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An Exploration of Sophocles' Oedipus the King

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1 Drama & An Exploration of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King Questions, Comments, Assignment, and Sample Paper by Andrew Gottlieb Oedipus the King is reputed by the philosopher Aristotle and others to be the greatest play in antiquity and one of the greatest plays of all times. The play was written by Sophocles who lived in Greece during the 6th century B.C.E. April 2020 Edition 2 The Required Text Sophocles – The Three Theban Plays – Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Translated by Robert Fagles. Introduction and Notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin Books. First published in the United States of America by Viking Penguin Inc. 1982. ISBN 0 14 044.425 4. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-13053 (CIP data available) To order the book online copy and paste the title into the Google search bar. Make sure to get the translation by Robert Fagles. Reading Oedipus the King is required and is part of your final grade. 3 Unit Plan for Oedipus the King 1. Go over the writing assignment, recommended outline, specifications, format, and book notes on pages 4-9 of this handout. 2. Review the cast of characters on page 10 of this handout. 3. Show the students the timeline on pages 11-13 of this handout and tell them the story of Oedipus. 4. Show the students the Oedipus Slideshow and two videos Video 1 - The Oracle of Delphi: youtube.com/watch?v=wBnOs8GmYHk Video 2 - The Story of Oedipus: youtube.com/watch?v=ToVeoUzhR0Q 5. Go over the key concepts listed on pages 14-17 of this handout. 6. Go over key questions listed on page 18 of this handout. 7. Guide the students to write the paper by using the outline on pages 19-39 of this handout. 8. Go over the sample paper on pages 40-49 of the handout. 9. Go over additional key lines on pages 43-67 of this handout. 10. Go over themes in Antigone on page 68 of this handout. 11. Read Antigone or watch the Antigone video at www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bSnnufOx80&list=PLjAYlUiAhOZ5xJhxtxojqCKFnZs5-lzCh 4 The Writing Assignment: Write 4 pages about Oedipus the King by Sophocles. Focus on one or several of the key concepts and questions on pages to . A Sample paper is provided on pages 40-49 of this handout . Required Text: Sophocles – The Three Theban Plays – Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Translated by Robert Fagles. Introduction and Notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin Books. Video of Oedipus the King: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS9KJ_bAJLE 5 Recommended Essay Outline: For more detail, go to page 19. Possible Titles: Man of Agony. Man of Destiny, Son of Chance Part I – Introduction 1. Why the play has stood the test of time? 2. What do we share in common with Oedipus? 3. How does his struggle with destiny echo our own? 4. How does Oedipus’s quest for truth (the investigation of the murders of Laius), relate to us? Part II Oedipus’ Destiny 1. How is Oedipus’s destiny a trap? 2. How has Apollo and the prophets used prophecy to manipulate Oedipus? Part III - Oedipus’s Tragic Flaw: 1. In his essay Fate in Sophocles, R.P. Winnington aPAffirms that “character is destiny.” What does this mean? 2. How does Winnington’s affirmation apply to Oedipus? how is his character his destiny? What is the “tragic flaw” that compels Oedipus to seek out the truth, the discovery of which destroys him. Part IV – Free Will Versus Destiny: What is the conflict between free will and destiny? How does this apply to Oedipus? Part V – Resolving the conflict of free will versus destiny - destination versus the journey, linear and non-linear time: The Greeks believed in destiny which they saw as the unalterable will of the gods. At the same time, they seem to have believed in free will. This is a contradiction. How can one be destined and free at the same time? How can this contradiction be resolved? Part VI- The Tragedy of Oedipus: The classical definition of tragedy is a decline from greatness resulting in the death of the Hero. Though Oedipus doesn’t die, he does suffer a terrible decline. It is also said that that tragedy must result from a flaw in the hero and that he must be fully responsible for his own downfall. In this respect, tragedy is an outcome of free will. Given this, is Oedipus’s destiny his tragedy or is it something else? If the tragedy is not murder of Laius and the incestuous relationship between Oedipus and his mother, what is it? Part VII - Conclusion: Why Oedipus the King has stood the test of time? How the story of Oedipus echo the story of mankind? How are we like Oedipus? How is he like all of us? How might we as a species be a kind of tragic hero? 6 Specifications 1. Each essay must be stapled in the upper left-hand corner. Papers that are not stapled will not be accepted. 2. Each page of each essay must have typed page numbers in the upper right-hand corner. Papers without typed page numbers in the upper right hand corner will not be accepted. 3. Each essay must be typed. Essays that are not typed will not be accepted. 4. Font size must be 12. 5. Font style must be Times New Roman. 6. Each paragraph must be indented. 7. There must be no more than one double-space between paragraphs. 8. The name of the student, professor, course, and date must be flush left with a double-space between each. See example on the following page. 9. Each essay must be double-spaced. 10. For citations more than one sentences, use the following specifications. See example on page 9. a. single-space b. font size 10 c. left indent at 1 right indent at 5.5. 11. Quotation marks and the appropriate MLA citation for all quotes must be used. The absence of quotation marks where needed is PLAGIARISM. See example of internal punctuation on the following page. WARNING: Omission of quotation marks is grounds for an F for the paper and possibly for the final grade. 12. All sources used in the essay must be cited in a “Works Cited” page and be done according to MLA formats. See example on the page after the following page. 7 Format First Page This is an example of the top of the first page of a paper. Use double-spaces. The title must be a double-space below the date and centered. See MLA Handbook - Seventh Edition. 4.3. Heading And Title. 116. 1 John Smith Professor Abraham English 201 May 7, 2009 Greek Tragedy Internal Punctuation When citing a source in the text do as follows: “Oedipus in the play is a free agent” (Fagles 149). If you provide the name of the author in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. Fagles maintains that “Oedipus in the play is a free agent” (149). When paraphrasing do as follows: Fagles maintains that Oedipus has free will (149). When quoting without citing a non-published source, do as follows: My father always said, “follow your heart.” . Long Quotations This is an example of how to do a citation longer than one sentence. “In the very first year of our century Sigmund Freud in his Interpretation of Dreams offered a famous and influential interpretation of Oedipus the King: Oedipus Rex is what is known as a tragedy of destiny. Its tragic effect is said to lie in the contrast between supreme will of the gods and the vain attempts of mankind to escape the evil that threatens them. The lesson which, it is said, the deeply moved spectator should learn from the tragedy is submission to the divine will and realization of his own impotence. (Trans. James Strachey) This passage is of course a landmark in the history of modern thought, and it is fascinating to observe that this idea, which, valid or not, has had enormous influence, stems from an attempt to answer a literary problem – why does the play have this overpowering effect on modern audiences?” (Knox, Bernard. Sophocles – The Three Theban Plays. Translated by Robert Fagles. Penguin Books. Copyright by Bernhard Knox, 1982. 132. Print.) 8 Works Cited Page This is an example of the top of the first page of a works-cited list. Entries are in alphabetical order with second lines of each entry indented (hanging indentation). See MLA Handbook - Seventh Edition. 131. The Works Cited page must be on a separate page. 7 Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. Edited by Edward Hubler. A Signet Classic. Copyright by Edward Hubler, 1963. Print. Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays – Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oeidipus at Colonus. Translated By Robert Fagles. Penguin Books. Copyright by Robert Fagles, 1982, 1984. Print. Book Notes for Oedipus the King 9 Book Notes Professor: Andrew Gottlieb Text: Sophocles The Three Theban Plays: Translated by Robert Fagles. Introductions and notes by Bernhard Knox. Penguin Books. Prophecies Contradictions: Free Will v. Destiny 1st Prophecy 201/785 206/905, 207/918------- 2nd Prophecy 205/873 Tiresias’ Prophecy 185/515, 183/475 Riddles Irony 184/500 167/155 171/250 172/280 News of Polybus’ Death 173/300 214/1049 181/435 184/503 Blindness 159/15 Revelation 181/425 201/812 237/1400-1415 Blinding of Oedipus 221/1143 (Jocasta’s revelation) 232/1307 (the big revelation) Jocasta’s Freudian Remark 215/1075 The Witness 204/830(top) Oedipus’ Character/Persistence/Integrity 163/105 Son of Chance 224/1187 198/748 200/770 The Leap Down (Tragedy) 239/1445 203/1285 persistence 224/1193 Clues 2301205 208/931 202/805 THREE ROADS Savior Doubts/Father 184/498 161/47, 59 Bernhard Knox Curse Freud’s Oedipus Complex 132 164/110 Also in play see 215/1074 172/275 Intellectual revolution “enlightenment” 142 Tragedy and the need for free will 149 10 Characters: Oedipus King of Thebes A Priest of Zeus Creon Brother of Jocasta (Brother-in-law and uncle of Oedipus) Chorus Of Theban citizens and their Leader Tiresias a blind prophet Jocasta the queen, wife (and mother) of Oedipus A Messenger from Corinth A Shepherd A Messenger from inside the palace (who saves Oedipus’ life by giving him to the Shepherd) Antigone, Ismene Daughters of Oedipus and Jocasta (sisters of Oedipus) Guards and attendants Priests of Thebes 11 Timeline for Oedipus the King 1.
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