the southern side.

uva Multiple openings to the garden, the removal of the central S Extraversion      courtyard of traditional houses, direct connection to the - - garden space through the ground floor and the first floor terrace. The Circular windows in the facades. Curved form  ------

The first floor terrace and the south ivan facing yard facing Open space    to the garden. - - - - communication Pictures

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Conclusion The cubic house was seen as a manifestation of the modernization and westernization of the elite class, although the features of the cubic architecture were quickly adopted in the residential architecture of Turkey and Iran, but its ideological and political consequences continued to remain for decades The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cubic architecture on modern residential buildings in Iran and Turkey and comparative study of residential developments in the two countries in the early twentieth century. The assumption is that Turkish and Iranian residential architecture of in the early twentieth century wereinfluenced by the cubic architecture. This hypothesis was approved by comparisons and studies and investigating the samples. In the comparative study of Cubic Houses in Turkey and Iran we can see main similarities on structure and architecture.. The results of this research and the detailed review of ? Table 11 show important points. First, the structural features of the cubic houses are independent and heterogeneous, multiple and non-linear narratives, universal, pseudo-modern, alien, incomplete, textured, rational, spatial, interconnected with tradition and experimental. Second, the structure of the organization in the plan is divided into four categories: Plans with a central offeh, an inner plateSoffeh, an external plateSoffeh and without plateSoffeh that have a mutual relationship with the traditional architecture of these countries. Third, the formal qualities of the cubic houses can be as follows: anomalous arrangement, round corners, round windows, terraces, flat roofs, the window in three corners, geometric view, extraterritoriality, row window, contrasting lines in the plan. From the differentiation aspects of this comparative study considering that the intensity of political and social fluctuations in Iran is milder in confronting with modernization and Western-Westernization, the cubic architecture in Iran is far more moderate and mellow in terms of its structure and form.

Table 11. Comparative study of cubic Architecture in Turkey and Iran. Source: authors.

Cubic architectural features

s

. facade sofe sofe

No Building - center Flat roof Liber plan Anti Open form

Extraversion Central

Row window

Rounded Corner Rounded

Extensive terrace Geometric facade Corners Window Circular windows Center on the plan

Cube Asymmetric

Contradictory on the plan Asymmetrical organization

No transitional space

1 Chankaya, Holzmeister -     - -     -  -   

2 Sadabad Palace, vartan - -   -   -         -

3 Apartment, Ali Sadiq - -   - -     - -     

4 Apartment, Mortas - -   -      -      

5 Villa, zafar - -   -  -       -   

6 Villa, Seyfi Arkan - -   - - -     -  -   

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Apartment, Ali Sadiq Sadabad Palace, vartan Chankaya, Holzmeister

Continuity Continuity Continuity Organizing Organizing Organizing Central sofe Central sofe Central sofe Extraversion Extraversion Extraversion Curved form Curved form Transparency Transparency Transparency Organizing the plan around the middle corridor, Organizing the plan around the centeral sofe, Liber plan, Organizing plan around the winter spatial, assymetical and anti-center plan, the spatial, assymetical plan, the systematic garden, Plan without central sofe, Spatial, systematic organization of the windows in the arrangement of windows in the facade, flat assymetical and anti-center plan, Regular facade, the flat roof, Extraversion, concrete and roof, Extraversion, alienation, concrete, two- arrangement of windows in the facade, cement, the asymmetry in the facade, way relationship with tradition, the hierarchy relationship with the tradition, Varied lines in of access to private spaces, transparent, the use Extraversion, the hierarchy of access to private the plan, independent & heterogeneous, transitional space into the entrance, circular spaces, Semi-transparent, Rounded window, unfinished, rounded corner, without ornament, window, rounded corner, independent & Independent & heterogeneous, unfinished, multiple and non-linear, transparent. heterogeneous, Varied lines on the plan, without ornament, multiple and contradictory, without ornament, multiple and non-linear. Ambiguity.

Villa, Seyfi Arkan Villa, zafar Apartment, Mortas

al sofe al Continuity Continuity Continuity Organizing Organizing Organizing Centr Central sofe Central sofe Extraversion Extraversion Extraversion Curved form Curved form Transparency Transparency Transparency Organizing the plan around the vertical shaft, Organizing the plan around the centeral sofe, Organizing the plan around the centeral sofe, Spatial, asymmetrical plan, the systematic spatial, asymmetrical plan, the regular spatial, asymmetrical and anti-center plan, the arrangement of windows in the facade, flat roof, organization of the windows in the facade, flat flat roof, Extraversion, the concrete and rounded corner, Extraversion, the asymmetry in roof, Extraversion, alienation, the non- cement, the asymmetry in the facade, the the facade, the layered facade, the hierarchy of symmetric facades, the hierarchy of access to relationship with the tradition, the hierarchy of access to private spaces, ambiguity, independent private spaces, transparent, Rounded window, access to private spaces, the contradictory lines and heterogeneous, Unfinished, without independent and heterogeneous, varied lines on the plan, independent and Heterogeneous, ornament, multiple and non-linear. on plan, without ornament, multiple and non- unfinished, without ornament, multiple and linear, varied windows. non-linear.

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