DOCSLIB.ORG

The Economics of Copyright, Parallel Imports and Piracy in the Music Recording Industry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Economics of Copyright, Parallel Imports and Piracy in the Music Recording Industry The Economics of Copyright, Parallel Imports and Piracy in the Music Recording Industry. Theo Papadopoulos This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Applied Economics Victoria University 2002 FTS THESIS 346.940482 PAP 30001008546766 Papadopoulos, Theo, 1959- The economics of copyright, parallel imports and piracy in the music recording Declaration of Authenticity I hereby certify that, unless otherwise stated, the work presented in my own and has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for any other academic award. eo Papadopoulos Abstract Australia has been at the forefront of trade-related copyright reform having, after almost a decade of debate and controversy, amended the import provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 to allow parallel imports of sound recordings. The related issues of the exhaustion of copyright, parallel imports and international piracy, is a complex area of international law and economics, and highlights the interplay between competition policy, intellectual property law and trade policy. We begin with an investigation of the economics of the music recording industry, encompassing the nature of demand and supply of sound recordings, profit maximising price strategies for a multi-product firm, and an investigation into the market stmcture and international distribution of sound recordings. This is followed by an investigation of the economics of copyright with respect to sound recordings and the evolution of international intellectual property rights law. This leads to a critical evaluation of the controversy surrounding the exhaustion of copyright and the case for copyright owner control over parallel imports. We then develop a model of the market for sound recordings to investigate the income redistributive effects and welfare consequences of adopting the principle of international exhaustion. We demonstrate that parallel imports, by introducing intra-title competition, can undermine a strategy of intemational price discrimination and can be welfare enhancing for a nation like Australia that is a net-importer of sound recordings. The model is extended to analyse the contention that the removal of the prohibition on parallel import would cause an increase in the level of sound recording piracy. Drawing on a review of literature on smuggling and piracy, we develop a theoretical model of intemational sound recording piracy. The determinants identified encompass both economic and institutional factors including, parallel imports, an affordability index (or price-earnings ratio), a nation's dependence on foreign repertoire, the strength of domestic IPR enforcement, the prevalence of informal (or black) markets, cormption in the civil service and membership to intemational copyright conventions. The sound recording piracy model is tested using cross-section data on sound recording piracy market shares for 84 countries. We show that the model is robust and compares favourably with other models of intemational piracy. The empirical model and the hypotheses examined are consistent with the predictions of our theoretical model. Table of Contents Abstract *^ List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Economics of the Music Recording Industry 7 2.1 The Market for Sound Recordings 7 2J^1 Maiket.definition.,.,,,.,,.,.,,.,^,.,,.,.,,.,,,.,,.,.,,.,,,.,,.,.,,.,,,^^ 2.1.2 The Creation and Production Process 9 2,_L3 Physi£al.an.dInteJlectual.£gi^^^^ 2.1.4 The Nature of Demand for Sound Recordings 22 2.2 Market Stmcture 35 2.2.1 Technological Change & Minimum Efficient Size 37 2.3 International Dimensions of the Distribution of Sound Recordings .. 47 2,4 Summaiy.,.,,,.,,.,.,,,,,.,,.,.,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,.,.,,.,.,,.,,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,.^^ Chapter 3 The Economics of Intellectual Property and Copyright 56 3.1 InteUectual Property Rights 56 3.2 The.Evolution of Internati^^^^^ 3.3 The Distribution Right and the Principle of Exhaustion 66 3,4 .Internatipnaj..ffR..Law 3.5 The Economics of Exhaustion and Parallel Imports: A Review of Literature 75 3.6 The Exhaustion of the Right of Distribution and Sound Recordings. 93 3.6.1 Pre-Sales Investment: A&R, Marketing and Promotion 93 3:.6,l.....Mon^Q!y.I^D]^L.^,.,,.,,,,.,,.,.,,.,,,,^^^ 3.6.3 Price Discrimination 105 3,7 Snmmaix.and.Conc!mb^ Chapter 4 Parallel Imports and Sound Recordings Ill 4.1 Australian Copyright Law Reform and Parallel Imports Ill 4.1.1 CLRC Review ofCopvright Import Provisions Ill 4.1.2 PSA Inquiry Into Book Prices Ill in 4.1.3 Inquiry into the Prices of Computer Software 113 4.1.4 Inquiry into the Prices of Sound Recordings 115 4.1.5 Senate Committee Review of Parallel Imports & Sound Recordingsl 17 4.1.6 The Copyright Amendment BilUNo. 2) 1998 120 4,.1.,.7 Xowards the.UniversaL Adp^^^^^ 4.2 Review of Related Literature 122 4,3 Cppyri^ht^.Peu:aJleL_Imp.orts..a^^^^ 4.3.1 The Australian Market for Sound Recordings 125 4.3.2 International Price Discrimination & Reciprocal Importation Rights. 127 4.3.3 The Welfare Consequences of National Exhaustion 133 4.3.4 The Welfare Consequences of International Exhaustion 136 4,.3,.5 Strategic Pph.cy.Options.for 4.4 Piracy and Smuggling 140 4,.5 IMPpstdReform.PeriM:..:..:..=....^.^ 4.5.1 Parallel Imports, CD Prices And Artist Income 143 4.5.2 Anti-Competitive Conduct: Breaches of the Trade Practices Act... 145 4.6 Conclusion 148 Chapter 5 International Sound Recording Piracy 151 5.1 The Nature of the Problem 151 5.1.1 Definitions 151 5.J.:.2.. ..MusicPfracyFonnat,.,^,.,,,,.,,.,.,,,,,,,,.,.,^ 5.1.3 International Initiatives to Combat Piracy 155 52 AReview.p£Relate4IJteratoe 5.2.1 Theoretical Models of Smuggling 159 5.2.2 Smuggling, Cormption and Informal Markets 164 5.2.3 Summary 166 5.3 A Model of International Sound Recording Piracy 167 5.3.1 Welfare Economics of Smuggling Copyright Infringing Product... 167 5.3.2 A Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Smuggling Copyright Infnngirig.Product.,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,,.,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,, ^,^,,,,^ 5.3.3 The Smuggling Firm's Decision Making Process 179 5,l:4_....£onsumeLBehavipur.aMthe.De^^^^^^^ lA Determinants of Smuggling and Piracy 196 IV 5.4.1 International Copyright Convention Membership 196 5.4.2 Domestic Law Enforcement 198 5.4.3 The Nature and Size of the Penalties 201 5.4.4 Domestic Price 202 5,4,5 InstitutionaLCprmptjpnaM^ 5.4.6 The Balance ofTrade in Copyright Product 205 54J..„„ParalIdimports,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,..,,.,.^ 5.5 Towards a Testable Model 208 5.6 Summary and Conclusions 210 Chapter 6 An Empirical Model of International Sound Recording Piracy 214 6.1 Introduction 214 6.2 Empirical Models of Piracy 214 6.2.1 The Burke Model 215 6,2,2.....The.MMron.andStedM 6.2.3 TheRonkainen and Guerrero-Cusumano Model 221 6,3 3Re-estimationpfthe.Biur]t^.MPjM 6.3.1 Multinomial Logit Estimation 223 6.3.2 Linear Regression Model 225 6.4 A Model of Cross-Country Variations in Sound Recording Piracy. 227 6.4.1 Modelling Issues 227 .6,4..2_..... The Dependent 6.4.3 The Explanatory Variables 229 6,.5 TMEmpincaI..Model.,,,,,_,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,^ 6.5.1 The Sample 244 6.5.2 Procedures Used to Estimate the Model 244 6.5.3 The Linear Model: From the General to Specific Model 244 6.5.4 Regression Diagnostics 246 6.6 Interpretation of the Estimated Coefficients 247 6.6.1 Property Rights, Black Markets and Cormption 247 6,6„2 Geneva. Cony entigtiMem^e^^ 247 6.6.3 Years of Membership to the Berne Convention 248 6,6^,4_ Price:^Earmngs.Rat ..,...,,,.,......:,.,.. 248 6.6.5 Sound Recording Balance ofTrade 248 6.6.6 Comparison with other Models 249 6.7 Concluding Remarks 250 Chapter 7 Conclusion 265 Bibliography 272 VI List of Tables Table 2. 1 Distribution of Income from a CD (Australia, 1999) 51 Table 2. 2 Record Company Costs 51 Table 2. 3 Cost of Production: Sample Sound Recording Title 52 Table 2. 4 Sound Recording Industry Market Shares, 2000 53 Table 2. 5 Top 10 National Markets 1999-2004 53 Table 2. 6 Record Company & Distributor Income: Australia 54 Table 2. 7 Share of Traded Goods in Total Trade in Goods and Services 54 Table 2. 8 Share in Merchandise Trade of Copyright Related Goods 54 Table 3. 1 Wholesale and Retail Price Points: Australia 110 Table 4. 1 Ratio of Australian to Overseas Prices 150 Table 4. 2 Welfare Consequences of Intra-Titie Import Competition 150 Table 4. 3 Copyright Regime and Global Profits 150 Table 5. 1 Estimated Trade Losses Due to Piracy 212 Table 5. 2 Estimated Optical Disc Manufacturing Capacity. 212 Table 5. 3 Expected Profit Matrix 213 Table 5. 4 Theoretical Model of Sound Recording Piracy 213 Table 6. 1 Summary of Empirical Piracy Models 252 Table 6. 2 Model No. 1: Burke's Multinomial Logit Model 253 Table 6. 3 Model No. 2: Marron and Steel (2000) 254 Table 6. 4 Source of Data in the Empirical Sound Recording Piracy Model 255 Table 6. 5 Re-Estimation of Burke's MLE Model 256 Table 6. 6 MulticoUinearity Diagnostics - Pearson Correlation Coefficients of Burke Regressors 257 Table 6. 7 OLS Estimation of Burke's Model (excluding squared variables) 258 Table 6. 8 Expected Sign of the Model Coefficients 259 Table 6. 9 Intemational Piracy Rates: 1998 260 Table 6. 10 Sound Recording Piracy Model 261 Table 6. 11 Parsimonious Model 262 Table 6. 12 Summary Table: Parsimonious Models 263 vu List of Figures Figure 2. 1 The Production Process 11 Figure 2. 2 Marginal Cost of Production 15 Figure 2. 3 Break-Even Sales: Scenario One 17 Figure 2. 4 Break-Even Sales: Scenario Two 19 Figure 2. 5 Probability Distribution: Sound Recording Sales 25 Figure 2. 6 Price and Profit in the Presence of Stochastic Demand 28 Figure 2. 7 The Market for an Artist Specific Sound Recording 31 Figure 2. 8 Break-Even Sales with Cross-Subsidisation 35 Figure 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of Music Publishers, Collecting Societies and Media Conglomerates'
    Prometheus, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1999 163 The Changing Location of Intellectual Property Rights in Music : A Study of Music Publishers, Collecting Societies and Media Conglomerates' MARTIN KRETSCHMER, GEORGE MICHAEL KLIMIS & ROGER WALLIS ABSTRACT This article reports the results of a major study, conducted between 1996 and 1999, examining the impact of de-regulation and digital technologies on the global music industry . 14/e analyse four negotiations in the process of bringing music to the world market: commod#ication, globalisation, delivery, and royalty management. 141e show that the location of intellectual property rights in this process depends on the mutual bargaining power of the parties involved, within a statutory frame vesting music copyright initially in the author. 14,e describe the forces which have led to the appropriation of rights accounting for 80% of global publishing and recording revenues 1y only five companies : LA71 (U)) Bertelsmann (Germany), 141'arner (US), Sony (Japan) and Universal (Canada) . 14'e predict that this regime will not last and consider the likely future location of intellectual properly rights in music . Keywords : globalisation, information society, intellectual property, music copyright, royalty, vertical integration . Introduction Music is covered by complex intellectual property provisions . A right arises if an original musical idea is given a fixed expression ; for example, if a song is written down or recorded in some other from . This right is located in the creator of that musical idea . By an act of legislation, the musical idea turns into a copyrighted work, owned by the creator, who will have the power to prevent others from using it .
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change: the IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments 1
    CLIMATE CHANGE: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments CLIMATE CHANGE: The 1990 and 1992 IPCC Assessments IPCC First Assessment Report Overview and Policymaker Summaries and 1992 IPPC Supplement June. 1992 Published with the support of:* Australia Austria Canada France Germany Japan The Netherlands Norway Spain United Kingdom United States of America WMO UNEP © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1992 Printed in Canada Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments 1. Climate Changes I. Title II. IPCC ISBN: 0-662-19821-2 ® Tills paper contains a minimum of 60% recyded fibres, mduding 10%posn»nsumei fibres ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cover Photographs Top Image A composite colour image of GOES satellite using visible and infrared channels. This image was produced by the Data Integration Division, Climate Adaptation Branch, Canadian Climate Centre. Middle Image A full global disc satellite image (Channel Visible 2) for 4 September 1983 reproduced with the permission of EUMETSAT. Bottom Image A full earth disc view of cloud patterns over the Australian region on 19 February 1991 from the Japanese Geostationary Satellite (GMS4). This image is a colour enhanced composite of information from the visible and infrared channels produced by the Australian Centre for Remote Sensing of the Australian Survey and Land Information Group. *Notes Spain - Instituto Nacional de Meteorología üi TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vü Foreword ix 1992 IPCC Supplement 1 IPCC First Assessment Report: 47 Overview 51 Policymaker Summary of Working Group I (Scientific Assessment
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Teacher Education Context, Structure, and Quality-Assurance Arrangements in TEDS-M Countries
    A AN ND QU An Analysis of A LYSIS OF TE LYSIS A Teacher Education LI T The Teacher Education and Development Study (TEDS-M) is the first crossnational Y-ASSUR Context, Structure, study to examine the mathematics preparation of future teachers for both primary and secondary school levels. The study, conducted under the auspices of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), and Quality-Assurance A CHER collected data from representative samples of future teachers and their educators. A During the 55 years of its activities, IEA has conducted over 30 comparative research NCE ARR Arrangements in studies focusing on educational policies, practices, and outcomes in various school subjects in more than 80 countries around the world. TEDS-M is the first IEA project E DUC to address tertiary education. TEDS-M Countries A The study’s key research questions focused on the relationships between teacher at NGEMEN education policies, institutional practices, and the mathematics and pedagogy knowledge of future teachers at the end of their preservice education. Seventeen ION Findings from the IEA countries participated in TEDS-M. Data were gathered from approximately 22,000 C future teachers from 750 programs in about 500 teacher education institutions. ON Teacher Education and Teaching staff within these programs were also surveyed. They included close to T TEDS S IN T 5,000 mathematicians, mathematics educators, and general pedagogy educators. T Development Study in EX This report presents various characteristics
    [Show full text]
  • October 1914) James Francis Cooke
    Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 John R. Dover Memorial Library 10-1-1914 Volume 32, Number 10 (October 1914) James Francis Cooke Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude Part of the Composition Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Fine Arts Commons, History Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, Music Education Commons, Musicology Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, Music Performance Commons, Music Practice Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Recommended Citation Cooke, James Francis. "Volume 32, Number 10 (October 1914)." , (1914). https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude/607 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the John R. Dover Memorial Library at Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 69 7 THE ETUDE AN “ALL AMERICAN” ETUDE NOVEMBER, 1914 A MEMORABLE ISSUE FOR ALL AMERICAN MUSIC WORKERS HERE is an opportunity. You may be among the thousands who for years . ,Y r, • a pleasant thing to have found The Etude a daily help in your work and therefore want “Attractive—isnt she Pthat usually the Liberal premiums and cash deductions are allowed for to share its advantages with others. You have been waiting for an obtaining subscriptions. hear about yourseh You k woman B Etude especially adapted for the purpose of helping you enlist the interest thine y°u heat about a of new Etude friends. t£t She hai a fee common REMITTANCES should be made by post-office or express 1 The Other Side of the Case “ money orders, bank check or draft, or registered The November “All American” Etude will be filled with animated discus¬ letter.
    [Show full text]
  • Qr. 2. 2019 No. 9
    ISSN 2543-9839 qr. 2. 2019 no. 9 THE WARSAW INSTITUTE REVIEW no. 9. 2019 www.warsawinstitute.review Across many critical areas - from defense and diplomacy, to energy and economics - the alliance between the United States and Poland is reaching extraordinary new heights in 2019. Our longstanding partnership demonstrates the enormous possibilities for the world when two strong and independent nations unite in common purpose and in common cause - Donald Trump, President of the United States of America Washington, June 13, 2019 There will be more American troops in Poland. This is going to be an enhanced cooperation. It's going to be an enduring presence, which hopefully will increase gradually in terms of the number of troops, but also in terms of infrastructure which is very important - Andrzej Duda, President of the Republic of Poland Editorial Dear Readers, he ninth issue of the quarterly opens with an article about the infrastructure project of strategic imperative for Poland – the construction of the Solidarity Transport Hub Central Airport. In the piece by the TSecretary of State and Government Plenipotentiary for the Central Communication Port, Minister Mikołaj Wild maintains that the project is a development impulse for Poland and Central Eastern Europe. The author emphasizes the construction of the port would enable an increase in passenger and cargo potential and would situate Poland on the leading passenger and freight routes, which has considerable importance for economic development and security of the region. In another part of the issue, the predicaments faced by the European Union are examined considering its internal challenges, such as a new composition of the European Parliament and European Commission, and external challenges – including the ongoing trade war between the United States and China.
    [Show full text]
  • Prostaglandin Analogues for the Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension a Systematic Review of Economic Evidence Michelle Orme and Annabel Boler
    Pharmacoeconomics 2006; 24 (8): 743-750 Supplementary Material 1170-7690/06/0008-0001/$39.95/0 REVIEW ARTICLE © 2006 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved. Prostaglandin Analogues for the Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension A Systematic Review of Economic Evidence Michelle Orme and Annabel Boler Heron Evidence Development Ltd, Letchworth Garden City, UK Supplementary Material This supplementary material contains the search strategies and table referred to in the full version of this article, which can be found at http://www.adisonline.com/phe © 2006 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved. Pharmacoeconomics 2006; 24 (8) 2 Orme & Boler 1. Search Strategies 1.1 MEDLINE #1. exp "GLAUCOMA,-OPEN-ANGLE"/ #2. exp "GLAUCOMA"/ #3. exp "OCULAR-HYPERTENSION"/ #4. (OPEN ANGLE adj5 GLAUCOMA).mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #5. ((OCULAR adj HYPERTENSION) or OHT).mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #6. (chronic adj3 simple adj3 glaucoma).mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #7. (wide adj3 angle adj3 glaucoma).mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #8. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 #9. (Latanoprost$ or Xalatan$ or bimatoprost$ or Lumigan$ or travoprost$ or Travatan$ or unoprostone$ or Rescula$ or Xalacom$).mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #10. prostaglandin$.mp. [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw] #11. Prostaglandins F, Synthetic/ #12. 9 or 10 or 11 #13. Economics/ #14. "costs and cost analysis"/ #15. Cost allocation/ #16. Cost-benefit analysis/ #17. Cost control/ #18. Cost savings/ #19. Cost of illness/ #20. Cost sharing/ #21. "deductibles and coinsurance"/ #22. Medical savings accounts/ #23.
    [Show full text]
  • THE URUGUAY ROUND 30 May 1989 Special Distribution
    MULTILATERALTRADENEGOTIONS RESTRICTED MTN.GNG/NG6/W/27 THE URUGUAY ROUND 30 May 1989 Special Distribution Group of Negotiations on Goods (GATT) Negotiating Group on Tropical Products TROPICAL PRODUCTS Synoptic Tables of Specific Negotiating Results for the Uruguay Round Mid-Term Review Note by the secretariat 1. The attached tables contain a synopsis of specific results obtained as a result of negotiations conducted before the mid-term review between the following participants: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Central American countries (Costa Rica, E1 Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), Colombia, European Communities, Finland, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, and United States. These tables have been updated on the basis of the outcome of these negotiations recorded in MTN.GNG/17 and Add.1`and taking into account additional information and corrections of a technical nature which have been notified by delegations and circulated as corrigenda to these documents. 2. General notes regarding specific negotiating results provided in document MTN.GNG/17 are reproduced below. "1. The present document contains a first result obtained thus far in the negotiations. It consists of contributions by a number of participants towards the achievements of the objectives established by the Ministerial Declaration of Punta del Este for negotiations on tropical products in the Uruguay Round. This result will be further improved and extended in the course of continuing negotiations in the light of paragraphs 2 and 3 under the heading 'Tropical Products' in Section III of the. Report of the Group of Negotiations on Goods to the Trade Negotiations Committee. 1Autonomous unilateral contributions have been made in the Negotiating Group on Tropical Products by Czechoslovakia (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark Edward Thompson Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062
    Updated: September 2017 Mark Edward Thompson Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062 Phone: (213) 740-6402; Fax: (213) 740-8594; E-mail: [email protected] Education: 1985 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry. Thesis research with Prof. John E. Bercaw, involving organoscandium chemistry. 1980 University of California at Berkeley. B.S. with honors in chemistry. Professional Experience: 2005-2008 University of Southern California, Chemistry Department Chairman 1999-present University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Professor 1995-1999 University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Associate Professor 1987-95 Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Assistant Professor 1985-87 Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford, England. S.E.R.C. Research Fellow. Worked with Prof. Malcolm L.H. Green, studying electronic and nonlinear-optical properties of organometallic materials 1983 E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., C. R. and D., Wilmington, DE. Visiting Scientist Awards and Honors 5/17 IEEE Nishizawa Medal 6/16 IEEE Photonics Award 6/15 Named Ray R. Irani Chair of Chemistry, University of Southern California 5/15 Xing Da Lecturer, Peking University 4/15 USC Mellon Mentoring Award 3/15 American Chemical Society Award in Chemistry of Materials 12/14 Elected to the National Academy of Inventors 3/14 Earnest Swift Lecturer, California Institute of Technology 5/14 Richard C. Tolman Award, Southern California Section, American Chemical Society 4/13 Named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 5/12 Alexander von Humboldt Research Award 10/11 COPE Distinguished Lecturer, Georgia Institute of Technology Vitae of M.E.
    [Show full text]
  • New Ways of Doing Music Business
    new ways of doing music business Creative Commons & Sound In May 2008, front man of the noir-rock band Nine Inch Nails (http://nin.com) Trent Reznor music business announced to the world that they were releasing a second album, The Slip (http://theslip.nin.com), case studies under a Creative Commons licence, encouraging fans to download, distribute, and mashup their work. In doing so, NIN was making an indelible Ancient Free Gardeners 11 mark upon the music industry: take note, business models are on the move. Andrew Garton 13 Audiophile 16 Offering a flexible framework with which to manage copyright, CC provides artists with the Jonathan Coulton 17 opportunity to engage creatively with content. As early adopters of the flexible CC licences, Creative Commons musicians demonstrate an increasing interest Music Collaboration in entrepreneurial activities through online and Project (CCMP) 19 offline community-based and collaborative initiatives. Presenting the incentive to ‘Rip. Jamendo 22 Sample. Mash. Share,’ in 2004 Wired Magazine Knives at Noon 27 released a CC remixable CD, featuring the Beastie Boys, David Byrne, Le Tigre and Magnatune 29 Gilberto Gil, amongst other artists of note (http://creativecommons.org/wired). This venture Nine Inch Nails 32 gave rise to the ccMixter.org online community, Pocketclock Records 35 an award-winning project which is currently being converted into a business spin-off to explore the Postmoderncore 37 commercialisation of user-generated content. Topology 39 More recently, as the music industry has turned Yunyu 41 towards new business models appropriate to the digital era, several ‘survival strategies’ OpenVoice Free PBX 43 have been posited by David Byrne (www.wired.
    [Show full text]
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    RESTRICTED MTN/3E/DOC/3 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON 6 December 1974 TARIFFS AND TRADE Special Distribution Multilateral Trade Negotiations GROUP 3(c) - BASIC DOCUMENTATION Prices Received by Producers for Certain Agricultural Products • 1. The present document contains information on producer's prices for certain agricultural products. This information consists partly of data submitted by individual delegations, and partly of data which has been available to the secretariat from other sources. 2. The document has been prepared in accordance with the agreement reached in the Group at its meeting of 25 to 27 February 1974- (MTN/3E/2, paragraph 17) and covers the years 1968 to 1974.. Prices for earlier years were circulated in document Spec(69)36/Rov.l. 3. When selecting products to be included in this document, it has been aimed at covering, as far as possible, the products already discussed under paragraph 4 of the Work Programme (MTN/2), thus trying to meet a wish expressed by the Group at its meeting of 25 to 27 February 1974 (MTN/3E/2, paragraph 20). • MTN/3E/DOC/3 Page 2 Tablu of Contents Face Explanatory note Tabic I Dairy products A. Milk 5 B. Butter 6 C„ Skimed milk powder 6 Table II Grains A. Wheat 7 B." Rye 8 C. Barley 8 - D. Oats 9 E- Maize 10 F. Sorghun 10 G. Fd.ce 10 Table III Meats 12 A. Cattle 12 B. Pigs 13 C. Sheep and lanbs 13 D. Poultry M Table IV Fruit and vegetables 15 A, Fotatoes 15 B.. Tonatoes 15 C, Grape" 16 Dc Strawberries 16 Table V Oilseeds 17 A, Soybeans 17 B r Groundnuts 17 C.
    [Show full text]
  • POLAND COPYED by : YB1PR – FAISAL Page1
    AAMMAATTEEUURR RRAADDIIOO AAWWAARRDD’’’SS DDIIRREECCTTOORRYY POLAND COPYED BY : YB1PR – FAISAL Page1 . Polski Zwiazek Krotkofalowcow (PZK) Series --- General Requirements: Awards are available to licensed amateurs or SWL's. Price for each award is 5€, $US5 or 5 "new" IRCs. Endorsement stickers for Powiat are 2€, $US2 or 1 "new" IRC. SWL OK. All contacts, with the exception of satellite or repeaters, regardless of band or mode are valid for their awards. You must possess the QSLs, but GCR rule applies. Apply to: PZK Awards Manager, Augustyn Wawrzwnek SP6BOW, PO Box 54, 85-613 Bydgoszcz 13, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] All Countries of the 15th Zone (AC 15 Z) Contact at least 23 countries/call areas located in CQ Zone 15 as follows: Countries in Zone 15 Aland Is. OH0 Kaliningradsk UA2 Albania ZA Latvia YL Austria OE (2 call areas) Lithuania LY Malta 9H Bosnia T9 Market Reef OJ0 Corsica TK Poland SP Croatia 9A (4 call areas) Czecho. OK San Marino T7 Estonia ES Sardinia IS Finland OH (3 call areas) Sicily IT Hungary HA Slovenia S5 Italy I Vatican City HV Macedonia Z3 Yugoslavia YU The contacts with 4 call areas of Poland are mandatory. Your list should be in Slovakia OM alphabetical order. Contacts since 1 Jan 1955. Pilgrimages of the Holy Father Award Commemorates the pilgrimages of Pope John Paul II. Contact stations in countries visited by the Pope since 16 Oct 1978. No use of repeaters. Prefixes of valid countries shown below. Award classes: HF Class I for QSOs in at least 110 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    wpl44WI' Policy Research WORKI9NG PAPERS Internatloral Trade InternationalEconomics Department The WorldBank June 1993 WPS 1144 Public Disclosure Authorized The ForeignTrade Dimension of the MarketTransition in Poland Public Disclosure Authorized The SurprisingExport Performance and Its Sustainability Public Disclosure Authorized BartlomiejKaminski Contraryto expectations,the driving force behind the export upswingwere manufactures- not rawmaterials, mineral fuels, Public Disclosure Authorized or agriculturalproducts. PolicyResearch Wor3dngPapers disseminatethe findings of work in progress and encourage the exchangeof ideas amongBank staffand all others interested in developrnentissues. Thesepapers. distributed by theResearch Advisory Staff. carry thenamesofthe authors, reflect onlytheirviews,andshouldbeused and citedaccordingly.Thefindings,intefpretations.andconclusions aretheauthors'own.Tleyshould not be aunbuted to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, its management, or any of its member countries. Policy Research| InternationalTrade| WPS 114a This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - is a revised version of a paper presented at the conference "Transition to Democracy in Poland," organized by the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, Califomia, in November 1992. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Pleasc contact Pauline Kokila, room S7-040, extension 33716 (June 1993, 27 pages). To the extent that foreign trade has been dis- expectations, the driving force behind the export cussed in the debate about the transformation of upswing were manufactures - not raw materi- former centrally planned economies, discussion als, mineral fuels, or agricultural products. has focused on what should be done to minimize Exports expanded because of the efforts of state- the costs of external adjustment through man- owned enterprises to export more in metallurgy, aged foreign trade and exchange rate policies.
    [Show full text]