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2804310Paper.Pdf Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized tWo2* ::v-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W :.. .) ' -e ' e=- ^ -E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I.P7 " ~~~~~~~~~~~~-- - ~ - ,in 7 ;. - s, - 04-' *.As- - o ~~w 3 rt S- \ = - Us-i nil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 5 / - eii -; - <> ' r bi- Z - *1 N-7 co O,S. [-ak a,=|| ES-E - Ji3C c'i, t ': f D ) 1 9 t.t,~~~~~~~~~~-~~~I A DISCLAIMER The opinions and recommendations presented in this book which are the result of research supported by the World Bank and the Agency for International Development are solely those of the respective authors, and do not necessarily represent the position or policies of those supporting institutions. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown in any maps in this book do not imply on the part of the Agency for International Development or World Bank Group, any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any en- dorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Cover photo by Curt Carnemark, ©1993 by the World Bank. Back cover map by Jeffrey Neil Lecksell, courtesy of the Cartography Section of the World Bank. Copyright i) 1994 by The World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Washington, DC 20433 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-77729 ISBN 0-8403-9508-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 If a farmer cannot look to the future with security, little can be hazarded by him beyond the expenses which the returns of the year will defray; and not only will all great improvements, but even the most common works of the season, be imperfectly performed. D. Low 1844 Landed Property and the Economy of Estates LONDON CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... ix I INTRODUCTION: ARE INDIGENOUS AFRICAN TENURE SYSTEMS INSECURE? ...................................... 1 Shem E. Migot-Adholla and John W. Bruce The Problem .............................................. 1 Organization of this Book .............. ...................... 3 Essential Features of Indigenous African Tenure ...... ............ 3 State-Imposed Tenure Transformation ........ .................. 8 References .............................................. 10 2 LAND TENURE SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN AFRICA: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..... ...... 15 Frank Place, Michael Roth, and Peter Hazell Theoretical Model .......................................... 16 Hypotheses .............................................. 18 Indicators of Tenure Security ................................. 19 Empirical Model ........................................... 28 Performance Indicators . ..................................... 30 Study Design and Research Methodology ........................ 33 Comparative Overview ...................................... 38 References .............................................. 39 3 INDIGENOUS LAND USE SYSTEMS AND INVESTMENTS IN SOIL FERTILITY IN BURKINA FASO .............................. 41 Peter Matlon Survey Methods and Characteristics of the Study Sites ..... ........ 42 Socio-Historical Factors Affecting the Distribution of Use Rights ..... 45 Patterns of Land Holdings and Usage ........................... 47 Land Tenure Classes ........................................ 50 Tenure Security and Investments in Land Improvement ..... ........ 60 Summary and Conclusions ................................... 65 References .............................................. 69 v vi LAND TENURE SECURITY IN AFRICA 4 TENURE SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION UNDER LAND SCARCITY: THE CASE OF RWANDA ...... ............. 71 Benoit Blarel Land Distribution and Farm Miniaturization ..... ............... 73 Indigenous and Formal Land Tenure Systems ..... ............... 79 Is Land Tenure Security a Constraint on Agricultural Development? . 82 The Farm Fragmentation Issue ......... ...................... 89 Long-Term Sustainability of the Agrarian Structure ..... .......... 93 References ............................................... 94 5 LAND, SECURITY OF TENURE, AND PRODUCTIVITY IN GHANA .. 97 Shem E. Migot-Adholla, George Benneh Frank Place, and Steven Atsu Ghanaian Land Tenure ............ ......................... 98 Patterns of Land Holdings and Modes of Land Acquisition in the Ghana Study Regions .................................... 104 Security of Tenure and Its Relationship to Agricultural Productivity . 108 Policy Implications and Recommendations ...................... 114 References ............................................... 117 6 SECURITY OF TENURE AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY IN KENYA ... 119 Shem E. Migot-Adholla, Frank Place, and W. Oluoch-Kosura Contemporary Tenure Systems in Kenya ...... .................. 122 Patterns of Landholdings, Acquisition, and Transactions ........... 125 Security of Tenure, Farm Inputs, and Investment ................. 129 Tenure Security and Agricultural Productivity ................... 137 Conclusions and Policy Implications ........................... 138 References ............................................... 140 7 TENURE SECURITY FOR WHOM? DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF LAND POLICY IN KENYA .......... 141 Michael R. Carter, Keith D. Wiebe, and Benoit Blarel Agriculture in Njoro: Farm Size, Factor Markets, and Access to Land .......................................... 142 Identifying the Economic Effects of Tenure Security Programs: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Complications ......... 146 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Factors that Mediate the Economic Effects of Tenure Security Programs: Multiple Market Failures in Land, Labor, and Capital . .. 156 Identification of the Differentiated Effects of Land Title within Imperfect Market Environments ............................ 159 Summary and Conclusions ............ ...................... 165 Annex .............................................. 167 References .............................................. 167 8 TENURE SECURITY, CREDIT USE, AND FARM INVESTMENT IN THE RUjUMBURA PILOT LAND REGISTRATION SCHEME, UGANDA .............................................. 169 Michael Roth, Jeffrey Cochrane, and W. Kisamba-Mugerwa Kigezi District ............................................ 170 Independent Uganda ....................................... 174 Research Design . .......................................... 175 Socio-Economic Profile ............. ........................ 178 Registration and Agricultural Investment ....... ................ 187 Implications .............................................. 193 Annexes ................................................. 196 References ............................................... 198 9 LAND REGISTRATION, TENURE SECURITY, CREDIT USE, AND INVESTMENT IN THE SHEBELLE REGION OF SOMALIA .... ..... 199 Michael Roth, Ion Unruh, and Richard Barrows Land Policy .............................................. 200 Research Methodology ..................................... 203 Household and Parcel Indicators .............................. 206 Registration Cost .......................................... 209 Benefits of Land Registration ................................ 211 Tenure Security ........................................... 215 Conclusions and Policy Implications ........................... 223 Annexes .............................................. 226 References .............................................. 230 10 LAND TENURE REFORM IN THE PEANUT BASIN OF SENEGAL ... 231 Elise H. Golan The Peanut Basin .......................................... 232 The First Reform: Land Registration ........................... 233 viii LAND TENURE SECURITY IN AFRICA The Current Reform: The Law of National Domain ............... 235 Summary and Conclusions .................................. 247 References .......................................... 249 11 THE FINDINGS AND THEIR POLICY IMPLICATIONS: INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION OR REPLACEMENT? ............ 251 John W. Bruce, Shem E. Migot-Adholla, and loan Atherton What Is at Issue? .......................................... 251 Searching for 'Security of Tenure'.............................. 252 Security under Customary Land Tenure ........................ 253 Land Survey and Registration: Replacing Customary Tenure ........ 256 Implications for Policy ...................................... 260 References .............................................. 264 ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS ...... ........... 267 INDEX . ................................................ 269 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book arose from two comparative research programs on land tenure in Africa, one based in the Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of the World Bank and the other in the Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison. The research programs received generous financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Bank. The research findings were presented at a June 1990 conference in Nairobi organized by the Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of the World Bank in collaboration with the Land Tenure Center and the Population Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi. We wish to express our deep grati- tude
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