Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

90E subglacial lake 13,19 Bungenstock Ice Rise 165, 202 Adélie Land Craton 106, 109 flow pathway 201, 203 ADMAP 32 grounding-line retreat 161 Adventure Trench 10 AGAP (Gamburtsev Province Project) survey 114–128, Cape Folger, meltwater 220, 221 115, 145–146, 147 Casey Station 216 anomalous reflectors 114–121, 123–125 DEM 217 englacial deformation 117–120, 122, 125–128 Central Bransfield Basin fingers 117–121, 120, 122–125, 126, 128 Gebra-Magia Complex 62–74 folds 117, 119, 120–121, 126–128 tectonic evolution 64, 72–73 inclusions 117–120, 120, 123, 125, 127 Chinese First Deep Ice-Core Drilling Project DK-1 sheets 117–121, 120, 123, 124, 149–158 125–126, 127 cirques, South Georgia 55 subglacial melting 121–122, 125, 126, climate, control on Gebra-Magia Complex 148, 149 72, 73 valley head reflectors 122 climate change method 114, 116 lakes as indicators 77, 92 North 114, 115, 116 Miocene, Wilkes Land 95, 105, 108, 109 South 114, 115, 116 comprehensive environmental evaluation 15 Allardyce Range 50, 51,58 contamination amphibole, U1359 drill site 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109 Lake Vostok 14, 16, 188, 193–195 Amundsen Sea 175 steps to avoid, Gamburtsev Mountains drilling MISI 198 project 157 Antarctic Ice Sheet, mass balance evolution 35 contourites, Wilkes Land 98, 108 Antarctic Peninsula 62, 63 CReSIS (Center for Remote Sensing of Ice sedimentation 62, 64 Sheets) 2 Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet 62 Institute Ice Stream grounding-line data 3, 162, 163, cyclicity 64 166–169 Antarctic Treaty 7 crevasses, burial 35 ASAID (Antarctic Surface Accumulation and Cumberland Bay 50 Ice Discharge) project cyclicity, glacial 61, 64, 73 Institute Ice Stream grounding line 163–164, 165, 170 Dalton Ice Shelf 181 Totten Glacier 176, 179 Dansgaard Oeschger event 226 Astrolabe Subglacial Basin 11, 12 dichlorofluoroethane drilling fluid 188, augite, U1359 drill site 100, 101 192–193 Aurora Subglacial Basin 175 DInSAR, IIS grounding line 165, 166–169 hydrological system 184, 217 Dome A 4, 12, 114, 133 AVO data, Institute Ice Stream 204–205 englacial structures 3, 121–122 Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains 147–148 10Be/9Be measurements, South Georgia sediments ice crystal structure 132, 135–142 53, 55 dating 136–138 Bedmap elevation model 2 fabric alignment 138–140, 141 Bedmap2 2, 3, 25, 32 temperature 148 AGAP survey 115, 146 Dome C 11, 12, 18, 140 WARS 233, 234, 235, 236 Dome F 12, 140 Belgrano-2 station 24, 25, 26 drilling Bentley, Charles (19297–2017), US expedition 8 borehole fluids 14, 16, 157, 188, 192–193 Berkner Island 165 electromechanical biotite, U1359 drill site 100, 104, 105, 106 GSM 149, 151–153, 154, 155, 156, 157 Bransfield Basin 4, 62, 63 Vostok Station 188 see also Central Bransfield Basin; Eastern Bransfield environmentally clean 11–12, 14–16, 17, Basin; Western Bransfield Basin 149, 157 British Antarctic Survey hot-water 14, 15, 16, 17 gravity data 23 Dronning Maud Land 1, 77 Institute Ice Stream data 162, 163, 166–169 ICEGRAV data 25,30–32 brittle ice, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains Schirmacher Oasis lakes 3, 77–92 148, 149 D’Urville Trough-mouth fan 63,73 250 INDEX earthquakes, as triggering mechanism, Gebra-Magia drill site 148–149 Complex 73 drilling shelter/workshop 150–151, 152 East Antarctic Ice Sheet 96 drilling technology 149–150 central 113–128 see also AGAP survey early measurement 2 EAIS nucleation point 114, 132, 145 fluctuation 95, 108, 109 elevation 147–148 ice flow reorganization 35–46 ice crystal structure 132–142 nucleation site 114, 132, 145 ice thickness 148, 149 profiling 8 ice velocity 148 see also AGAP survey; Dome A ice-rock boundary 148, 149 East Antarctic Shield 145, 146, 147 lithosphere 147 East Antarctica, ICEGRAV campaigns 23–33 origin 145, 146–147 Eastern Bransfield Basin 62, 63 protection from erosion 147, 148 Eastern Platform, Central Bransfield Basin 73 temperature 148 Ellesmere Ice Cap, saline subglacial water 43 topography 147 Ellsworth Subglacial Mountains 12, 165, 171 uplift 145, 147 englacial deformation, AGAP survey 117–120, 120, garnet, U1359 drill site 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 122, 125–128 106, 109 englacial flow 140 Gebra Valley 62, 65, 66 englacial folding 35 cumulative domain 70–71 englacial geometry 35 debris valley 71, 72, 73 South Pole 37–38, 41, 42,43–44 depletive domain 67–68, 69 englacial neutrino detection 45 headwall-half graben 65, 67–68, 69, 71, 73 englacial temperature modelling, South Pole relief 66, 67 36–37 sidewalls 68,70 Enten Valley, moraines 51, 52, 56, 57 Gebra-Magia Complex 62–74 environment bathymetry 64,65 stewardship 15, 17 climate control 73 Gamburtsev Mountains drilling project 157 cumulative domain 70–71 erratics, South Georgia 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57 depletive domain 67–70 European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-1) 2, 9 morphosedimentary characterization 66–72 Institute Ice Stream grounding line 162 physiography 65 subglacial lake outbursts 10 recent sedimentary processes 72 Totten Glacier 177 stratigraphy and seismic facies 65, 66 Evans, Stanley (b.1929), VHF radio waves 8 triggering mechanisms 72–73 exploration George V Land 4, 12, 96, 100, 109 geophysical (1950–2013) 1–2 geothermal flux, South Pole 38, 40–41, 45, 46 international 7, 10, 19, 23 glacier retreat, South Georgia 53, 55–57 glaciology, 1950–2013 1–2 faults GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Bransfield Basin 62 Explorer) data 28,29–30, 32 subglacial 32 Gondwana, assembly 145 Ferrar Large Igneous Province (FLIP) 96, 97, 101–102, gravimetry, airborne, ICEGRAV 26–30 105, 106, 108, 109 comparison with GOCE data 28,29–30 Filchner Ice Shelf 11, 30, 165, 170 gravity data firn absolute reference gravity stations 27,28 Dome A 148, 149 ICEGRAV campaigns 23–33 seismic wave attenuation 8 grounding-line migration 35 flow convergence 44 Institute Ice Stream 161–171 flow stripe variability 35 groundwater 3, 197–210 freeze-on ice 121–122, 125, 126, 148, 149 detection, delineation, and quantification 206–208 freezing, basal 3, 140 and hydrology ice stream flow 198–201 Gairdner Province 102, 105, 109 unified concept 199–201 Gamburtsev Province Project see AGAP survey geophysical measurement 201–210 Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains 32, 114, 132, potential location 201, 202 146, 147 ‘accretion ice’ 140 Halley Base 24, 25, 26 drilling project 145–158 heat flux see geothermal flux borehole construction 149–150 heavy minerals, as indicator of provenance auxiliaries 153–157 95–97 drilling fluids 157 IODP drill site U1359 98–99, 100–109 environmental measures 157 Hercules Dome 11, 12 IBED drill 151–153, 154, 155, 156, 157–158 Hercules Inlet 165 INDEX 251 hotspots IceCube neutrino detector 36 basal heat flux 39, 42 ICEGRAV airborne geophysics campaigns 23–33 WARS 244 2010–2013 24–26 hydrology, subglacial 2, 3, 10, 197–210 ICESat altimetry and groundwater Institute Ice Stream grounding-line 162, 163–164, unified concept 199–201 165, 170 geophysical measurements 201–210 Totten Glacier mass loss 176 groundwater location 201, 202 instability interfacial 198, 199, 200 marine ice sheet (MISI) 161, 171 Totten Glacier 176 IBED electromechanical drill 151–153, 154, 155, 156, sedimentary 61–62, 68–70, 72 157–158 Institute E1 subglacial lake 201, 202 ice, accreted Institute Ice Stream 4, 165 Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains 140 basal hydrology 165, 204 Lake Vostok 13–14 basal reflection 168–170 ice caps, South Georgia, Last Glacial Maximum 49, bed topography 162, 201, 203 50, 53, 56–58 connection with sea water 165, 168, 170–171 ice crystals 131 grounding-line retreat 161–171 alignment 131, 138–140 data sets 162, 163–164, 166–169 electrical properties 132, 134 ocean-driven melting 170–171 elongated single pole 131, 132, 134 ice surface elevation 162, 166, 204 perfect single pole 131, 132, 138, 140 ice thickness DEMs 162, 164, 204 random 131, 132, 138 ice velocity 162, 163, 165–167 response to stress 131, 138–140 potential groundwater site 201, 202 vertical girdle 131, 132, 134, 138 subglacial embayment 3, 162, 164, 165–171, 165 ice dynamics ocean-driven melting 170–171 basal melting from sliding 197 subglacial lake Institute E1 201 South Pole 37–46 subglacial till 204 ice rafting, Wilkes Land 95, 105 subglacial water pressure 162 ice rumples International Polar Year 1957–1958 1, 7, 8, 18 Institute Ice Stream 169 International Polar Year 2007–2009 145 Totten Glacier 175, 179, 180–181, 182, 183 IODP drill site U1359 95, 96 ice sheets geology 97–99 crystallography 131–132 heavy minerals 98–99, 100–109 deformation of basal till 197–198 methods 99–100 fabric 131, 132–134 Miocene climate change 95, 105, 108, 109 Dome A 132 provenance 100, 101–102, 104, 106, 108–109 anisotropy 140 Q mode factor analysis 100, 101–106, crystal alignment 138–140 108–109 dating 136–138 Rb-Sr isotope analysis 99–100, 107 electric permittivity 132, 134 Sm-Nd isotope analysis 99–100, 107, 109 radar survey, Dome A 135–136 lithofacies 97,98 flow-modelling 2, 131 mass loss 30, 170–171, 175–184 Jason Lake B 51,52 profiling 8 glacial sediments 52, 55 thickness measurement 2, 8 radiocarbon dating 52–53 Institute Ice Stream 162, 164 jökulhlaup events see SGLOF (subglacial lake outburst Totten Glacier 180, 181 flood) events ice sliding, and basal melting 40, 41, 43, 46, 197 Justa Peak 52,55 ice streams flow 35, 198 Kamb Ice Stream 35 role of groundwater 198–199 Kapitsa, Andrei (1931–2011) Gebra-Magia Complex 73 Lake Vostok 10 hydrological balance 198 Russian expedition 8 and mass loss 30 kerosene, drilling fluids 14, 16, 157, 188, South Georgia 57 192–193 ice-flow reorganization, South Pole 35–46 King George Basin 62, 65 ice-rock boundary 198 Kunlun Station 146, 148 debris-containing, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains drilling project DK-1 149–158 148, 149 polarimetric radar 133, 136–137, 138, 139 hydrology 198–199 ICECAP (International Collaborative Exploration of Laclavere Trough-mouth fan 63, 65, 66, 73 Central East Antarctic through Lafond Trough-mouth fan 63, 65, 66 Airborne geophysical Profiling) 2, 24 Lake Concordia 13 252 INDEX

Lake Ellsworth 7, 13 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 40, 41 discovery 14, 18 Law Dome meltwater discharge 224–227 exploration 14, 15, 16, 19, 187 South Georgia, ice cap 49, 50, 53, 56, 57–58 Lake Glubokoye 78, 82 Laurentide Ice Sheet 200 see also Schirmacher Oasis, surfaces lakes, L-75 Law Dome 4, 216 Lake Ozhidaniya (E-10) 78 basal melting 221–222 Lake Untersee 92 DEMs 217, 219, 222–224, 226 Lake Vostok 3, 4,7,9, 11, 12, 13,19 GIS data 217 accreted ice 13–14, 187, 189 GPR surveys 217, 224, 225, 226 contamination 193 meltwater discharge 215–229 detection 8–10, 18 Last Glacial period 224–227 drilling fluid 14, 16, 188, 189, 191–192 SGLOF events 215–216, 224, 226, 227–229 composition 192–193 meltwater contribution 221 drilling technology 188 oxygen isotopes 219–220, 221, 222, 224 exploration 15–16, 18 physical mechanisms 220–221 ice composition 187, 193 surface observations 218, 220 ice core borehole 13–14, 15–16, 188, 189 uplift 218, 220–221 sampling 188–189, 190, 191 subglacial hydrology 3, 215–229 analysis 191–193 subglacial lakes 219, 222–224, 225, 226 ice cover thickness 10 subglacial morphology 219, 222–224 international scientific interest 10, 11–13 U-Th geochronology 217, 218 SALE 14, 187 Lewin Peninsula 50, 52 SCAR coordination 11, 12, 14 glacial sediments 50, 51–53 phenolic compounds 192–193, 194 age 55–56 size 9–10, 12–13, 187 glacier retreat 53, 55–57 unsealing 188 ice cap 57 drilling fluid contamination 14, 16, 188, lichenology, South Georgia 51 193–195 LiDAR 23, 26 water depth 10, 13 Little Ice Age, South Georgia 53, 55, 56 Lake Whillans 7, 13 Little Jason Lagoon 52 discovery 15 glacial sediments 55, 56 exploration 16, 18, 19, 187 Løken Moraines 224 micro-organisms 16, 18,19 geochronology 224–227 seawater 16 SGLOF 217, 221 water input/discharge 15 see also Whillans Ice Stream McMurdo Volcanic Group 106 Lake Zigzag (E-1) 78,88 MacRobertson Land, SGLOF location 229 Lake Zub/Priyadarshini 78 Magia area 62 see also Schirmacher Oasis, surfaces lakes, L-49 Channel 66,71–72, 73 lakes cumulative domain 71 cirque 91 depletive domain 68–70 classification 89–92 morphology 66 drift 91 stratigraphy 65 englacial 77, 91 see also Gebra-Magia Complex glacial erosion 91,92 magnetic anomaly data, Recovery Lakes 31,32 as indicators of climate change 77, 92 magnetotelluric (MT) surveys, groundwater, IIS-BIR kettle 91,92 system 207, 208 polar 91,92 mantle plume, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains 145 subglacial 2, 3, 77, 91 Marambio Base 24, 26 ‘active’ 10, 201 Marie Byrd Land exploration 7–19, 18 hotspot 244 flat ice surface 9, 12 volcanoes 232, 235, 236, 244 ‘fuzzy’ and ‘dim’ 44–45 marine ice sheet instability (MISI) 161, 171 hydrological connection 10, 198 Totten Glacier 176 international collaboration 17 WAIS 198 international meetings 16–17 mass loss, ice sheets 2, 30, 170–171, 175–184 inventories 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18 mass-transport deposits 3, 61 see also SALE Gebra-Magia Complex 62–74, 63 surface 3, 9, 77, 91 Wilkes Land 108 Schirmacher Oasis 78–92 melting varved 91 basal 38–43, 179, 180–183, 184, 244–245 Lambert Glacier 147, 148 ocean driven 2, 3, 170–171 Lambert Rift 148 meltwater discharge, Law Dome SGLOF events 215–229 landslides, submarine 61, 62 Mertz Ice Shelf 96, 97, 100, 104, 108 INDEX 253 micro-organisms englacial reflector data 35 Lake Vostok 14 South Pole 37–38, 41, 42,44 Lake Whillans 16, 18,19 basal reflectivity 44–45 Miocene, marine sediment ground penetrating (GPR) climate change 95, 105, 108, 109 Law Dome 217 heavy minerals 97–109 Schirmacher Oasis 79,80 Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW), ice penetrating Totten Ice Shelf 182 EAIS 26, 113–128 Monte Gibliscemi climate record 105, 109 ice crystal fabrics 134–142 moraines, South Georgia Stokes parameters 134–135 age 55–56 radar altimetry, Totten Glacier 177 rebound measurements 51–52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Radarsat 2 Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data 163–164, 165, 170 RAMP DEM 177 Mott Snowfield Trough-mouth fan 63, 65, 66, 73 radio-echo sounding (RES) 2, 3 Mount Erebus 244 Institute Ice Stream 161–162, 165–170, 204 Mount Rebristaya 78 Lake Vostok 10, 12 see also radar, airborne Nadhezdy/Lanka Island 78 radiocarbon dating, South Georgia 52–53 NASA MEaSUREs program 163, 170, 176 Rb-Sr isotope analysis, IODP drill site U1359 NASA OIB (Operation IceBridge) 2, 24 99–100, 107 free-air anomaly gravity data 27, 29, 32 Recovery Glacier 4 Institute Ice Stream data 162, 163 Recovery ice stream system 3 subglacial cones 242 gravity anomalies 30–32 Nd isotope analysis, U1359 provenances 106, 109 Recovery Lakes 4, 13, 18 NEEM Community Members ice core 122, 132, field camp 26 140, 142 hydraulic pathways 31 Neumayer Glacier 50,55 ICEGRAV campaigns 24, 25, 30–32 neutrino detection 36, 45 ICEGRAV data 31–32 Ninnis Ice Shelf 96, 97, 100, 104, 108 radar data 32 Nivlisen Ice Shelf 77, 78 refugia, biological, South Georgia 57–58 Northern Victoria Land 96 remote sensing see satellite remote sensing Ridge B 11, 12, 140 OIB (Operation IceBridge) see NASA OIB rift system, West Antarctica 231–245 ooids, Løken Moraines 3, 226–227 Robin, Gordon (1921–2004) Orca Volcano 63 early ice measurement 1–2, 7–8 oxygen isotope variation Lake Vostok 10 climate change 105, 109 Robin Subglacial Basin 162, 201, 202 ice-sheet fabric 131 Ronne Ice Shelf 11, 30, 165, 166, 170 SGLOF surveys 217, 218, 219–220, 221, 224, 227 Ross Ice Shelf, flow stripe variability 35 Rothera Base 24, 26 Pagano Shear Zone 201, 202 PASIN (Polarimetric Airborne Survey Instrument) SALE (Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments) 114, 162 14, 18, 187 permafrost satellite altimetry 2, 9 Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains 148 Lake Whillans 15 groundwater reservoir 199 satellite remote sensing 2 TEM surveys 207, 209 Scan Line Correction Off (SLC-off), permittivity, electric, ice sheet fabric 113, 132, 134 Totten glacier 177, 179 phenolic compounds, Lake Vostok 192–193, 194 SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) Phoenix-Antarctica Ridge 62 code of conduct for cleanliness 15, 19 Pine Island Glacier 170, 175, 181 coordination of Lake Vostok data 11, 12 volcanism 244 horizon scans 2–3, 4, 7, 17, 198, 200 Polar Front 49, 50 Lake Vostok project development 10, 13–14, 19 Pole of Relative Inaccessibility 8 Schirmacher Oasis 4, 77, 79 porewater pressure 198 ground penetrating radar 79,80 Princess Astrid Coast 78 surface lakes 78–92 Princess Elizabeth Land, subglacial lake 19 bathymetry 3, 80–87 pyroxene, U1359 site 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 109 basin shape 80, 87–88 depth ratio 80, 83, 84, 88, 91,92 radar GPR survey 80, 81,83 airborne maps 82,83 Dome A 3, 114–128 epi-shelf 79,80 measurement of ice thickness 2 bathymetry 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 92 see also radio-echo sounding E-14 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89, 92 254 INDEX

Schirmacher Oasis (Continued) glacier retreat 53, 55–57 E-15 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 92 Last Glacial Maximum morphometry 88–89, 90 biological refugia 57–58 land-locked 79,80 ice cap 49, 50, 53, 56, 57–58 bathymetry 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92 soils 55–56 L-23 81, 82, 83, 85–86, 88, 89 South Pole L-27 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92 basal thermodynamics 36–37, 38–43 L-49 (Zub) 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92 basal reflectivity 44–45 L-75 (Glubokoye) 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92 basal shear stress 40 morphometry 88–89, 90 melting from sliding 40, 43 morphology 87–88 present-day melting conditions 38–39, 41 morphometry 88–89, 90 temperature response time 40–41 classification 89–92 englacial geometry 37–38, 41, 42,43–44 proglacial 79,80 layer thickening 44 bathymetry 80, 81, 82,87 submergence rates 41, 42,43–44 morphometry 88–89, 90 vertical velocity 36, 41, 42, 43 P-9 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 92 englacial temperature modelling 36–37, 38 P-11 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 92 enhanced ice flow 35–36 surface area/volume ratio 88, 89, 90, 91,92 hydrostatic potential gradient 38 Schmidt hammer rebound tests, South Georgia glacial ice sheet evolution 35–46 sediments 51–52, 53, 54, 55, 56 subglacial lakes, ‘fuzzy’ and ‘dim’ 44–45 Scott Polar Research Institute tributary flow 45, 46 SCAR meeting 10 South Pole Lake 13,36 SPRI-NSF-TUD survey 18 basal melt 40, 42 sea-level rise 1, 35, 175 fast flow regime 36, 40, 44, 46 seawater, Lake Whillans 16 freeze rates 38, 39 sedimentary basins 19 relict water 36, 42–43 groundwater detection 206–208 subglacial catchment 37, 38, 41, 42 measurement 206 South Shetland Islands 62, 63 sediments Sovetskaya Lake 8, 9, 13, 18 glacial, South Georgia 3, 51–53 87Sr/86Sr isotope analysis, U1359 provenances cosmogenic dating 55, 56, 57 106, 109 marine Stokes parameters, polarimetric radar 134–135 heavy minerals 95–97 strain heating, South Pole 36, 38, 39 Wilkes Land 3, 95–109, 108, 109 Stromness 50 seismic ambient noise (SAN), glacial sediments 56 Institute Ice Stream 206 Sub-Antarctic islands 49 seismic reflection tests 8 see also South Georgia Institute Ice Stream 204 surface flow 35 seismic sounding 7–8 Lake Vostok 12–13 Talos Dome 12 seismoelectric sounding, Institute Ice Stream Taylor Glacier, saline subglacial water 43 205–206 tectonic evolution, Central Bransfield Basin 64, 73 self-potential (SP) geophysical method 209–210 Thatcher Peninsula 50 SGLOF (subglacial lake outburst flood) events glacial sediments 53,56 Law Dome 215–216, 224, 226, 227–229 thermodynamics, South Pole 36–37, 38–43 meltwater contribution 221 Thwaites Glacier 175 oxygen isotope composition 219–220, 221 till physical mechanisms 220–221 basal 199 surface observations 218, 220 deformation 197–198 uplift 218, 220–221 and water exchange 199, 200, 201 MacRobertson Land 229 Institute Ice Stream 204, 205 Siple Coast, interfacial water system 198, 200, 201 frozen, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains Siple Dome 35 148, 149 Slessor ice stream system, gravity anomalies tindars 233 30–31 Titan Dome 11, 12, 37,41 sliding see ice sliding ice divide 41 slope stability, submarine 61 TOPAS (TOpographic PArametric Sonar) 65 Sm-Nd isotope analysis, IODP drill site U1359 99–100, Gebra-Magia Complex 65, 68, 70 107, 109 Totten Glacier 4 soils, South Georgia 55–56 basal melt 179, 180–182, 184 South Georgia 4, 50 ice flow 3 glacial sediments 3, 51–53 ice rumples 175, 179, 180–181, 182, 183 cosmogenic dating 55, 56, 57 ice sheet/shelf modelling 178 INDEX 255

ice shelf height 177 ice thickness measurement 8 ice shelf-ocean modelling 178–179 radar profiles 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 marine-based ice 175 see also Lake Vostok MISI 176 ocean forced variability 171, 175–184 Weddell Sea 165 Scan Line Correction Off (SLC-off) 177, 179 glaciological change 171 surface ice velocity 176–177, 178 grounding-line retreat 161 thickness measurement 180, 181 ice flow reorganization 45 Totten Ice Shelf potential groundwater site 201, 202 variability 176, 179–182 West Antarctic Ice Sheet warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water basal lubrication 198–199, 200 (MCDW) 182 early measurement 1–2 Transantarctic Mountains 96, 100, 105, 108, 165, 231 instability 161, 198 volcanism 244 impact of volcanism 244–245 transient EM (TEM) surveys, groundwater, mantle structure 244 IIS-BIR system 207, 208–209 mass loss 2 tributary flow 41, 44, 45 MISI 198 Trinity Passage Trough 73 profiling 8 Troll Station 24, 26,28 thickness 2 trough-mouth fans, Gebra-Magia Complex 63, 65, West Antarctic rift system (WARS) 231, 232, 236 66, 73 activity 244 turbidites cones 233, 234, 235, 236, 237–242, 242–245 Gebra-Magia Complex 65, 70, 72, 73 DEMs subglacial topography 233 Wilkes Land 98, 108 impact of thinning ice 245 landforms 232–233 U-Th geochronology, Law Dome 217, 218 West Antarctica U1359 site see IODP drill site U1359 DEMs 233 volcanism 3–4, 231–245 VHF radio waves 8 Western Bransfield Basin 62, 63 vibroseis technology, Institute Ice Stream 206 Western Platform, Central Bransfield Basin volcanism 66, 73 West Antarctica 3–4, 231–245 Whillans Ice Stream 15 extent and activity 242–244 basal hydrology 10 volcanoes WISSARD project 15, 187 subglacial see also Lake Whillans identification 235, 237–241, 242 Wilkes Land 4, 96 magma composition 232 ice retreat 108, 109 structure 232, 243 marine sediments 3, 95–109, 108 West Antarctica, extent and activity 242–244 Windmill Islands 222, 223, 224 Vostok Station WISSARD project 15, 187 Borehole 5G 188, 189, 191–195 flat surface 9–10 Zhongshan Station 146, 157–158 ice core 13–14 Zotikov, Igor (1926–2010), Lake Vostok 10