Ecotourism in Yakushima: Perception of the People Involved in Tourism Business

地理科学 vol. 71 no. 4 pp. 185–205, 2016 Geographical Sciences（ Chiri-Kagaku）

ADEWUMI Ifeoluwa Bolanle* and FUNCK Carolin**

Key words: ecotourism, tourism business, resource overuse, community perception, Yakushima

Abstract The branding of Yakushima as an ecotourism destination and its designation as a World Heritage Site has not only at tracted tourists but also new residents who moved to the island to work in the tourism industry. This paper examined how people in tourism business in Yakushima perceive ecotourism, and the differences in their perception of various ecotourism impacts by their nativity, the year they started living on the island, communities where the business are located, type of business, and when the business started. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the entrepreneurs (n=₉₇). The study revealed that half of the respondents came from outside Yakushima; this percentage was higher among the businesses started after ₂₀₀₃ and lower in the accommodation sector, which requires ownership of land or buildings. The respondents had positive perceptions towards ecotourism by reason of its economic impa cts and positive impacts on their community. Environmental problems such as resource overuse, garbage problem and destruction of mountain trails were some of the negative impacts of ecotourism. There were significant differences in the respondents＇ perceptions of the impacts of ecotourism by their nativity, the type of business and when the business started. However, the community where their businesses are located and their length of residency had no inﬂuence on their perceptions.

₂₀₁₂). In Japan, Yakushima is the prime and I Introduction most developed site for ecotourism (Fukami Ecotourism has been deﬁned in many ways and Niki, ₂₀₁₂). Ecotourism was introduced in the tourism and environmental literatures, but to Yakushima from outside the island since the no consensus has been made on its definition ₁₉₉₀s with the aim of conserving its natural (Fennell, ₂₀₀₃). Although the deﬁnitions vary, environment and at the same time enrich the many include the concepts of protection of nature lives of local people by enhancing their historical and consideration for local people (Goeldner relationship with their surroundings (Hiwasaki, and Ritchie, ₂₀₀₉). Unlike the Western con- ₂₀₀₆, ₂₀₀₇; Kuriyama et al., ₂₀₀₀). cept, Japanese ecotourism＇s emphasis is on The designation of Yakushima as a World revitalization of local communities and concern Heritage Site (WHS) and the increase in its for nature is said to be secondary (Yotsumoto, popularity as an ecotourism destination attracted a large number of tourists and the migration of * Graduate Student, Graduate School of Integrated new residents to the island. New migrants to Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan Yakushima are engaged in tourism and related ** Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan service sectors due to the difficulty in finding

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employment in the primary sector or obtaining To date, some of the tourism research con- land or fishing rights (Hiwasaki, ₂₀₀₇, p. ₁₁₀). ducted in Yakushima focused on development The case of Yakushima is not an isolated case. It of the tourism industry in Yakushima (Kanetaka has been averred that the hospitality and tourism and Funck, ₂₀₁₂), ecotour guides (Atsumoto et industry is being dominated by small businesses al., ₂₀₀₄; Hirata, ₂₀₀₁; Tajima, ₂₀₀₃; Yotsumoto, (Morrison, ₂₀₀₆). Small businesses are impor- ₂₀₁₂), ecotourism in Yakushima, its characteris- tant for their contribution to the community＇s tics and promotion (Funck, ₂₀₀₉; Hagino, ₂₀₁₁), economic development (Sharma, ₂₀₁₃). community-based tourism (Hiwasaki, ₂₀₀₆), For a tourism destination to be successful, estimation of number of tourists (Shibasaki and understanding the perceptions, attitudes and Nagata, ₁₉₉₉), tourists environmental conserva- concerns of people involved in tourism business tion consciousness, manners, and behavioral and including them in tourism policies, decision- patterns (Baba and Morimata, ₂₀₀₇; Fukami making process and tourism development is and Niki, ₂₀₁₂), and residents awareness of the important (Tosun and Timothy, ₂₀₀₃). The tourism situation in Yakushima (Kanbayashi, personal attributes, motivations and practices of ₂₀₁₁). Alt hough quite a number of tourism entrepreneurs and other economic and socio- researches have been conducted in Yakushima, demographic factors that affect small firms in none has focused on the differences in percep- general has been the focus of most research on tion of people in tourism business about ecotour- tourism businesses (Mensah-Ansah, ₂₀₁₄), with ism in Yakushima based on their demographic little attention paid to their perceptions about characteristics, especially difference between tourism. Relatively few studies have been car- the perception of the natives and non-natives ried out on the perception of people in tourism (native: respondents are of Yakushima origin; business. Andriotis (₂₀₀₅) affirmed that there non-native: those that are not of Yakushima origin are two major methodological approaches in but moved to the island from other parts of Japan the study of community perception and attitude or overseas). Researchers such as Lekovic et to tourism. These approaches include studies al. (₂₀₁₄), McGehee and Andereck (₂₀₀₄), and using a single sample unit, mainly residents, and Sirakaya et al. (₂₀₀₂) have noted that various studies that measure the perceptions of vari- demographic variables inﬂuence tourism percep- ous community groups. He further explained tions and support for tourism. that studies using the first approach are more It is therefore necessary to conduct a frequent than those using the second based on survey investigating the influence of various the literature review undertaken where among demographic characteristics on the perception of ₈₈ attitudinal studies, ₈₂ (₉₃.₂%) used a sample tourism entrepreneurs in Yakushima. The aim unit of residents, and only ₆ incorporated in their of this paper is to examine how people in tourism sample two or more community groups. It is business perceive ecotourism and also investigate evident that the topic of people in tourism busi- if their perceptions are inﬂuenced by their nativity ness has not received the same attention in single (native or non-native), the year they started living sample units. on the island, community where the business is

─2 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 187 located, type of business, and when the business Ecotourism Society, ₂₀₁₁). The major factor started. that differentiates Japanese ecotourism from Western concepts of ecotourism is that ecotour- II Literature review ism in Japan is used mainly as an instrument to 1) Overview of ecotourism in Japan revitalize local communities (Yotsumoto, ₂₀₁₂). The founding of Japan Ecotourism Society In many countries, the idea of ecotourism is (JES), formerly known as Japan Ecotourism closely connected to properly managing the natu- Promotional Council in ₁₉₉₈ brought about the ral environment and tourism activities in order establishment of promotional organizations in to maintain the land in a sustainable manner, but Iriomote Island, Yakushima Island and Higashi in Japan, the emphasis is often on finding ways Village in Okinawa, among others. In ₂₀₀₃, the to co-exist with nature through interaction with promotion of ecotourism was made a domestic the local environment (Ecotourism Japan, ₂₀₁₀). policy, with three major goals: (₁) to help con- Frid (₂₀₀₈) noted that ecotourism in Japan aims serve natural environments and cultures, (₂) to to activate local economies by providing tourists provide beneﬁts to tourism, and (₃) to contribute with opportunities to experience local attractions to community development. Thirteen locations accompanied by competent interpreters while across Japan were later selected for the Eco- preserving local resources such as natural envi- tourism Model Project conducted between ₂₀₀₄ ronment, the culture and historical heritages. and ₂₀₀₆ (Horikami, ₂₀₁₀; Wang et al., ₂₀₀₉). Ministry of Environment (₂₀₀₇) categorized In ₂₀₀₈, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) ecotourism in Japan into three types: (i) ecotour- enacted the Act on Promotion of Ecotourism. ism that is carried out in rich natural environ- This law enabled prefectures and municipalities ments; (ii) ecotourism that is carried out in mass- to be able to place stricter restrictions on devel- tourism areas; and (iii) ecotourism that utilizes opment activities so as to preserve the natural the natural environment near communities, local environment that was not accounted for in other industries, and cultures of the local people. The national laws in designated areas (Funck and importance of local revitalization in Japanese Cooper, ₂₀₁₃; Yabuta, ₂₀₀₈). The initial uptake ecotourism allows a wider range of tours to be and growth of ecotourism was promising because categorized as ecotourism (Yotsumoto, ₂₀₁₂). the percentage of urbanites familiar with the term Ecotours take place not only in national parks, but ＇eko tsurizumu＇ rose from ₃₃.₃% in ₁₉₉₉ to ₆₃% in also in a wide range of areas including satoyama, ₂₀₀₅ (Japan Ecotourism Society, ₂₀₀₇). satochi, satoumi, and even sometimes right in the JES deﬁnes ecotourism as ＂travel that meets middle of big cities (Ecotourism Japan, ₂₀₁₀). and interacts with local attractions and aims to Satoyama is a Japanese term for a patchwork of activate local economies by providing tourists secondary ecosystems including forests, farm- with opportunities to experience local attractions lands, irrigation ponds, and grasslands, which accompanied by competent interpreters while have been managed in close proximity to human preserving local resources, such as natural envi- settlements to ensure ecosystem services for ronment, culture, and historical heritage＂ (Japan human well being. Satoyama underlined the

─3 ─ 188 地理科学 71 –4, 2016 expectations that ecotourism would contribute of mountain climbers increased from ₁₆₀,₀₀₀ to the vibrancy of the countryside, building the in ₂₀₀₀ to ₂₇₀,₀₀₀ in ₂₀₁₁, with about ₉₀,₀₀₀ capacity of local communities who could safe- people visiting Jomon-sugi since ₂₀₁₀ each year guard its nature and culture (Jones, ₂₀₁₂). The (Okano and Matsuda, ₂₀₁₃). Jomon-sugi, which concept of satoyama has recently been extended is Yakushima＇s major tourists attraction is the to ＇Satoumi＇ in marine and coastal areas. Eco- biggest and oldest cedar tree in Yakushima, tourism activities in Japan include visiting hot with a height of ₂₅.₃ meters, about ₁₆ meters in springs, mountain climbing/hiking, river rafting, circumference at its widest and estimated to be scuba diving/snorkeling (Frid, ₂₀₀₈) and tours more than ₃₀₀₀ years old. Forbes (₂₀₁₂) noted that focus on experiencing local lifestyles, learn- that around ₅₀₀–₁₀₀₀ people trek to Jomon- ing about the culture and history of a place, and sugi per day during peak season, mainly Spring supporting locally based industries (Ecotourism Golden Week and summer holidays. Japan, ₂₀₁₀). The increase in mountain climbers brought about an increase in the number of guide 2) Ecotourism in Yakushima businesses. Guide businesses in Yakushima Kagoshima Prefecture first addressed the increased from less than ₂₀ in ₁₉₉₆ to ₄₄ in issue of ecotourism in Yakushima in ₁₉₉₂ during ₂₀₀₄, and at present, it is estimated that there the planning of the ＇Yakushima Environmental are about ₂₀₀ guides on the island. Ac cording Culture Village Concept＇. The inscription of to Kanetaka and Funck (₂₀₁₂) about ₈₀% of the Yakushima on the World Nature Heritage List in guides are not native migrants, with the majority ₁₉₉₃ due to its distinct vegetation and Yakushima of them part-time workers (Funck and Cooper, cedar trees (Yakusugi), Cryptomeria japonica that ₂₀₁₃). The rise in the number of ecotour guides are said to be over ₂₀₀₀ years old has made the resulted in the problem of the ＇quality and quali- island an important brand for ecotourism. In fication＇ of the guides (Funck, ₂₀₀₉). In order ₂₀₀₄, the MoE selected Yakushima as an Eco- to improve the quality of the guides, a proposal tourism Promotion Model District leading to the for implementing a guide accreditation and launching of the ＇Yakushima District Ecotourism registration system in Yakushima was made in Promotion Council＇ as the promotion body of th is ₂₀₀₃ by Yakushima Ecotourism Support Council model enterprise (Ishibashi, ₂₀₀₅; Kanetaka and (Ishibashi, ₂₀₀₅). A guide registration and cer- Funck, ₂₀₁₂). tiﬁcation system called“ Yakushima Guide” was The development of ecotourism on the ﬁnally introduced in ₂₀₀₆ by Yakushima District island triggered the establishment of ecotour Ecotourism Promotion Council (Kanetaka and guides as one of the major ecotourism industries Funck, ₂₀₁₂), advocating for ecotours that give in Yakushima. This is because guided moun- visitors a real feel of the long-held lifestyles and tain climbing is the main ecotourism activity in traditions of the island. However, the system Yakushima. Nevertheless, some tourists also was not well accepted among the guides and participate in activities such as diving, snorkel- has been replaced by a new system in ₂₀₁₅ ing, kayaking and village tours. The number (D＇Hauteserre and Funck, ₂₀₁₆).

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The high number of tourists trekking to management is a key to sustainable development Jomon-sugi and concentrating around the tree of tourism. Although it is necessary to include has resulted in environmental problems such as all tourism stakeholders in tourism planning, they erosion of mountain trails and damage to tree cannot all be involved equally in the decision roots due to trampling, among others. In an making process, but identifying and understand- attempt to curb the pressure put on the roots of ing their interests is required (Donaldson and tress, especially Jomon-sugi, raised boardwalks Preston, ₁₉₉₅). were constructed at several points along Jomon- Among the stakeholders that have been sugi route, and Jomon-sugi was fenced, with a quite well researched, residents＇ perception of viewing deck set up about ₁₂ meters away. Also, the impact of tourism is a dominant theme (Banki a shuttle bus service was introduced in ₂₀₀₈ and Ismail, ₂₀₁₄). Over the past few years, a to help minimize the environmental challenges number of studies have tried to understand resi- associated with high number of tourists and dents＇ perceptions of tourism development and congestions on the mountain trails during the its impacts (Andereck and Vogt, ₂₀₀₀; Andereck peak periods (Forbes, ₂₀₁₂; Kanetaka and Funck, et al., ₂₀₀₅; Gursoy et al., ₂₀₀₂; McGehee and ₂₀₁₂). This restricted tourists from taking per- Andereck, ₂₀₀₄). Perceptions of people in tour- sonal vehicles up the mountain and tourists were ism business have not been a prominent area in mandated to leave their cars at the foot of the tourism development research, although some mountain and make their trips by bus. comparative studies on perception of various Problems relating to waste disposal, water tourism stakeholders have been done. Lekovic pollution due to inadequate toilets and sewage et al. (₂₀₁₄) reported that the perceptions of facilities to cater for the high number of tourists entrepreneurs about tourism could be inﬂuenced to the mountains has been a topic of discussion by some factors such as their sex, age, education, in various literatures and among stakeholders geographical region etc. in Yakushima. To reduce the problem of inad- Previous studies comparing the perception equate toilets in the mountains, portable mobile of various community groups have shown differ- toilets were introduced. The portable toilets are ence in their perception of tourism (Andriotis, sold at various locations on the island. Tourists ₂₀₀₅; Byrd et al., ₂₀₀₉; Poudel and Nyaupane, visiting the mountains are expected to buy the ₂₀₁₅). The study of Byrd et al. (₂₀₀₉) in eastern portable toilets and use them in the mountains. North Carolina revealed that entrepreneurs had a lower perception that tourism development 3) Community perception of tourism increases crime than the residents. Banki and Stakeholders whose perspectives are usually Ismail (₂₀₁₄) found that tourism entrepreneurs considered in tourism development processes are have a higher positive perception of the economic residents, entrepreneurs, local governmental ofﬁ- impacts of tourism than other stakeholders. cials, and tourists (Goeldner and Ritchie, ₂₀₀₉). The study of Lankford (₁₉₉₄) revealed that the Byrd et al. (₂₀₀₉) noted that the inclusion of perceptions of entrepreneurs and government various stakeholders in tourism planning and officials varied from residents with regard to

─5 ─ 190 地理科学 71 –4, 2016 the level of support for tourism development. Wilderness Area, Forest Ecosystem Reserve Examining the different perceptions of residents, and World Heritage Area (Hiwasaki, ₂₀₀₆). Its entrepreneurs, and public sector personnel by economy has been heavily dependent on vari- Thomason et al. (₁₉₇₉) revealed that entrepre- ous aspects of the forests that cover around ₉₀% neurs had more positive perception about visitors of the island (Hayward and Kuwahara, ₂₀₁₃). than the other two groups. Comparing percep- Forestry was important from the ₁₆₀₀s until the tions of tourism development between residents, ₁₉₇₀s, targeting yakusugi (Okano and Matsuda, entrepreneur and government ofﬁcials, Kim and ₂₀₁₃). Following the permanent shut down of Pennington-Gray (₂₀₀₃) found that only residents timber felling, ＇one passage in the island＇s his- thought growth should be minimized and indi- tory was closed, opening another–the growth of cated that they do not want more tourists. They eco-tourism＇ (Hayward and Kuwahara, ₂₀₁₃, p. also indicated that each of the three groups had ₃₇). The number of visitors to the island began different perceptions about the level of tourism increasing gradually in the ₁₉₆₀s and early ₁₉₇₀s development. Murphy (₁₉₈₃) found significant (Hiwasaki, ₂₀₀₇). differences between the perceptions and attitudes Increase in popularity of Yakushima coupled of the business sector, administration, and resi- with better access due to the connection of the dents toward tourism development. island with Kyushu mainland by high-speed boat, airplane and improved road infrastructure led III Methodology to a sharp rise in visitor numbers to the island 1) The study area (Funck and Cooper, ₂₀₁₃). Over the period of Yakushima is an island with an area of ₁₉₉₅–₂₀₀₀, an average of ₂₆₈,₀₀₀ people per about ₅₀₀ km₂ and circular perimeter of ₁₃₂ km, year visited the island (Hiyoshi, ₂₀₀₂), and within located at latitude ₃₀°₁₅′–₃₀°₂₃′ N and longitude the ﬁve year period from ₂₀₀₆–₂₀₁₀, the number ₁₃₀°₂₃′–₁₃₀°₃₈′ E, approximately ₆₀ km off the of visitors to the island had jumped to an average coast of Kagoshima in southern Kyushu. The of ₃₅₉,₀₀₀ per year, but has since been declining. island is situated at the biogeographic boundary Yakushima attracts a large number of visitors, between the tropical and temperate regions, and who are interested mainly in visiting Jomon-sugi. all the climatic zones of the Japanese islands from The visitors tend to be concentrated in specific Hokkaido to Kyushu, are condensed on this one places, with just few tourists interested in the island (Okano and Matsuda, ₂₀₁₃ ). In ₁₉₆₀, traditional bio-cultural diversity of the island the population of Yakushima reached a peak with resulting in an uneven distribution of tourism in ₂₄,₀₁₀ inhabitants, after which it declined to Yakushima (Okano and Matsuda, ₂₀₁₃). ₁₃,₈₆₀ in ₁₉₉₅ and has since stabilized to just a The fame of the island did not only attract little over ₁₃,₀₀₀ inhabitants. tourists but also new residents wh o migrated Yakushima is an island with multiple and from different parts of the country to make a liv- overlapping conservation designations and regu- ing from tourism or simply to retire (Funck and latory bodies such as Special Natural Monument, Cooper, ₂₀₁₃). This boom had a large economic Yakushima National Park, Biosphere Reserve, effect by creating new jobs and enhancing the

─6 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 191 growth of small-scale tourism businesses such nesses were registered with Yakushima Tourism as lodging industry, restaurants, eco-tour guide Association, out of which ₁₆₃ facilities were ran- industry, souvenir shops and transportation domly selected. industry (car rental and taxi). In ₂₀₁₃, about For the purpose of this research, the ₇₂₅ people were working in the lodging industry, researchers carried out a sampling survey ₃₉₉ people in restaurants and ₈₉ people in the instead of investigating all the registered transportation industry (Kagoshima Economic facilities. This is due to the fact that this Research Institute, ₂₀₁₄). The number of lodg- research was a preliminary study conducted in ing facilities in ₂₀₁₃ was at ₁₉₀ as compared to an attempt to improve upon the study design ₆₃ facilities in ₁₉₉₄. Ecotour guide industry prior to the main research. Also, ₁₆₃ facilities has also experienced a drastic increase from ₂₀ were sampled because it was difficult to survey guides in ₁₉₉₂ to ₁₆₄ guides in ₂₀₁₂ (Funck and all the registered facilities due to the limited time Cooper, ₂₀₁₃; Okano and Matsuda, ₂₀₁₃). for the research and difficulty in locating some of the facilities on the map. An initial ₁₄₁ facili- 2) Sampling ties were surveyed but due to the low number of The survey was conducted in thirteen questionnaires received, additional ₂₂ question- communities on Yakushima Island (Figure ₁) naires were sent by post to other facilities that in March ₂₀₁₄. As of ₂₀₁₄, ₃₆₁ tourism busi- were not surveyed initially.

Figure 1 Map of Yakushima showing the surveyed communities and surveys received

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Table 1 Facilities where questionnaires were facilities strongly connected to the tourism sec- received tor, especi ally the lodging facilities. Although Number of Percentage Tourism businesses the guides were also targeted, it was difficult questionnaires retrieved (%) to get hold of them due to the nature of their Lodging facilities ₆₇ ₆₉.₁ Tourist facilities ₉ ₉.₃ work. Since ₆₉.₁% of those that responded to Souvenir shops ₆ ₆.₂ the survey are lodging facilities and the remain- Restaurant ₅ ₅.₂ ing facilities ₃₀.₉% (Table ₁), it was only possible Guides ₃ ₃.₁ to group the facilities into two (lodging facilities Rental cars ₂ ₂.₁ Others ₅ ₅.₂ and others) in order to be able to carry out the Total 97 100 appropriate analysis required for the research.

Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄). 3) Instrument The researchers and graduate students The instrument used for data collection aided those who needed assistance with fill- was a questionnaire consisting of Likert scale, ing the questionnaire. Questionnaires and dichotomous and open-ended questions. The return self-addressed envelopes were dropped questionnaire was prepared following review of for respondents who were busy. Although the existing literatures dealing with community＇s respondents were guaranteed anonymity, only perceptions of tourism and its impacts. The ₉₇ facilities duly completed and returned the questionnaire was initially drafted in English and questionnaires (Table ₁), accounting for ₅₉.₅% of interpreted to Japanese with the help of experts the administered questionnaires. This accounts and native Japanese speakers. for ₂₆.₉% of all registered tourism businesses in The Likert Scale questions included six Yakushima. statements about ecotourism to which respon- Although tourism business facilities dents were asked to respond in terms of a are located in almost all the communities five-point scale, so as to assess respondents＇ in Yakushima, the majority of them are in perception of ecotourism. In addition, there Miyanoura and Anbo, owing to the fact that the were two Likert scale questions asking respon- ports and main tourists attractions on the island dents whether they were in favour of more are located close to these two communities. For local and foreign tourists visiting the island, and that reason, most questionnaires were distributed open-ended questions asking reasons for their in an d retrieved from Miyanoura (₂₅) and Anbo answers. Data on perceptions about the impacts (₃₂) (Figure ₁). Due to the small number of of ecotourism were gathered with five dichoto- questionnaires retrieved from other communities, mous statements to which the respondents were with non having up to ₁₀ questionnaires retrieved to answer either yes or no. There were also two from there, the communities were therefore open-ended questions asking for the advantages grouped into three– Miyanoura, Anbo and oth- and disadvantages of tourism in Yakushima. ers–for the purpose of analysis. The main targets of the research were

─8 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 193

4) Analytical Procedure Table 2 Demographics of respondents

The data collected were analyzed using Frequency Percentage Characteristics of respondents (n = ₉₇) (%) SPSS version ₂₁.₀. The statistics carried out Male ₅₀ ₅₁.₅ and reported in this paper are Oneway ANOVA, Gender Female ₄₆ ₄₇.₄ Pearson chi-square tests and multiple response No answer ₁ ₁.₀ cross-tabulations. Factors such as community ₂₀-₂₉ ₃ ₃.₁ where questionnaire was administered (hereafter ₃₀-₃₉ ₁₁ ₁₁.₃ ₄₀-₄₉ ₂₀ ₂₀.₆ Community), type of business facility, nativity/ Age ₅₀-₅₉ ₂₈ ₂₈.₉ hometown of the respondents, year respondents ₆₀-₆₉ ₂₁ ₂₁.₆ ₇₀ and above ₁₂ ₁₂.₄ started living in Yakushima and year the busi- No answer ₂ ₂.₁

nesses started were adapted from Mehraliyev Yakushima ₅₂ ₅₃.₆ (₂₀₁₄) and used in the analysis to determine if Kagoshima area ₃ ₃.₁ Kyushu area ₁₀ ₁₀.₃ the perceptions of people was impacted by these Capital Metropolitan Area ₁₁ ₁₁.₃ Hometown factors. Oneway ANOVA was used for Likert Kansai area ₈ ₈.₂ Overseas Scale statements to identify the dependence of ₁ ₁.₀ Others ₁₁ ₁₁.₃ perceptions of the five factors. The dichoto- No answer ₁ ₁.₀

mous statements were analyzed using Pearson Owner ₄₀ ₄₁.₂ chi-square to test for the significant difference in Owner＇s family ₇ ₇.₂ Status at Manager ₂₃ ₂₃.₇ the perceptions of the respondents based on the Facility Manager＇s family ₄ ₄.₁ five factors. The levels of probability for reject- Staff ₂₀ ₂₀.₆ No answer ₃ ₃.₁ ing the null hypothesis that the perceptions were Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄). not significantly different were p ≤ ₀.₀₁, ₀.₀₅ and ₀.₁₀. For open-ended questions, responses were coded into nominal variables and converted test did not show any statistically significant dif- into multiple response cross-tabulations. It was ference in the relationship between the communi- not possible to identify differences in response ties, the type of businesses and their hometowns based on statistics since there is no statistical (Figure ₂) but there was significant difference in test appropriate for multiple response cross- the relationship between when the respondents tabulations (Andriotis, ₂₀₀₅). started living in Yakushima, when business started and the hometown of the re spondents at IV Results p ≤ ₀.₀₁ (Figure ₃). Result of hometown of the 1) Profile of respondents respondents＇ reveals that ₄₅.₄% of the respon- The respondents＇ profiles are presented in dents are not native to Yakushima (Table ₂) and Table ₂, Figure ₂ and Figure ₃. It was discov- that ₇₅.₀% of the non-natives (₃₃ people) and a ered that a majority of the people in tourism few natives (₁₂ people) moved to Yakushima after business in Yakushima are between the age of ₅₀ it was designated as a World Heritage Site in ₁₉₉₃ years and above (₆₂.₉%), and a higher percent- (Figure ₃). age own the business (Table ₂). The chi-square

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Yakushima (ns) Others (ns)

40 37 35 30 30

25 21 19 20 17 16 14 15 13 12 11 10

5 0 Anbo Miyanoura Others Lodging facility Others Community (n=94) Business type (n=96)

Figure 2 Relationship between community, business type and hometown Note: ns = not signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₀₁. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

35 31 30 Yakushima Others

25 19 20 16 17 15 13 11 11 9 9 10 8 4 5 1 0 <1992 1993-2002 2003-2014 <1992 1993-2002 2003-2014 Started living in Yakushima* (n=87) Started business* (n=62)

Figure 3 Chi-square test of relationship between length of residency, year business started and hometown Note: *Signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₀₁. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

2) Perceptions of ecotourism in Yakushima In Table ₃, the type of tourism business, Six statements about what the respondents hometown and when business started had sta- think of ecotourism showed that about ₇₅% were tistically signiﬁcant impact on the opinion of the of the opinion that it promotes cultural exchange respondents about ecotourism. There was sta- and about ₆₀% were positive that ecotourism pro- tistically significant impacts on perceptions that vides employment opportunity and contributes to ecotourism increases income (p ≤ ₀.₀₁), provides nature conservation, and almost ₅₀% supported employment opportunities (p ≤ ₀.₀₅) and it is an that it increases income (Figure ₄). important economic activity in Yakushima (p ≤

─10 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 195

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Increases income

Promotes cultural exchange

Employment opportunity for residents

Contributes to nature conservation

Burden on nature of Yakushima Important economic activity in Yakushima Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

More than one item could be checked (n=86) Figure 4 Rating of respondents to statements about ecotourism Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

Table 3 Oneway ANOVA for opinion of respondents to statements about ecotourism

Started living in Community Business Facility Hometown Started business Yakushima Variable Lodging ₁₉₉₃– ₂₀₀₃– ₁₉₉₃– ₂₀₀₃– Anbo Miyanoura Others Others Yakushima Others <₁₉₉₂ <₁₉₉₂ facility ₂₀₀₂ ₂₀₁₄ ₂₀₀₂ ₂₀₁₄

Increases income ₃.₄₈ ₃.₅₆ ₃.₃₂ ₃.₂₁** ₃.₉₃** ₃.₂₃ ₃.₆₇ ₃.₂₄ ₃.₇₀ ₃.₄₂ ₂.₈₂ ₃.₇₆ ₃.₆₆ Promotes cultural ** ** exchange ₃.₉₃ ₄.₀₄ ₃.₉₇ ₃.₉₈ ₄.₀₀ ₃.₇₅ ₄.₂₆ ₃.₈₅ ₄.₁₀ ₄.₀₀ ₃.₄₅ ₄.₁₂ ₄.₀₃ Employment oppor- * * ** ** ** tunity for residents ₃.₇₁ ₃.₅₆ ₃.₅₀ ₃.₄₁ ₃.₉₆ ₃ .₃₉ ₃.₇₉ ₃.₄₁ ₃.₈₀ ₃.₅₈ ₂.₈₂ ₄.₀₀ ₃.₇₉ Contributes to nature * * * conservation ₄.₀₀ ₃.₇₀ ₃.₆₅ ₃.₇₈ ₃.₇₄ ₃.₆₆ ₃.₈₈ ₃.₅₉ ₃.₉₀ ₃.₈₃ ₂.₉₁ ₃.₈₂ ₃.₇₅ Burden on nature of Yakushima ₃.₁₅ ₂.₈₇ ₂.₉₇ ₃.₀₇ ₂.₈₉ ₂.₉₈ ₃.₀₅ ₂.₉₄ ₃.₁₅ ₃.₀₉ ₂.₆₄ ₃.₂₈ ₃.₀₄ Important economic * * activity in Yakushima ₃.₇₈ ₃.₆₁ ₃.₅₆ ₃.₄₈ ₄.₀₄ ₃.₅₅ ₃.₇₃ ₃.₅₀ ₃.₉₀ ₃.₄₈ ₃.₀₉ ₃.₈₂ ₃.₈₂

Note ₁: *Signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₀₅; **Signiﬁcant at p ≤₀.₀₁. ₂: The Likert scale ranged from ₁(strongly d isagree) to ₅ (Strongly agree). ₃: The higher the score, the stronger their agreement with the statements. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

₀.₀₅) based on the type of tourism business. than natives, with significant difference at p ≤ The finding shows that people in other types of ₀.₀₁. It was discovered that people who started tourism business had a signiﬁcantly higher per- businesses between ₁₉₉₃ and ₂₀₀₂ were slightly ception that ecotourism increases income (M = more in support with statements that ecotourism ₃.₉₃), provides employment (M = ₃.₉₆) and is an provides employment opportunity (M = ₄.₀₀) important economic activity on the island (M = and contributes to nature conservation (M = ₄.₀₄) than those in accommodation business. ₃.₈₂) than those who started in other years (p ≤ In addition, non-natives of Yakushima had a ₀.₀₅). People who started business before higher mean score (M = ₄.₂₆) to the sentences ₁₉₉₂ were mostly neutral and disagreed with the that ecotourism promotes cultural exchange statement that ecotourism contribute to nature

─11 ─ 196 地理科学 71 –4, 2016

Table 4 Pearson Chi-square test for perceived impact of ecotourism

Agreed Business Home Started living Started Impact of Ecotourism Community (n = ₉₇) Facility town in Yakushima business Economic beneﬁt ₄₈ ₀.₅₁ ₁.₂₄ ₀.₅₃ ₁.₀₁ ₁.₈₅ Positive impact for the community ₅₀ ₀.₉₄ ₆.₈₈* ₉.₀₅* ₃.₃₁ ₄.₂₀ Negative impact for the community ₁₁ ₃.₀₀ ₁.₃₇ ₀.₃₄ ₂.₀₀ ₂.₉₈ Positive impact for the environment ₃₅ ₃.₀₀ ₁.₂₆ ₀.₉₄ ₀.₇₈ ₅.₇₃ Negative impact for the environment ₂₀ ₁.₂₇ ₀.₂₈ ₀.₀₂ ₀.₇₆ ₀.₂₇

Note: *Signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₀₁. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

Economic benefit 22 Employment opportunity 13 Revitalization of Yakushima town 11 Raise awareness about nature conservation 10 Increase in the popularity of Yakushima 10 Increase in the number of tourists 8 Maintenance/improvement of infrastructure 7 Non-native Yakushima people can work… 7 Decrease in depopulation of the island 7 Others 12

0 5 10 15 20 25

Open-ended question: More than one answer could be given (n=63) Figure 5 Advantages of Yakushima becoming a tourists’ destination Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

Garbage problem 19 Environmental disruption 14 Destruction of mountain trail due to overuse 12 Poor manners of tourists 6 Quietness of the island is lost 5 Toilet problem in the mountains 5 Outsiders benefit more than native people 3 Traffic problem/accident caused by rental car 3 None in particular 7 Others 16

0 5 10 15 20 Open-ended question: More than one answer could be given (n=64) Figure 6 Disadvantages of Yakushima becoming a tourists’ destination Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

─12 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 197 conservation (M = ₂.₉₁). of the island. The main disadvantages resulting The perceptions about the impacts of eco- from tourism were garbage problems, environ- tourism in Yakushima presented in Table ₄ mental disruption and destruction of mountain reveals that a higher number of the respondents trails used for hiking (Figure ₆). Some of the (₅₀ people) perceived that ecotourism has posi- respondents said that there are no disadvantages tively impacted the community with a very few caused by tourism. with the opinion that ecotourism has negative impact on the community. There is statistically 3) Opinion about increase in tourists signiﬁcant difference (p ≤ ₀.₀₁) in the perception There was a dichotomous question (yes or of the respondents toward the positive impact of no) asking if the increase in tourist to Yakushima ecotourism to the community based on the type brought about problems on the island. It was of business facility and hometown of the respon- discovered that out of the ₉₇ respondents, ₅₀ dents. people (₅₁.₅%) thought that the increase in the The opinions of respondents about the number of tourists caused some problems in advantages and disadvantages resulting from Yakushima, ₃₄ people was there was no problem tourism on the island were examined through caused by the increase while ₁₃ people did not open-ended questions. A majority of the respon- respond to the question. The years the prob- dents stated that tourism has led to economic lems started, as stated by those that answered benefits and employment opportunity (Figure yes are presented in Figure ₇. A majority of ₅). In addition, some were of the opinion that the respondents said that the increase in tourists tourism in Yakushima has helped in the revital- caused problems on the island between ₂₀₀₆ and ization of the town, raised awareness about nature ₂₀₁₀. conservation and helped stabilize the population Entrepreneurs native to Yakushima, those

18 16 16 14 12 10 9 8 8 6 5 4 4 2 1 0 <1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2014 Year problem started opnen-ended question (n=43) Figure 7 Responses to the year the problem started due to increase in tourists Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

─13 ─ 198 地理科学 71 –4, 2016

Table 5 Oneway ANOVA for opinion of respondents concerning a further increase in tourists

More tourists ₄.₀₆ ₄.₂₂ ₃.₉₃ ₄.₀₅ ₄.₀₈ ₄.₂₅** ₃.₈₂** ₄.₂₄* ₃.₅₆* ₃.₉₆* ₄.₃₃* ₃.₅₆* ₄.₁₀* More foreign tourists ₃.₉₄ ₃.₉₆ ₃.₉₀ ₄.₀₂ ₃.₇₂ ₃.₉₄ ₃.₉₃ ₃.₉₇ ₃.₇₁ ₄.₀₄ ₃.₈₃* ₃.₄₇* ₄.₀₀*

Note ₁: *Signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₁₀; **Signiﬁcant at p ≤ ₀.₀₅. ₂: The Likert scale ranged from ₁(strongly disagree) to ₅ (Strongly agree). ₃: The higher the score, the stronger their agreement with the statements. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

Table 6 Reasons for wanting more tourists

Frequency Reasons for wanting more or less tourists (n = ₆₉) Economic beneﬁt ₂₉ Revitalization of the island ₇ Reasons for more tourists Increase the fame of the island ₄ Want more tourists in winter ₃ Other positive reasons ₉ Balance nature and tourism ₁₀ Neutral Too much increase or decrease is a problem ₃ Adverse effect on nature ₅ Reasons against more tourists The island should not only depend on tourism ₄ Other negative reasons ₅

Note: Open-ended question, more than one answer could be given. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

Table 7 Reasons for wanting more foreign tourists

Frequency Reasons for wanting more or less foreign tourists (n = ₆₆) Want foreigners to know/learn about Yakushima and Japan ₂₂ Enjoy and experience the nature of Yakushima and Japan ₁₀ Reasons for more foreign tourists International/cultural exchange ₉ Economic beneﬁt ₇ Other positive reasons ₇ Language problem ₉ Insufﬁcient signboards and information in foreign languages ₈ Reasons against more foreign tourists Bad manners of tourists ₃ Cultural differences ₂ Other negative reasons ₂

Note: Open-ended question, more than one answer could be given. Source: Survey data (₂₀₁₄).

─14 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 199 that started living in Yakushima and started their ism business in Yakushima (₆₂.₉%) are above ₅₀ business before ₁₉₉₂ have a stronger agreement years of age (Table ₂). This high percentage of of wanting more tourists to visit Yakushima with ageing people in tourism business in Yakushima mean scores of ₄.₂₅, ₄.₂₄ and ₄.₃₃ respectively is in line with Funck (₁₉₉₉), who stated that when (Table ₅). Their perceptions about a further compared to other service industries, accom- increase in tourists was significantly impacted modation facilities in Japan (which is one of the by their hometown (p ≤ ₀.₀₅), the year they main tourism businesses) rely heavily on person- started living in Yakushima (p ≤ ₀.₁₀) and when nel over ₅₅ years old. This reveals that ageing business started (p ≤ ₀.₁₀). Perceptions about population in tourism destinations and tourism wanting more foreign tourists were only statisti- business is a serious problem in Japan. The cally significant based on the year the business ageing demographics at tourist destinations pos- started (p ≤ ₀.₁₀), with the people who started sibly inhibits the introduction of modern resource their businesses between ₂₀₀₃–₂₀₁₄ wanting management due to lack of interest and human more foreign tourists (M = ₄.₀₀). resources, which invariably affects the ability of The reasons stated for wanting more tour- destinations to adjust to new and more divers ists (Table ₆) included economic benefits and pattern of demand, offer new forms of recreation revitalization of the island among others. It activities and to cope with an increasing influx of is interesting to note that a few number of the foreign tourists (Funck, ₂₀₀₈). respondents only want more tourists in winter It is evident that the inscription of while some want a balance between tourism and Yakushima on the WHS list had a positive effect nature conservation. Some of the respondents on tourism business on the island because the do not want an increase in tourists due to its majority of businesses started after the island adverse effect on nature while a good number of was designated as a WHS. Also, this was when them do not want the number of foreign tourists ₇₅.₀% of the people not native to Yakushima to increase because of language problems (Table moved to the island and a few natives returned ₇). after having left the island temporarily (Figure ₃). It was observed that natives play a bigger V Discussion role in the accommodation business than in other Ecotourism is capable of bringing both ben- tourism businesses. The involvement of large efits and costs to a destination, and understand- number of natives＇ in the accommodation busi- ing the perceptions of groups of stakeholders is ness might be related to the finding of Hiwasaki crucial in planning the sustainable development (₂₀₀₇), who noted that migrants to the island of ecotourism. The study argued that the per- find it difficult to obtain land rights resulting in a ception of people in tourism business is important majority of them working in other tourism busi- for the success of ecotourism development and ness such as ecotour guides. Funck and Cooper that these perceptions are influenced by various (₂₀₁₃) reported that about ₈₀% of the ecotour demographic variables. The finding of this guides in Yakushima are people from outside the study shows that majorities of the people in tour- area or natives who have returned after spending

─15 ─ 200 地理科学 71 –4, 2016

time outside. Mehraliyev (₂₀₁₄) posited that reducing depopulation of the island among in tourism industry, business of a destination others (Table ₄, Figure ₅). This is similar to is owned mainly not by local people but other some ﬁnding that residents who place a greater entrepreneurs. The high number of non-natives amount of importance on economic development in tourism business of a destination was also would have more positive attitudes toward tour- supported by Butler (₁₉₈₀), who suggested that ism (Lindberg and Johnson, ₁₉₉₇; Smith and as a destination grows and becomes popular, the Krannich, ₁₉₉₈). Evidently, many communities more ＇outsiders＇ appear in the destination for have seen tourism as a promising opportunity business purposes and after a certain time in the for reducing underdevelopment problems, and development cycle, locals become less powerful as a means of modernizing their economic base than outsiders who own most of the businesses and retaining their population (Andriotis, ₂₀₀₃; by that time. This is also the case in Yakushima Andriotis and Vaughan, ₂₀₀₄). Johnson et al. because some of the respondents complained (₁₉₉₄) posited that tourism creates new employ- that the non-natives benefit more from tourism ment opportunities, increases local revenues and than the natives. raises standard of living. Likewise, Andriotis According to Table ₃, the communities (₂₀₀₄) averred that tourism generates employ- where the facilities are located and the year the ment and income for the locals. As stated by respondents started living in Yakushima did not Bann (₂₀₁₀) ecotourism has been identified as have significant influence on their perceptions, one of the most important alternative livelihoods but types of tourism business facilities, hometown for local communities. According to Turker and of the respondents and the year they started Ozturk (₂₀₁₃), tourism is viewed as a means of their business influenced their perception of rejuvenating an area, creating jobs and attracting ecotourism. In the study of Turker and Ozturk people back to the area to work in the tourism (₂₀₁₃) the length of residency did not influence industry. the perception of the residents, although some Despite the positive perception about eco- researchers argued that residents who have lived tourism in Yakushima, some of the respondents in a community for a longer period have more had negative perception about the impact of eco- positive attitudes towards tourism than those with tourism on the island. According to Table ₄, ₁₁ shorter residency (Sheldon and Abenoja, ₂₀₀₁; people stated that ecotourism has negative impact Lankford, ₁₉₉₄). However, Ayers and Potter on the community and ₂₀ respondents who said (₁₉₈₉) in their study found that residents who that ecotourism has negative impact on the envi- have lived in a community for a longer period ronment of the island. The negative impact of perceive lower levels of positive impacts than ecotourism was highest between ₂₀₀₆ and ₂₀₁₀ those with shorter residency. (Figure ₇). This coincides with the years (₂₀₀₇ The vast majority of respondents agreed and ₂₀₀₈) the island had the highest number of that ecotourism has positive impact on the com- tourist. Loss of the island＇s quietness, traffic munity by creating economic benefits, employ- problems and non-natives beneﬁting more from ment opportunities, revitalizing the island and tourism than the natives are some of the negative

─16 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 201 impacts of ecotourism to the community. In island(Table ₆). Most of tourism literatures the study of Baysan (₂₀₀₈), some of the respon- and researches seem to agree that tourism is an dent stated that tourism in Oren might spoil the effective tool for successful economic develop- quietness of the destination, which is also the ment, employment opportunities and revitaliza- situation in Yakushima. The negative impacts tion of a destination (Schmallegger and Carson, of ecotourism on the environment range from ₂₀₁₀; Hiwasaki, ₂₀₀₆; Andriotis, ₂₀₀₅). Three garbage problems, environmental disruption to of the respondents want more tourists only in destruction of mountain trails. Toilets were also winter season so as to have an average annual mentioned as part of the problems caused by number of tourists (Table ₆). However, ₁₃ tourism because there are inadequate toilets and people want a balance between nature protection sewage facilities to keep pace with the increase and tourism because too much increase in the in tourists visiting the mountains. This finding number of tourists would have adverse effects is consistent with those of Forbes (₂₀₁₂), Fukami on nature and too much decrease would lead to (₂₀₁₁), Okano and Matsuda (₂₀₁₃), Hiwasaki economic problems on the island, since most of (₂₀₀₆) that resource overuse, garbage problems, the people generate their income from tourism. pollution due to human waste and inadequate It is not surprising to see that because of the toilets, environmental disruption and destruction negative effect of ecotourism on the environment, of mountain trails are problems facing the island some of the respondents do not want the number due to tourism. of tourists to increase. It was perceived among some respondents VI Conclusions that ecotourism in Yakushima does not contribute to nature conservation. Although the year the The study has examined the impact of eco- respondents started living in Yakushima did not tourism in Yakushima from the perception of the have any statistical significance on this percep- people in tourism business. The findings of the tion, the year they started their business did have study identified that respondents have both posi- a statistically significance impact (Table ₃). As tive and negative perceptions of the impacts of shown in Table ₃, there is high disagreement ecotourism in their community. It was proven with the statement that ecotourism contributes that people in tourism business in Yakushima to nature conservation by those that started their had positive perceptions of ecotourism by the business before ₁₉₉₂ (M = ₂.₉₁). This may be reason of its economic impacts and overall due to the fact that this group of respondents positive impact on their community. People knew what the nature of the island was before it in tourism business other than the accommoda- became a WHS and have experienced the envi- tion business have more positive perceptions on ronmental changes resulting from the increase in the economic effects of ecotourism while non- tourism. natives were more positive about the employment A greater number of the respondents want opportunity created by ecotourism. There was more tourists to visit the island because of its no difference in perceptions of the respondents economic benefits and its ability to revitalize the by location of the facility and length of residency.

─17 ─ 202 地理科学 71 –4, 2016

However, the type of business facility, nativity of modernization. Current Issues in Tourism, 6-₁, the respondents and the year business started, ₂₃–₅₃. Andriotis, K. (₂₀₀₄): Problems of island tourism influenced the perceptions towards ecotourism. development: The Greek insular regions. Bramwell Despite the percentage of positive perception, a B. (ed.): Coastal mass tourism: Diversification and few number of people identified some negative sustainable development in Southern Europe. Channel environmental impacts of tourism in Yakushima View Publications, ₁₁₄–₁₃₂. such as resource overuse, garbage problem and Andriotis, K. (₂₀₀₅): Community groups＇ perceptions of and preferences to tourism development: Evi- disruption of the island＇s quietness. dence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality and Tour- It is necessary to put the concerns of the ism Research, 29-₁, ₆₇–₉₀. people into consideration during future plans so Andriotis, K. and Vaughan, D. R. (₂₀₀₄): The tourism as to reduce to the barest minimum or eliminate workforce and policy: Exploring the assumptions (if possible) the negative social and environmen- using Crete as the case study. Current Issues in Tourism, 7-₁, ₆₆–₈₇. tal effects of tourism on the island. The survey Atsumoto, F., Tashiro, S. and Ohnishi, A. (₂₀₀₄): The carried out for the purpose of this study was present circumstances and challenges of ecotour restricted because of time and the sample size. guides in Yakushima. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agri- There is a need for further research directed to a culture, Kagoshima University, 54, ₁₅–₂₉. (J) larger sample size and other community groups Ayers, J. S. and Potter, H. R. (₁₉₈₉): Attitudes toward to be able to have more comprehensive findings community change: a comparison between rural leaders and residents. Journal of the Community to incorporate into future ecotourism planning Development Society, 20-₁, ₁–₁₈. and developments in Yakushima. Baba, T. and Morimata, Y. (₂₀₀₇): The visitor＇s recre- ational manners and evaluation to actions against Acknowledgement overuse of forest region on Yakushima Island, Japan. The authors are grateful to the people that took Landscape Research Japan, 70-₅, ₅₄₇–₅₅₀. (J) time out of their busy schedule to answer the question- Banki, M. B. and Ismail, H. N. (₂₀₁₄): Multi-stake- naires, all the graduate students that helped in admin- holder perception of tourism impacts and ways tour- istering the questionnaire and those that helped with ism should be sustainably developed in Obudu translations of the questionnaires. This research has Mountain Resort. Developing Country Studies, 4-₃, been supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion ₃₇–₄₈. of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Project Bann, C. (₂₀₁₀): Developing a business plan for JP26360065 (Carolin Funck). Küre Mountains National Park and its buffer zone. Final Report. http://www.kdmp.gov.tr/img/files/ References BUSINESS_PLAN_FOR_KMNP_Final_Report.pdf Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C. and (Accessed on December ₂₃, ₂₀₁₅) Vogt, C. A. (₂₀₀₅): Residents＇ perceptions of com- Baysan, S. (₂₀₀₈): The attitudes of tourism establish- munity tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism ments toward the development of tourism and Research, 32-₄, ₅₁₂–₅₂₁. toward tourism＇s impact on the environment of Oren Andereck, K. and Vogt, C. (₂₀₀₀): The relationship (Milas). Türkiye. Efe, R., Cravins, G., Ozturk, M. between residents＇ attitudes toward tourism and and Atalay, I. (eds.): Natural Environment and Cul- tourism development options. Journal of Travel ture in the Mediterranean Region. Cambridge Research, 39, ₂₇–₃₆. Scholars Publishing, ₂₉₉–₃₁₈. Andriotis, K. (₂₀₀₃): Tourism in Crete: A form of Butler, W. R. (₁₉₈₀): The concept of a tourist area

─18 ─ ADEWUMI, I. B. and FUNCK, C.: Ecotourism in Yakushima 203

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屋久島におけるエコツーリズム―観光産業関係者の認識―

アデウミイフェオルワボランレ*・フンク・カロリン**

キーワード：エコツーリズム，観光産業，資源の過剰利用，コミュニティー認識，屋久島

世界遺産登録とエコツールズム観光地としての定着は屋久島に観光者だけでなく，観光産業で働く移住者も引きつけた。本論文は観光産業の関係者がエコツーリズムをどのように認識し，また，出身地，居住歴，事業所の立地場所，事業所の種類と開業年がその認識にどのように影響するか分析している。そのため，観光産業関係者のアンケート調査を行った（回答者97人）。回答者の約半分は屋久島外の出身であったが，この割合が屋久島が世界遺産に登録された2003年以降に開業した事業者では高く，また，土地や建物の所有を前提とする宿泊業ではやや低かった。回答者は経済的な効果やコミュニティにもたらす影響に基づいて，エコツーリズムを高く評価している。一方，資源の過剰利用，ゴミ問題や登山道の破壊がエコツーリズムの課題としてあげられた。エコツーリズムの影響に対する認識は出身地，事業所の種類と開業年により異なっているが，立地場所と居住歴は影響していないことが明らかになった。

* 広島大学大学院総合科学研究科・大学院生 ** 広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

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