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Revd Solomon Lyon of Cambridge, 1755-1820 NAOMI CREAM

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Revd Solomon Lyon of Cambridge, 1755-1820 NAOMI CREAM Revd Solomon Lyon of Cambridge, 1755-1820 NAOMI CREAM Cecil Roth described Solomon Lyon as one of the rare Anglo-Jewish scholars of the eighteenth century.1 He lived well into the nineteenth century, and although he was a minor figure his story is worth telling. Early life He was born in Bohemia in 175s,2 probably in Kuttenplan,3 now Chodov? Plana in the Czech Republic, about 80 miles northwest of Prague.4 A small Jewish community of about thirty families lived there under the benign juris? diction of the local count. In the year after Lyon's birth the count gave per? mission for the ramshackle wooden synagogue to be replaced with one of stone, but a few years later, in less benign mood, he punished the Jews for having built it too high and ordered it to be painted black.5 In the wider community, anti-Semitic rules prevailed as Lyon grew up: laws regulated settlement, trade and occupation. The Jewish population was restricted by a system which allowed marriage only after the age of twenty-four and on receipt of a Tamiliant' number, which passed to an eldest son on the death of his father. A junior son had to wait for his elder brother to die before he, in his turn, could inherit the number and get his own marriage permit.6 Furthermore, had these young men lived in Prague, they would have had to Paper presented to the Society on 15 February 2001. I am greatly indebted to Henry Roche for information about Solomon Lyon in Portsmouth. I am also grateful to Petra Laidlaw for her comments. 1 C. Records theWestern 2 Roth, of Synagogue (London 1932) 69. paper, source of information unknown. 3 Family See Plate 2 below showing Portsmouth Old Congregation Minute Book, vol. II, p. 14, in which he is the last of the original seven signatories. Lyon signed inHebrew, transliterating theplacename in itsYiddish form:'//# [the young Mr] SolomonLyon, son of the learned Isaac Ari of blessed memory from Kutin Ploin'. (I am grateful toHenry Roche for obtaining the illustration and interpreting the text.) His father's name is also given in Ketubah No. 1656 Bevis Marks Records Part II (Oxford 1949) 125. ('Ari' or 'Aryeh' is Hebrew for 'Lion' or 4 'Lyon'.) 'Chodov? in a . 5 Plana', Encyclopaedia Judaic (Jerusalem 1971) A. Schapirnik,Geschichte der Juden inKuttenplan und Umgebung (Prague/Brno 1934) 335? 41. I am to Dr Otto and Mrs for their translation. 6 grateful Fleming Fleming 'Familiants Law', in Encyclopaedia Judaica (see n. 4). 3i Jewish Historical Society of England is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Jewish Historical Studies ® www.jstor.org Naomi Cream wear the Jewish badge, described variously as a yellow collar over the coat7 or a yellow strip on the left shoulder.8 Little is known of Lyon's early life, but before leaving Bohemia, probably in his twenties, he must have received the traditional education of a clever boy with scholarly interests, passing from elementary study of Hebrew and the Talmud to advanced talmudic study at a yeshivah. He is said to have attended the University of Prague,9 but this is unlikely to have been the famous Charles University since Jews were not admitted there until 1782,10 by which time he was already established in England. It ismore likely that he studied at the so-called Jewish University of Prague, also known as the Prague Talmud University.11 Portsmouth, 1781-1789 It is not surprising that he should have leftBohemia in search of a better life, although itwas to be some years before he could earn a living appropriate to his education and interests. It is unknown how he came there, but evidence suggests that he had settled in Portsmouth by 1781,12where mainly German Jews had founded a community about forty years before.13 The town was thriving on the success of Portsmouth as a naval centre during the succession of wars with Europe and America. In 1781, about the time of Lyon's arrival, the local newspaper wrote: Tew places in England are at present more flour? ishing than this: the great sums of prize money spent by the sailors, added to the wages constantly laid out by the number of hands employed in the dock-yard, cause a greater circulation of cash than is to be found in most parts of the kingdom'.14 Most Jews lived in Portsea, at that time known as Portsmouth Common, about half a mile from Portsmouth town and next to the naval dockyard. A guidebook of 1775 described how 'The Dockyard resembles a town in the number of its dwelling houses, offices, storehouses, lofts and other edifices erected for the various purposes of the yard. It con? tains amazing quantities of everything necessary for the royal navy. There 7 in n. 8 'Badge, Jewish', Encyclopaedia Judaica (see 4). in York . 9 'Prague', Jewish Encyclopedia (New 1901-07) J. Picciotto,Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History (London 1875; republishedI. Finestein [ed.] 10 1956) 307. in n. 11 'Bohemia', Encyclopaedia Judaica (see 4). The Ghetto 12J. Lion, Prague (London i960) 17. PortsmouthRecord Office Sessions 13 S3/183/91. (Borough Records; deposition9 July 1781.) A. Weinberg, 'Portsmouth Jewry', Portsmouth Papers 41 (Portsmouth 1985) 3-4; C. Roth, 'The PortsmouthCommunity and ItsHistorical Background', Trans JHSE XIII (1936) 10 11. 14 A. Geddes, 'Portsmouth During the Great French Wars 1770-1800', quoting The Hampshire Chronicle\in Portsmouth Papers 9 (Portsmouth1970) 3. 32 Revd Solomon Lyon of Cambridge, 1755-1820 are never less than 2,000 men employed in it, and in times of war upwards . of 2,500. .' Portsmouth Common was 'a very prosperous genteel town, exceeding Portsmouth itself in the number of its inhabitants and edifices'.15 The attraction of Portsmouth for struggling immigrants is clear, but the Jewish population was not large. Only about fifty synagogue members, with any family they might have, lived in Portsea and Portsmouth during the 1780s.16 Unfortunately, community relations were not harmonious; the famous split, caused by the dispute over which rabbi in London should receive the allegiance of the congregation, had occurred in 1766. This led to the departure of over half the original synagogue membership to form a 'New Congregation' in a new synagogue only a few hundred yards from the first.17 A key figure in the community and one of the leaders of the split was Reb Leib Aleph (1723-1814), known in the non-Jewish community as Levy Isaac, a silversmith. He was famous among the Jews of Portsmouth and the south of England for his skill as a mohel (circumciser) and he kept a circumcision register of historic importance.18He was to play a significant part in Lyon's life in Portsmouth. Lyon first came to public notice in 1781, when he was the victim of an assault by another Jew, a Portsea silversmith, who hit him with a stick and tore his shirt;19 this led to the first of Lyon's several encounters with the English legal system. At the time of the assault he was a pedlar, likemany other poor Jewish immigrants. Although the seaport pedlars traded with sailors and also went inland, the Jewish pedlars of Portsmouth are best known for supplying the seamen living in the ships at anchor off the port. The sailors' trips ashore were restricted because the authorities feared they would desert, and therefore the pedlars went out to the ships, travelling in small boats loaded with bedding, slops (clothing and personal equipment), fruit, vegetables and provisions. The scenes on board the ship after the distribution of the seamen's wages have been described: 'when paid, they hurry down to their respective berths, redeem their honour with their several ladies and bumboat men, and then they turn their thoughts to the Jew pedlars, who are ranged round the decks and in the hatch-way gratings, in fact, the ship is crowded with them'. Having bought their watches, trinkets and seamen's essentials, the sailors were prone to taunt and humiliate the Jewish salesmen.20 Lyon himself was robbed of a silver seal and a gold ring by a young midship 15 Ibid. 18. 16 H. 'The of notes lecture 17 Roche, Jews Portsmouth', printed accompanying (1993). C. Roth n. 11-14. 18 (see 13) E. Newman, 'Some New Facts about the Portsmouth Jewish Community', Trans JHSE XVII 19 (i953) 251-9 Portsmouth Record Office n. 20 (see 12). G. Green, The Royal Navy and Anglo-Jewry 1740-1820 (London 1989) 239, 231-5. 33 'b? u> >> O. o U ? Oh O CS 34 Revd Solomon Lyon of Cambridge, 1755-1820 man in 1783.21He had by then moved from Portsmouth to Portsea and had progressed up the commercial ladder to a more settled business as a silver? smith. This was a common pattern: 'Those who were absolutely destitute became pedlars, and were financed by the Jewish shop-keepers, who sent them inland with boxes of trinkets, laces, cigars, and other portable goods to sell to farmers and farmers' wives. Accounts were settled at the ports once a week on Friday afternoons, afterwhich [they] would assemble for the inaug? ... uration of the Sabbath. On Monday they would trudge off again. If a pedlar prospered he would set up a shop of his own and bloom out into a jeweller and silver-smith.'22 The next recorded event is Lyon's marriage in the summer of the next year, 1784, toRachel Hart, whose parents were said to be 'of Ely'.23 Although it has not been possible to trace any other contemporary Jews living in Ely, the records of the Portsmouth Congregation lend support to the accuracy of the statement about his father-in-law's place of origin.24 Five years later, on the Eve of the Jewish New Year in 1789, a significant event occurred in Portsmouth Jewish communal history which also involved Solomon Lyon.
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