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Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi
2(3) 2015: 57- 114 E-ISSN: 2148-4015 Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi http://edergi.ngbb.org.tr Ankara İli’nin Damarlı bitki çeşitliliği ve korumada öncelikli taksonları İsmail EKER1*, Mecit VURAL2, Serdar ASLAN3 1 Abant İzzet Baysal Üniv. Fen-Edeb. Fak. Biyoloji Böl. 14280 Gölköy, Bolu, Türkiye 2 Gazi Üniv. Fen Fak. Biyoloji Böl. 06560 Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye 3 Düzce Üniv. Orman Fak., Orman Botaniği A.B.D. Konuralp, Düzce, Türkiye *Sorumlu yazar / Correspondence [email protected] Geliş/Received: 23.12.2015 · Kabul/Accepted: 30.12.2015 · Yayın/Published Online: 03.02.2016 Özet: Bu çalışmada, Ankara ili için damarlı bitki çeşitliliği envanteri, hedef türlerce zengin habitatlar, korumada öncelikli taksonlar, çalışma alanının ekosistem çeşitliliği, özellikli bitki toplumları ve gösterge taksonlar, sahanın Avrupa Doğa Bilgi Sistemi (EUNIS) habitat tipleri ve çeşitlilik indeks değerleri, tür, habitat, ekosistem ve bölgesel düzeyde izleme planları ile biyolojik çeşitliliğe ilişkin tehditler ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, Ankara ilinde 110 familyada 636 cinse ait 2353 damarlı bitki taksonu saptanmıştır. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabında Veri Yetersiz (DD) olarak belirtilen Astragalus bozakmanii Podlech türü bu çalışma sırasında yeniden tespit edilmiş ve IUCN kategorisi olarak Kritik Tehlikede (CR) kategorisi önerilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin etkin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanmasına önemli ölçüde katkı sağlanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ankara, Biyoçeşitlilik, Flora, Koruma, Taksonomi The -
Embryological and Cytological Features of Gagea Bohemica (Liliaceae)
Turk J Bot 36 (2012) 462-472 © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1107-11 Embryological and cytological features of Gagea bohemica (Liliaceae) Filiz VARDAR*, Işıl İSMAİLOĞLU, Meral ÜNAL Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Marmara University, 34722 Göztepe, İstanbul - TURKEY Received: 19.07.2011 ● Accepted: 29.02.2012 Abstract: Th e present study describes the developmental features of the embryo sac and ovular structures, particularly the obturator, during development in Gagea bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult. f. Th e nucellar epidermis is poorly developed and composed of 1-2 layers of cuboidal cells. Th e tissue at the chalazal end of the nucellus diff erentiates into a hypostase. Th e micropyle is formed by the inner integument and composed of 4-5 cell layers that include starch grains. Th e functional megaspore results in an 8-nucleated embryo sac and conforms to a tetrasporic, Fritillaria L. type. Cytoplasmic nucleoloids consisting of protein and RNA are obvious during megasporogenesis. Th e obturator attracts attention during embryo sac development. Cytochemical tests indicated that the cells of the obturator present a strong reaction in terms of insoluble polysaccharide, lipid, and protein. Obturator cells are coated by a smooth and thick surface layer that starts to accumulate partially and then merges. Ultrastructural studies reveal that obturator cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, plastids with osmiophilic inclusions, dictyosomes with large vesicles, mitochondria, and osmiophilic secretory granules. Aft er fertilisation, the vacuolisation in obturator cells increases by fusing small vacuoles to form larger ones. Some of the small vacuoles contain electron dense deposits. -
La Familia Liliaceae En La Provincia De Jaén
20180315 LA FAMILIA LILIACEAE EN LA PROVINCIA DE JAÉN Juan Luis HERVÁS SERRANO. e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN: La familia Liliaceae en la provincia de Jaén. Se presenta un catálogo actualizado de la familia Liliaceae en Jaén, con base bibliográfica y testimonial –Herbario JAEN-. PALABRAS CLAVE: Liliaceae, taxones, Jaén. ABSTRACT: Liliaceae family into Jaen province. An updated catalog of the Liliaceae family in Jaén province is presented, with bibliographic and testimonial base –Herbario JAEN-. KEY WORDS: Liliaceae, taxons, Jaén province. Continuando con las revisiones de las familias de plantas “bulbosas” en la provincia de Jaén, aportamos un repaso de la familia Liliaceae (Monocotyledones, Angiospermae, Spermatophyta). Aunque algunos autores, en base a estudios moleculares y filogenéticos, han dividido esta familia en varias otras (Liliaceae sensu stricto, Colchicaceae, Ruscaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Alliaceae, y otras), nosotros vamos a mantener el conjunto de géneros tratados dentro de Liliaceae sensu lato, siguiendo el tratamiento de Flora Ibérica, Vol. XX (2013). Para la provincia de Jaén existen varios trabajos que abordan los taxones incluidos en Liliaceae: ESPINOSA & FERNÁNDEZ (1985, 1986 a y b); FERNÁNDEZ & ESPINOSA (1987); ESPINOSA, ALCÁNTARA & FERNÁNDEZ (1984); HERVÁS (1992, 1999, 2010); HERVÁS & FERNÁNDEZ (2000), HERVÁS, ESPINOSA & FERNÁNDEZ (1999). Presentamos aquí un catálogo actualizado con nomenclatura puesta al día de esta familia dentro de la provincia jiennense, utilizando citas bibliográficas así como la revisión de los pliegos depositados en el Herbario JAEN, junto con nuestras observaciones de campo y la información de otros observadores. De los 35 géneros admitidos en Flora Ibérica para esta familia 19 están presentes en Jaén, con 76 especies indicadas, además de 7 subespecies distintas del tipo. -
L. Peruzzi, L. Scuderi & FM Raimondo Distribution of the Genus Gagea (Liliaceae)
L. Peruzzi, L. Scuderi & F. M. Raimondo Distribution of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) in Sicily Abstract Peruzzi, L., Scuderi L. & Raimondo F.M.: Distribution of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) in Sicily. — Fl. Medit. 19: 25-47. 2009. — ISSN 1120-4052. An updated geographical distribution of the genus Gagea in Sicily with a grid map for each taxon is given. This study is based on literature, herbarium and field investigations. The exam- ined species are G. bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult. f., G. chrysantha Schult. & Schult. f. sensu stricto, G. dubia A. Terracc., G. foliosa (C. Presl) Schult. & Schult. f., G. fragifera (Vill.) E. Bayer & G. López González, G. granatelli (Parl.) Parl., G. lacaitae A. Terracc., G. lojaconoi Peruzzi, G. sicula Lojac., G. trinervia (Viv.) Greuter. The occurrence in Sicily of the phytogeo- graphically interesting G. mauritanica Durieu is here confirmed in three localities. Besides, the actual presence in Sicily of historically occurring G. lutea (L.) Ker Gawl., G. pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. and G. villosa (M. Bieb.) Sweet is not confirmed. Finally, an analytical key for the identification of the studied species is presented. Key words: Gagea, Sicily, Taxonomy. Introduction In the framework of a critical revision of Gagea phytogeography at Italian national level (Peruzzi 2004; Peruzzi & Gargano 2005; Peruzzi 2005; Peruzzi & Bartolucci 2006; Peruzzi & Caparelli 2007; Carta & al. 2007; Peruzzi & al. 2008; Bartolucci & Peruzzi 2009; Peruzzi & al. 2009), an update and verification on the distribution of the Sicilian species is here presented. Materials and Methods For the present study both literature and herbarium (CAT, CLU, FI, G, GE, K, NAP, PAL, PI, RO, Herb. -
Contribucion a La Palinologia De Liliaceae En Andalucia Occidental (Excepto Subfamilias Scilloideae Y Allioideae)*
An. Asoc. Palinol. Leng. Esp. 2: 19 1-206 ( 1985) CONTRIBUCION A LA PALINOLOGIA DE LILIACEAE EN ANDALUCIA OCCIDENTAL (EXCEPTO SUBFAMILIAS SCILLOIDEAE Y ALLIOIDEAE)* M. J. DIEZ, B. VALDES & J. E. PASTOR Dcpartamcmo de Botánica. Facultad de Biologia. Sev ill a. (Recibido el 31 de Octubre de 1984) RESUMEN. Se estudia la morfol ogía del polen de 23 especies de Liliaceae en Anda l ucía Occidental, pertenecientes a los géneros Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum, Merendera, Gag ea , Tulipa, Fri tillaría, Po!ygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus y Smilax. Por l os caracteres polinices analizados se reconocen 14 tipos diferentes . Palinológicamente está justifi cada la separación de Smilacoideae como familia independiente , pero no se justifica l a separación de Liliaceae y Amaryllidaceae. SUMMARY. Th e pollen morpho l ogy of 23 species of Liliaceae from W. Andalucía belonging to the genera Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum , Merendera, Gagea, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Polygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus and Smilax have been studied. Fourteen types of pollen grains have been found, which are more or l ess in accordance wi t h the accepted genera . The palynol ogical data agree wi th the separation o f Smila9oideae as a different family. The tradi ti anal separation of Liliaceae a nd Amaryllidaceae is not justificd palynologically. INTRODUCCION De acuerdo con la clasificación de MELCH!OR ( 1964) las especies andaluzas pertenecen a siete subfamilias. De ellas, Allioi deae y Scilloi deae han sidq motivo de sendas publicaciones anteriores (PASTOR, 1981; DIE Z & PA STOR, 1985), incluyendose en el presente estudio l a s cinco restantes , compuestas por trece géneros distr ibuidos de la siguien te ma nera: Subfamilia Asphodeloideae, Asphode1us , Anthericum , Simethis y Aphyllanthes. -
Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi B Araştırma Makalesi
b 4(1) 2017: 22-30 b E-ISSN: 2148-4015 Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi b http://edergi.ngbb.org.tr Araştırma Makalesi Resimli Türkiye Florası’na Katkılar 2: İç Anadolu’dan yeni bir sarıyıldız türü [Gagea goekyigitii (Liliaceae)] Mehtap TEKŞEN*1, İsmail EKER2 1 Aksaray Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Aksaray, Türkiye 2 Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Bolu, Türkiye * Sorumlu yazar / Correspondence: [email protected] Geliş/Received: 24.03.2017 • Kabul/Accepted: 23.05.2017 • Yayın/Published Online: 26.05.2017 Özet: İç Anadolu’nun Karaman ilinden tespit edilen Gagea goekyigitii Eker & Tekşen yeni tür olarak tanımlanmıştır. Gagea Salisb. (Sarıyıldız) cinsinin Didymobulbos seksiyonu üyesi olan türün betimi, coğrafik dağılımı, habitat özellikleri ve yakın türler ile taksonomik ilişkileri verilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Didymobulbos, Gagea, Karaman, Türkiye, yeni tür Contributions to the Illustrated Turkish Flora 2: A new yellowstar from Inner Anatolia [Gagea goekyigitii (Liliaceae)] Abstract: Gagea goekyigitii Eker & Tekşen identified in Karaman province of Central Anatolia is described as a new species. The description of species, geographical distribution, habitat characteristics and taxonomic associations of the close species, belonging to Didymobulbos section in the genus Gagea, are given. Key words: Didymobulbos, Gagea, Karaman, new species, Turkey GİRİŞ Gagea Salisb. (Lloydia Salisb. ex Reichenbach dahil) (Sarıyıldız) yaklaşık 300 kadar tür ile Liliaceae familyasının en fazla tür içeren cinsidir (Peruzzi, 2012; Tison vd., 2013; Peruzzi, 2016). Dünyada yayılış gösteren 15 seksiyonun 9’u Türkiye’de 30 tür ile temsil edilir (Peruzzi, 2012; Tekşen ve Karaman Erkul, 2015a, 2015b; Tekşen vd., 2015; WCSP, 2017). Cinsin Türkiye Florasındaki ilk revizyonundan sonra (Rix, 1984), Hamzaoğlu vd. -
Investigation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Gagea Dubia
Available online: December 17, 2018 Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series C Volume 27, Number 2, Pages 224-231 (2018) DOI: 10.1501/commuc_0000000218 ISSN 1303-6025 E-ISSN 2651-3749 http://communications.science.ankara.edu.tr/index.php?series=C INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF GAGEA DUBIA BASMA MANSUR ABDALRAHIM BADER, TALIP CETER, BARIS BANI Abstract. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of ethanol solution extracts of G. dubia A. Terracc. on nineteen gram positive and negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and one fungi (Candida albicans). Different parts (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of Gagea dubia samples, were extracted with 80% ethanol solution. These extracts were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microorganism by disk diffusion (DD) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. Ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against some bacteria. According to the results of disk diffusion test G. dubia have effect on four bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, L. innocua and E. durans) and (C. albicans) and didn’t show effect on other microorganisms. The antibacterial effect observed in 10 µL extract of G.dubia against B. subtilis, S. aureus, L.innocua with 7,66; 13 and 9 mm zone diameter respectively and 50 µL extract of G. dubia against E.durans with 11 mm zone diameter. G. dubia extract show antimicrobial activity at three concentration (10;50 and 100 µL) against C. -
Ornamental Plants in Different Approaches
Ornamental Plants in Different Approaches Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ cultivation sustainibility ecology propagation ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES EDITOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ AUTHORS Atilla DURSUN Feran AŞUR Husrev MENNAN Görkem ÖRÜK Kazım MAVİ İbrahim ÇELİK Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN Muhemet Zeki KARİPÇİN Mustafa Ercan ÖZZAMBAK Funda ANKAYA Ramazan MAMMADOV Emrah ZEYBEKOĞLU Şevket ALP Halit KARAGÖZ Arzu ÇIĞ Jovana OSTOJIĆ Bihter Çolak ESETLILI Meltem Yağmur WALLACE Elif BOZDOGAN SERT Murat TURAN Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ Samim KAYIKÇI Firat PALA Zehra Tugba GUZEL Mirjana LJUBOJEVIĆ Fulya UZUNOĞLU Nazire MİKAİL Selin TEMİZEL Slavica VUKOVIĆ Meral DOĞAN Ali SALMAN İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Dragana ŠUNJKA İsmail Hakkı ÜRÜN Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZ Atakan PİRLİ Nihan BAŞ ZEYBEKOĞLU M. Anıl ÖRÜK Copyright © 2020 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2020© ISBN: 978-625-7687-07-2 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA December / 2020 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16 x 24 cm CONTENTS PREFACE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ……………………………………………1 CHAPTER 1 DOUBLE FLOWER TRAIT IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Prof. -
Diversity Doi: 10.15421/012039
ISSN 2519-8513 (Print) ISSN 2520-2529 (Online) Biosystems Biosyst. Divers., 2020, 28(3), 298–319 Diversity doi: 10.15421/012039 13B Syntaxonomy and ecological differentiation of the pioneer vegetation of Ukraine. 2. Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae, Festucetea vaginatae, Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis classes D. V. Dubyna, Т. P. Dziuba, S. M. Iemelianova, P. A. Tymoshenko M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Article info Dubyna, D. V., Dziuba, Т. P., Iemelianova, S. M., & Tymoshenko, P. A. (2020). Syntaxonomy and ecological differentiation of Received 10.06.2020 the pioneer vegetation of Ukraine. 2. Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae, Festucetea vaginatae, Koelerio-Corynephoretea Received in revised form canescentis classes. Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 298–319. doi:10.15421/012039 07.08.2020 Accepted 09.08.2020 Pioneer psammophytic vegetation is usually developed on wind-drift sandy substrates such as arenas, spits, beaches, river terrac- es, and this vegetation occupies significant areas in all three natural zones of Ukraine. The Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis class M. G. Kholodny Institute was represented by 13 associations, 3 alliances and 1 order; Festucetea vaginatae class by 22 associations, 2 alliances and 1 order; of Botany, NAS of Ukraine, Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae by 10 associations, 4 alliances and 1 order. The results of cluster analysis and synoptic tables of Tereshchenkivska st., 2, the classes are presented. 9 alliances are briefly described. Leading factors of territorial and ecological differentiation are identified. It Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine. Tel.: +38-099-079-01-08. was found that the territorial distribution of plant communities is influenced by the character of ecotope mesorelief, soil composition E-mail: [email protected] and humus horizon thickness, as well as the degree of eolian processes development. -
Status and Changes in the UK's Ecosystems and Their Services To
Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway Status and changes in the UK’s ecosystems and their services to society: Wales Citation for published version: Russell, S, Blackstock, T, Christie, M, Clarke, M, Davies, K, Duigan, C, Durance, I, Elliot, R, Evans, H, Falzon, C, Frost, P, Ginley, S, Hockley, N, Hourahane, S, Jones, B, Jones, L, Korn, J, Ogden, P, Pagella, S, Pagella, T, Pawson, B, Reynolds, B, Robinson, D, Sanderson, W, Sherry, J, Skates, J, Small, E, Spence, B & Thomas, C 2011, Status and changes in the UK’s ecosystems and their services to society: Wales. in UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, pp. 979-1044. <http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=14IqR87hceY%3d&tabid=82> Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately -
A New British Flower Some Indication of the Climatic Conditions During the Period of Mixing
Nature Vol. 295 21 January 1982 189 in an animal tumour system selective aggregation and is thought to be a direct that the early part of the post-glacial in inhibitors of Tx, which promotes platelet effect on the rate of proliferation of the north-west Europe (pre 7,000 BP) was aggregation, and the administration of tumour cells by increasing cyclic AMP. characterized by a vigorous circulation of PGl2 (or of substances which facilitate The meeting was successful in bringing air masses which would have brought dry, vascular PGI2 synthesis), which prevents together cancer research workers and many anticyclonic conditions to the area both in the formation of platelet emboli. Both of the leaders in the area of prostaglandins. winter and summer. It may well be that procedures reduced the incidence of lung It was encouraging to both groups that many southern continental plant species metastasis and in addition slowed the manipulation of the AA cascade may have were able to migrate into what are now growth of the tumour growing at the site of a role in both prevention and treatment of oceanic regions in the north and west injection. This latter effect is unlikely to cancer although the key experiments during those times. This would have involve interference with platelet remain to be performed. D brought into contact a variety of continental species of somewhat southerly and northerly affinities; it is interesting to note that all five of the species under discussion here are currently found together in central Poland, which may give A new British flower some indication of the climatic conditions during the period of mixing. -
Karyologická a Morfologická Variabilita Okruhu Gagea Bohemica Ve Východní Části Střední Evropy
Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Karyologická a morfologická variabilita okruhu Gagea bohemica ve východní části střední Evropy Bakalářská práce David Horák Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Biologie a ekologie Forma studia: Prezenční Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Bohumil Trávníček, Ph.D. Konzultanti: Mgr. Michal Hroneš, Gergely Király, Ph.D. Olomouc duben 2015 Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a příjmení autora: David Horák Název práce: Karyologická a morfologická variabilita okruhu Gagea bohemica ve východní části střední Evropy Typ práce: Bakalářská práce Pracoviště: Katedra botaniky PřF UP, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Bohumil Trávníček, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce: 2015 Abstrakt: Z východní části střední Evropy jsou v okruhu Gagea bohemica uváděny v soudobé literatuře tři významnější taxony: G. bohemica subsp. bohemica, G. bohemica subsp. saxatilis a G. szovitsii. Tato práce se zaměřila na analýzu ploidie vzorků vybraných populací uvedeného okruhu pomocí průtokové cytometrie a současně jejich morfometrické studium. Pro všechny studované populace v literatuře uváděné jako G. bohemica subsp. bohemica byl zjištěn pentaploidní cytotyp (2n = 5x = 60), pro většinu populací G. szovitsii pak poprvé tetraploidní cytotyp (2n = 4x = 48). Avšak u jedné populace, přiřazované k tomuto taxonu, byly všechny analyzované rostliny pentaploidní, u dalšího jednoho vzorku populace sice převládli tetraploidi, s výjimkou jedné rostliny, která byla rovněž pentaploidní. Výsledky opakované analýzy rostlin, řazených ke G. bohemica subsp. saxatilis (Senička, Olomoucko, Česká republika), ukazují na tetraploidní cytotyp. Morfometrická analýza studovala i dříve používané znaky pro determinaci taxonů, nicméně jen některé z nich se ukázaly jako charakteristické pro udávaný taxon (počet květů a délka lodyhy, tvar okvětních lístků). Rozložení hodnot většiny znaků (a zejména těch na květech, např.