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A Study of Emeritus Professor Albert Adu Boahen, 1932-2006

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A Study of Emeritus Professor Albert Adu Boahen, 1932-2006 UNIVERSITY OF GHANA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AN ACADEMIC IN POLITICS: A STUDY OF EMERITUS PROFESSOR ALBERT ADU BOAHEN, 1932-2006 BY THEOPHILUS ASHONG (10423624) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL HISTORY DEGREE JULY 2019 i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my Mum and Dad ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT This thesis would not have been successful without the help of numerous people. I would first like to thank my supervisors Dr. Nana Yaw Sapong and Dr. Victoria Ellen Smith of the Department of History, University of Ghana for their constructive criticisms, encouragement, and patience throughout this work. I also acknowledge the authors whose works have been referred to and cited in this study. My gratitude also goes to the staff and colleagues of the Department of History, University of Ghana, especially Dr. Emmanuel A. Ofosu-Mensah and Dr. Cyrelene Amoah- Boampong for their encouragement. A number of people have helped me to lay hands on references and source materials that eventually found their way into this thesis. I would like to particularly mention Prof. Kofi Darkwah, Prof. Ivan Addae-Mensah, Dr. S.K.B. Asante, Adjei Adjepong, and Sadat Bole. I am also indebted to Prof. S. Ademola Ajayi and Ernest S.K. Sewordor for reading through drafts of this work and making useful suggestions. I wish to acknowledge the financial assistance I received from the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the University of Ghana through the ENCAPEH-UG project. My sincere gratitude to the coordinators of the project especially Prof. Samuel Agyei-Mensah and Nancy Owusuaa. I appreciate the tireless efforts of my informants particularly Prof. Robert Addo-Fening, Prof. Irene Odotei, Dr. D.E.K. Baku, Dr. Emmanuel Evans-Anfom, Christopher Adu Boahen and Mrs Ruth Amanda Nylander. Finally, I cannot end without a special word of thanks to Abigail Esinam Atidjah, Mrs Theodora Dordo-Tetteh, Mrs Evelyn Otoo, Eric Anto, Samuel Abekah, and Samuel Amarteifio for their support and encouragement throughout this work. I bear sole responsibility for any mistakes yet remaining in this work. iii ETHICAL STATEMENT By signing a legal release, the interviewee indicates that he or she understood what the interview would be used for and establishes its ownership. –Donald A. Ritchie1 This study relies heavily on oral history interviews to solicit testimonies from former students, colleagues and relatives of Prof. Adu Boahen. Being fully aware of the principles and standards of the oral history practice, I carefully prepared a consent and release form which clearly states the aims and objectives of my research project. The consent and release form, research proposal and work plan were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for the Humanities, University of Ghana. As such, this legal document, perused and signed by my informants and I, not only establish the ownership of the recording but also states in unequivocal terms that the information obtained could be used in my MPhil thesis. I also painstakingly explained to my informants their pivotal role in the success of the research project. Informants were also aware of their right to have a copy of the interview recording and transcript upon request. The above steps were necessitated in order to provide my informants with the details of the research project and to avoid any unforeseen legal case. All other primary and secondary sources consulted for this study have been fully and accurately cited. 1 Donald A. Ritchie, Doing Oral History: A Practical Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 114. iv TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………………..i DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………………………iii ETHICAL STATEMENT………………………………………………………………………...iv TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………...v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………...vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION…………………………………………………………………….vii CHAPTER ONE: General Introduction to the Study………………………………………………1 CHAPTER TWO: A “Legonite” becomes a “Goat”: Biographical Sketch of a Budding Scholar and Politician………………………………………………..……………………………………28 CHAPTER THREE: “Synthesizing Historiography with Nationalism”: Return from London and its Aftermath.………………………………………………………………………….………….42 CHAPTER FOUR: “The President Who Never Was”: Life After Retirement…………………...80 CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion……………………………………………………………..……132 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………..………………………………………………..…………140 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………..…...154 v ABSTRACT The mid-twentieth century undoubtedly marked a watershed in African history and historiography. One striking feature of the period was the emergence of a new crop of African historians who were poised to challenge the hegemony of Eurocentric scholarship. Kenneth O. Dike, a prominent Nigerian historian blazed the trail with his magnum opus Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885. In Ghana, the trailblazer was Prof. Albert Adu Boahen who was a teacher, scholar and an astute politician. As a teacher, he taught and mentored students while researching and writing about the Ghanaian and African past. He was a staunch critic of military rule and always laid emphasis on constitutional governance, the freedom of speech, and freedom of the individual. In spite of his remarkable contribution to the country, existing literature has only had a cursory look at him. Thus, a specific scholarly study devoted to his life and career is yet to be written. This study therefore provides a scholarly biography of Prof. Albert Adu Boahen. The study maintains that Adu Boahen was not just a renowned historian who contributed to pioneering Ghanaian and African historiography; but was also instrumental in attempts to consolidate democratic culture in Ghana. This study makes use of archival evidence from the private archives of Adu Boahen and PRAAD in Accra. In addition, secondary sources including relevant books, dissertations, academic articles and photographs are interrogated. These sources are augmented with extensive interviews conducted with relatives, friends and colleagues of Adu Boahen. Overall, this study provides a scholarly biography of Adu Boahen in order to show his contributions to Ghanaian and African historiography, academic institutions and professional associations. In addition, the study shows Adu Boahen’s place in Ghana’s struggle for democracy and constitutional governance since the early years of independence. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABF………………………………Adu Boahen Foundation ABMLA…………………………. Adu Boahen Memorial Library and Archives ACP………………………………Action Congress Party AFRC…………………………….Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ARPB…………………………….Association of Recognized Professional Bodies COG……………………………...Commonwealth Observer Group CPP……………………………….Convention People’s Party DPP……………………………….Democratic People’s Party GAAS…………………………….Ghana Academy of Arts and Science GBC………………………………Ghana Broadcasting Corporation GCPP……………………………..Ghana Consolidated Popular Party ICC………………………………..Inter-party Co-ordinating Committee INEC………………………………Interim National Electoral Commission IPAC………………………………Inter- Party Advisory Committee JCR………………………………..Junior Common Room LCNR……………………………..Legon Committee on National Reconstruction LSNA……......................................Legon Society on National Affairs MFJ……………………………….Movement for Freedom and Justice MOBA…………………………….Mfantsipim Old Boys Association NDC……………………………….National Democratic Congress NIP………………………………...National Independence Party vii NLC……………………………….National Liberation Council NPP………………………………..New Patriotic Party NRP………………………….…….National Reform Party PFP…………………………….…..Popular Front Party PMFJ………………………………People’s Movement for Freedom and Justice PNC…………………………….….People’s National Convention PNDC…………………………..….Peoples National Defence Council PNP………………………………..People’s National Party PRAAD……………………………Public Records and Archives Administration Department SDF………………………………..Social Democratic Front SMC……………………………….Supreme Military Council SOAS……………………………...School of Oriental and African Studies TFP………………………………..Third Force Party UGCC……………………………..United Gold Coast Convention UGM………………………….…...United Ghana Movement UNC………………………….……United National Convention UNESCO……………………….....United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization viii CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY In this day and age when the youth seem to have lost all sense of direction and seem to be floundering in the confusion of the appeal of conflicting lifestyles, it is worthwhile to hold up to them the examples of… celebrities to inspire them to comparable achievements not only for their good but ultimately for the benefit of the nation and humanity at large. – D.E.K. Amenumey2 Background Biographical studies seem to have arrested the attention of scholars in the past few decades or so. Appreciably, there seems to be a shift from the mere telling of life stories to the representation of such stories in terms of wider themes or concepts. The life of Nelson Mandela, for instance, is used to represent not only apartheid in South Africa, but marginalized people in any part of the world. It is important to point out that most of these biographies have focused on the life and works of prominent African academics and politicians.3 Lisa Lindsay reminds us in her “Biography in African History” that, 2 D.E.K. Amenumey, Outstanding Ewes of the 20th Century: Profile of fifteen firsts, Vol. 1. (Accra: Woeli Publishing Services, 2002), v. 3 See
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