Cubic Architecture and Modern Residential Architecture in Turkey and Iran (1930S)

Vol.14/ No.56/ Feb 2018 Received 2017/07/20 Accepted 2017/12/30 Persian translation of this paper entitled: معماری کیوبیک و معماری مسکونی مدرن در ترکیه و ایران )دهه 1930( is also published in this issue of journal. Cubic Architecture and Modern Residential Architecture in Turkey and Iran (1930s) Mohammadhamed Mousavi* Khosrow Afzalian** Zahra Fanaei*** Abstract By investigating the modern architecture in Turkey and Iran, it is observed that the “modern house” discourse is a major part of the architecture in these two countries. The modern architectural idealists in the West introduced residential architecture as the essence of modern architecture and considered it an important and significant subject. Naturally, this view was influenced by the culture of Turkish-Iranian architecture in the early twentieth century. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of modern architecture on the residential architecture of these countries and understand the reasons for their similarities and differences. Hence, this paper seeks to study the impacts and their causes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cubic architecture on modern residential buildings in Iran and Turkey, and presents comparative study on the developments in residential architecture of the two countries in the early twentieth century. In this study, the differences and similarities between the underlying factors and the developments of residential architecture were have beeninvestigated in two countries. Alao we have tried to present the comparative study of developments in Residential Architecture in the 1930s, for both countries. In this study, a comparative- analytical research method has been used. Library method has been used to gather the information. three buildings from Iran and three buildings from Turkey have been selected to do th comparative study. Then the characteristics were evaluated for the purpose of comparison. The results of this study show that, a comparative study on residential architecture from different aspects in the two periods of the republic and Pahlavi I, thre is general similarity in follow-up of Bauhaus and expressionism current in the emergence of fundamentally new forms of residential architecture of this period. Cubic houses have different structural and formal qualities. The structure of the organization of the cubic Plans can be divided into four categories: Plans with a central plateSoffeh, an inner plateSoffeh, an external plateSoffeh and without plateSoffeh that have a mutual relationship with the traditional architecture of these countries. Keywords Cubic Architecture, Residential Architecture, Pahlavi I, Turkey, Bauhaus, Expressionism. *. Department of Architecture, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. [email protected] **. Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Department of Architecture, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Corresponding author, [email protected] ***. Department of Art Research, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. [email protected] .......................................69.. .. ........... ........ ....... .......... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism Mohammadhamed Mousavi,Khosrow Afzalian,Zahra Fanaei / Bagh- e Nazar, 14 (56):69-84 Introduction architecture in Iran and Turkey in the early twentieth From the beginning, the modernization project century? The residential architecture of Turkey and in the countries of Turkey and Iran was deeply Iran in the early twentieth century is influenced by ambiguous. The leaders of the republic and Pahlavi the cubic architecture. I sought to import western forms, institutions, and lifestyle Without considering the feeling Research Methodology of alienation and individual mentality that was The present study has been done using comparative- centered on the experience of modernity analytical research method. data were collected The modern architects of these countries wanted to using library studies. By investigating the Iranian participate in the transformation of society using and Turkish contemporary architectural trends, modern architecture products. 1930s architects a comparative study was done on the 1930s focused on two axes:Awareness of the society in residential architecture of the two countries and the order to better understand the architecture profession factors affecting them. Then, first the indices were and to create conditions for the acceptance of determined to do a comparative study between the modern architecture in society, These issues were samples. After analyzing the cases, the results were subdivided into clandestine ideological problems finally expressed. such as nationalism, rationalism and, to some extent, regionalism, so that the flow of nationalism Research Background was related to architects’ demands in creating social Bozdoğan, while studying and analyzing cubic awareness of the architectural profession, and also house in the article entitled “Modern Life: The rational and regionalist movements were effective cubic House in the Culture of the Period of the in providing the conditions for social acceptance of Early Republic”, first, introduced the social modern architecture. (İmamoğlu, 2010: 35). background of the emergence of new architecture and style in the residential culture of Turkish elite Statement of Problems class and bureaucrats and then analyzed Ankara’s By investigating the modern architecture in Turkey cubic architecture and its impact on the formation and Iran, it is observed that the “modern house” of urban middle class life (Bozdoğan, 1996). discourse is a major part of the architecture in these Kanpinak in his thesis entitled, “Modernism and two countries. The modern architectural idealists Housing, Residential Architecture in the Period in the West introduced residential architecture as of the early Republic of Turkey.” The cultural and the essence of modern architecture and considered social context of Turkey in the 1930s was heavily it an important and significant subject. Naturally, affected by the Renewal reforms and the official this view was influenced by the culture of ideology of the Republican regime. The main Turkish Iranian architecture in the early twentieth objective of this detailed study is the residential century. However, the importance of residential houses in Istanbul between 1931 and 1940, that architecture was exacerbated by intensified by the analysis of their symbolic and social functions and revolutionary- political atmosphere of the early also their features helps to understand the unique twentieth century in Turkey and Iran. Therefore, fetures of architecture culture of Republic period ........... investigating the effect of the cubic architecture on (Kanipak, 1998). the residential architecture of these countries and Bozdoğan and Akcan in their book, “Turkey, .......... the reasons for their similarities and differences is Modern Architecture in History”, divided the major ........ necessary. The question of this research is: how has streams of residential architecture of the 1940s and ....... the cubic architecture affected modern residential 1930s into three categories: cubic houses, residential ...... ............................ ............................................................. 70 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Mohammadhamed Mousavi,Khosrow Afzalian,Zahra Fanaei / Bagh- e Nazar, 14 (56):69-84 complexes, and new Turkish houses. They belived Tehran from the first modern residential apartments that The cubic architecture, which served to the and Cooperative and cheap houses during the decadent and colonial culture of the West, prevents Pahlavi I era, to contemporary vulgar and eclectic the emergence of a trend of original and modern housing, and explains the main flows of the Pahlavi Turkish architecture. The Turkish Dwelling Culture residential buildings, as following: d during the early Republic period was constantly The continuation of the late Qajar housing, the fluctuating among the demands for a Western and combination of traditional architectural elements ideal life model for the unique Turkish identity with European housing and modern housing. This (Bozdoğan, 2012). thesis is very valuable and unparalleled in gathering at the end, Akcan ‘s doctoral thesis etitled, “Modernity and analyzing Pahlavi housing in Tehran. And in the Transformation of German Turkish Relations finally, it demonstrates the factors that affect the and Residential Culture in the Early Twentieth development of housing architecture in this period Century,” focused on the development of the theory as follow: Political and Programmatic Causes due of translation in architecture, and examines the to change in the structure of the state-historical, history of intercultural exchange of housing policy socio-cultural. This thesis is one of the few types and a residential culture in Germany and Turkey in of research on modern residential architecture the first half of the twentieth century. This thesis in Pahlavi I & II periods, which considered the attempts to demonstrate the complex history of the evolution of residential architecture as inevitable in city and modern architecture, looking at homes the light of the global conditions (Jannipur, 2001). and housing in the mid-early 20th century (Akcan, Zarkesh in his paper, “The Role and Influence

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