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Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan
Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan Abstract In Singapore, the percentage of elected female politicians rose from 3.8 percent in 1984 to 22.5 percent after the 2015 general election. After years of exclusion, why were gender reforms adopted and how did they lead to more women in political office? Unlike South Korea and Taiwan, this paper shows that in Singapore party pragmatism rather than international diffusion of gender equality norms, feminist lobbying, or rival party pressures drove gender reforms. It is argued that the ruling People’s Action Party’s (PAP) strategic and electoral calculations to maintain hegemonic rule drove its policy u-turn to nominate an average of about 17.6 percent female candidates in the last three elections. Similar to the PAP’s bid to capture women voters in the 1959 elections, it had to alter its patriarchal, conservative image to appeal to the younger, progressive electorate in the 2000s. Additionally, Singapore’s electoral system that includes multi-member constituencies based on plurality party bloc vote rule also makes it easier to include women and diversify the party slate. But despite the strategic and electoral incentives, a gender gap remains. Drawing from a range of public opinion data, this paper explains why traditional gender stereotypes, biased social norms, and unequal family responsibilities may hold women back from full political participation. Keywords: gender reforms, party pragmatism, plurality party bloc vote, multi-member constituencies, ethnic quotas, PAP, Singapore DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2016892369 ____________________ Netina Tan is an assistant professor of political science at McMaster University. -
Annex B Biographies Keynote Speaker
ANNEX B BIOGRAPHIES KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Mr GOH Chok Tong is the Senior Minister of the Republic of Singapore . He is concurrently Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore . Mr Goh served as Prime Minister from November 1990 to August 2004, when he stepped aside to pave the way for political self-renewal. He was First Deputy Prime Minister between 1985 and November 1990. Mr Goh has been a member of the Singapore Cabinet since 1979, having held various portfolios including Trade and Industry, Health and Defence. Between 1977 and 1979, he was Senior Minister of State for Finance. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1976. Prior to joining politics, Mr Goh was Managing Director of Neptune Orient Lines. SINGAPORE CONFERENCE MODERATOR: Mr HO Kwon Ping is Executive Chairman of the Banyan Tree Group , which owns both listed and private companies engaged in the development, ownership and operation of hotels, resorts, spas, residen tial homes, retail galleries and other lifestyle activities in the region. Mr Ho is also Chairman of the family-owned Wah Chang Group; Chairman of Singapore Management University, the third national university in Singapore; and Chairman of MediaCorp, Singapore's national broadcaster. SINGAPORE CONFERENCE PANELLISTS: Dr LEE Boon Yang is the Minister for Information, Communications & the Arts, Republic of Singapore . He first won his seat in Parliament in the General Elections of 1984. He has since held political appointments in the Ministries of Environment, Communications & Information, Finance, Home Affairs, Trade & Industry, National Development, Defence, Prime Minister's Office and Labour/Manpower. Dr Vivian BALAKRISHNAN is the Acting Minister for Community Development, Youth & Sports and Senior Minister of State for Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore . -
Institutionalized Leadership: Resilient Hegemonic Party Autocracy in Singapore
Institutionalized Leadership: Resilient Hegemonic Party Autocracy in Singapore By Netina Tan PhD Candidate Political Science Department University of British Columbia Paper prepared for presentation at CPSA Conference, 28 May 2009 Ottawa, Ontario Work- in-progress, please do not cite without author’s permission. All comments welcomed, please contact author at [email protected] Abstract In the age of democracy, the resilience of Singapore’s hegemonic party autocracy is puzzling. The People’s Action Party (PAP) has defied the “third wave”, withstood economic crises and ruled uninterrupted for more than five decades. Will the PAP remain a deviant case and survive the passing of its founding leader, Lee Kuan Yew? Building on an emerging scholarship on electoral authoritarianism and the concept of institutionalization, this paper argues that the resilience of hegemonic party autocracy depends more on institutions than coercion, charisma or ideological commitment. Institutionalized parties in electoral autocracies have a greater chance of survival, just like those in electoral democracies. With an institutionalized leadership succession system to ensure self-renewal and elite cohesion, this paper contends that PAP will continue to rule Singapore in the post-Lee era. 2 “All parties must institutionalize to a certain extent in order to survive” Angelo Panebianco (1988, 54) Introduction In the age of democracy, the resilience of Singapore’s hegemonic party regime1 is puzzling (Haas 1999). A small island with less than 4.6 million population, Singapore is the wealthiest non-oil producing country in the world that is not a democracy.2 Despite its affluence and ideal socio- economic prerequisites for democracy, the country has been under the rule of one party, the People’s Action Party (PAP) for the last five decades. -
Speech by Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong at The
SPEECH BY SENIOR MINISTER GOH CHOK TONG AT THE CONFERMENT OF HONORARY MEMBERSHIP BY THE SINGAPORE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (SMA), AT SMA ANNUAL DINNER HELD ON SATURDAY, 27 MAY 2006, AT 7.30 PM AT THE ROYAL BALLROOM, REGENT HOTEL Distinguished Guests and Friends A very good evening to you all. Thank you, Vivian, for your warm and kind words. I happened to be in the right place at the right time. Many of the achievements which you attributed to me actually belonged to others - the staff and doctors in MOH, for example. And my ideas could not have been realised without the hard work of the officials who fleshed them out and implemented them. Take for instance, Medisave. Khaw Boon Wan, guided by Andrew Chew, then PS (Health), crunched the numbers and turned concepts into programmes. 2 I thank also the Singapore Medical Association (SMA) for conferring the Honorary Membership on me. This is an unexpected honour and in a sense, ironic, for I went against the flow and chose to do Economics instead of Medicine. Many of my close friends, like Tan Cheng Bock, are doctors and members of your Association. I take it that I can now rub shoulders with them in the same august Association. 3 As Vivian mentioned, I was Minister for Health a long time ago. Singapore’s healthcare sector has come a long way since then. As Prime Minister, I took an active interest in formulating our national health plans and promoting healthy living amongst Singaporeans because good health, like good education and good housing, is a key requirement for happiness and progress. -
Lee Kuan Yew Continue to flow As Life Returns to Normal at a Market at Toa Payoh Lorong 8 on Wednesday, Three Days After the State Funeral Service
TODAYONLINE.COM WE SET YOU THINKING SUNDAY, 5 APRIL 2015 SPECIAL EDITION MCI (P) 088/09/2014 The tributes to the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew continue to flow as life returns to normal at a market at Toa Payoh Lorong 8 on Wednesday, three days after the State Funeral Service. PHOTO: WEE TECK HIAN REMEMBERING MR LEE KUAN YEW SPECIAL ISSUE 2 REMEMBERING LEE KUAN YEW Tribute cards for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew by the PCF Sparkletots Preschool (Bukit Gombak Branch) teachers and students displayed at the Chua Chu Kang tribute centre. PHOTO: KOH MUI FONG COMMENTARY Where does Singapore go from here? died a few hours earlier, he said: “I am for some, more bearable. Servicemen the funeral of a loved one can tell you, CARL SKADIAN grieved beyond words at the passing of and other volunteers went about their the hardest part comes next, when the DEPUTY EDITOR Mr Lee Kuan Yew. I know that we all duties quietly, eiciently, even as oi- frenzy of activity that has kept the mind feel the same way.” cials worked to revise plans that had busy is over. I think the Prime Minister expected to be adjusted after their irst contact Alone, without the necessary and his past week, things have been, many Singaporeans to mourn the loss, with a grieving nation. fortifying distractions of a period of T how shall we say … diferent but even he must have been surprised Last Sunday, about 100,000 people mourning in the company of others, in Singapore. by just how many did. -
Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister
Release No: 52/OCT 05-l/88/10/28 SPEECH BY MR GOH CHOK TONG, FIRST DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND MINISTER FOR DEFENCE, AT THE PAP YOUTH WING CHARITY NIGHT, AT NEPTUNE THEATRE RESTAURANT ON FRIDAY, 28 OCTOBER 1988, AT 8.00 PM OUR NATIONAL ETHIC YOUTH WING Youth Wing launched on 27 Sep 86. It has done well. Membership has grown to more than 2000. But it should still strive to do more. Set target: double membership. Not difficult. If each recruits one new member, the target of 4,000 members will be achieved rightaway. On a branch basis, this means only 50 Youth members per branch. QUALITY There is quality in the Youth Wing. Members are able, committed and unselfish in contribution. You have organised a good mix of political, community and social projects. You have your fair share of enjoyment - organising campfires and family gatherings. But you have not forgotten that you are members of a political party. SO you have organised seminars and participated actively in the National Agenda discussions. You also organised the pre-GE Party Convention in August. You have also done some social work, eg. tonight's dinner is not just for us to have an enjoyable evening together. It is also in aid of charity. I gather you have raised $70,000 for seven charities. 2 MPs Youth Wing has also contributed to the country. Last GE: 17 new candidates, excluding Mah Bow Tan and Ng Pock Too. Youth Wing produced five: Choo Wee Khiang John Chen Nasser Kamaruddin Davinder Singh K Shanmugam Among the five, some were spotted after they started their Youth Wing activities while others were spotted first and brought into the Youth Wing. -
Votes and Proceedings of the Thirteenth Parliament of Singapore
VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH PARLIAMENT OF SINGAPORE Second Session MONDAY, 4 MAY 2020 No. 131 1.30 pm 1 PRESENT: Mr SPEAKER (Mr Tan Chuan-Jin (Marine Parade)). Mr AMRIN AMIN (Sembawang), Senior Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Health. Mr ANG HIN KEE (Ang Mo Kio). Mr ANG WEI NENG (Jurong). Mr BAEY YAM KENG (Tampines), Senior Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth. Miss CHERYL CHAN WEI LING (Fengshan). Mr CHAN CHUN SING (Tanjong Pagar), Minister for Trade and Industry. Mr CHEE HONG TAT (Bishan-Toa Payoh), Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of Education. Mr CHEN SHOW MAO (Aljunied). Miss CHENG LI HUI (Tampines). Dr CHIA SHI-LU (Tanjong Pagar). Mr CHARLES CHONG (Punggol East), Deputy Speaker. Mr CHONG KEE HIONG (Bishan-Toa Payoh). Mr DESMOND CHOO (Tampines). Mr DARRYL DAVID (Ang Mo Kio). Mr CHRISTOPHER DE SOUZA (Holland-Bukit Timah). Mr ARASU DURAISAMY (Nominated Member). Mr CEDRIC FOO CHEE KENG (Pioneer). Mr DOUGLAS FOO (Nominated Member). No. 131 4 MAY 2020 2 Ms FOO MEE HAR (West Coast). Ms GRACE FU HAI YIEN (Yuhua), Minister for Culture, Community and Youth and Leader of the House. Mr GAN KIM YONG (Chua Chu Kang), Minister for Health. Mr GOH CHOK TONG (Marine Parade). Assoc Prof DANIEL GOH PEI SIONG (Non-Constituency Member). Mr HENG CHEE HOW (Jalan Besar), Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Defence. Mr HENG SWEE KEAT (Tampines), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance. Mr TERENCE HO WEE SAN (Nominated Member). -
SMA News June'06 CR9.Indd
SMA Annual Dinner 5 Physician to the Country Citation of SMA Honorary Member Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong, delivered by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports and Second Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts hen Dr Wong Chiang Yin invited me CONTRIBUTIONS TO SINGAPORE’S to deliver a citation of SM Goh Chok HEALTH SYSTEM W Tong, I knew it would be impossible We take for granted that Singaporeans today have to list all his achievements within the time access to good and affordable healthcare. This available. would not have been possible without Mr Goh’s Many of you know SM Goh as the former leadership and foresight. Prime Minister. But he means much more to me Government spending on healthcare more at a personal level. He is my mentor; the man than doubled from $520 million in 1990 to $1.2 who recruited me, and the man who taught me billion in 2000. With better medical facilities and the core values of politics. I will never forget his services, the health of Singaporeans has improved sound advice that if I had to compromise my significantly. Our people today are living longer values, I would lose my value to the Party and and leading a better quality of life. The number to the country. He has always been open, frank, of deaths from diseases such as cancer, heart patient and fair with me. He never tried to disease and stroke has fallen. We also have the impose his views on me but always encouraged lowest infant mortality rate in the world. -
Parliament Sitting Date: 17 Aug 1999 ISSUES RAISED by PRESIDENT
Parliament Sitting Date: 17 Aug 1999 ISSUES RAISED BY PRESIDENT ONG TENG CHEONG AT HIS PRESS CONFERENCE ON 16TH JULY 1999 (Parliamentary Q&As) Mr Jeyaretnam: May I ask the Prime Minister a question or two? I understood him to say that the Cabinet would have been happier if the President had decided to seek re-election. But the Cabinet was concerned whether he was medically capable. But the President had said in his statement that his doctors had given him a clean bill, that his cancer was in complete remission and the President clearly indicated that his health would not stand in the way of his becoming President. May I ask the Prime Minister to explain to this House on what basis or information did the Cabinet conclude that he would not be capable of discharging his duties? Mr Goh Chok Tong: Mr Speaker, Sir, yes, the President had told the public at his press conference regarding his present health situation. But the Cabinet had two medical reports, one from the President's doctor in the United States, Dr Saul Rosenberg, and the other from his physician in Singapore. We studied the reports and it was quite clear from the reports that if you should focus or project the President's health condition into the future, there was a very strong likelihood that he would not be able to perform his duties normally. In a sense, it is like looking at a glass of water, whether it is one-third full or two-thirds empty. The Cabinet had to take the advice of the doctor and take a very careful view of what the President's future condition would be like. -
Major Visits to Chile of Singaporean Authorities
Major visits to Chile of Singaporean authorities Date Authority Purpose 1979 Director of the Department of Trade Trade Misión (August) Ridzwan Dzafir 1989 Prime Minister Official Visit (October) Goh Chok Tong 2001 Minister for Trade and Industry Trade Misión BG George Yeo 2008 Prime Minister Official Visit Lee Hsien Loong 2011 Non-Resident Ambassador to Chile Meeting with Under-Secretary for Cheong Yip Seng Treasury 2019 Non-Resident Ambassador to Chile Prepare the Official Visit Prime Minister Siak Ching Lee (Nov. 2019) 2019 Minister of Trade and Industry APEC Ministers' Meeting (APEC Chile) Chan Chun Sing Senior Parliamentary Secretary Education APEC Women's Ministerial Meeting and Social and Family Development Faishal Ibrahim Minister in the Prime Minister's Office and Ministerial Finance APEC Second Minister for Finance and Education Indranee Rajah Deputy Secretary (Development) of High-Level Meeting on Health Matters Ministry of Health Dr Benjamin Koh Major visits to Singapore from Chilean authorities Date Authority Purpose 1979 Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Official Visit (May) Enrique Valdés 1980 General Director of the Ministry of Strength the bilateral relation and (October) Foreign Affairs, Javier Blanes promote closer commercial ties 1991 General Director of International Affairs Attracting investment and strategy Augusto Aninat towards to the Asia-Pacific 1996 President of the Republic Official Visit Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 2004 President of the Republic Official Visit Ricardo Lagos Escobar 2009 Commander-in-Chief of the -
Chief Secretary Meets Singapore Leaders
HONG KONG ECONOMIC & TRADE OFFICE, SINGAPORE MICA (P) 094/03/2011 NO. 1/2011 ISSUE CHIEF SECRETARY MEETS HIGHLIGHTS INVESTMENT IN SINGAPORE LEADERS FUTURE: 2 2011-12 BUDGET 3RD HK FILM 4 FESTIVAL IN KL Call on Singapore’s Prime Minister, Mr Lee Hsien Loong (right) Call on Singapore’s Senior Minister, Mr Goh Chok Tong (right) he Chief Secretary Mr Henry Tang called on During his stay in Singapore, Mr Tang also visited T Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong and Senior Mandai Columbarium and the Tuas South Incineration Minister Mr Goh Chok Tong, during a visit to Plant to learn more about Singapore’s policies and Singapore on February 14 and 15. facilities on burial and waste treatment. Mr Tang said both Hong Kong and Singapore “Both Singapore and Hong Kong are densely are small, open economies, and Singapore’s populated cities. Columbarium and waste ENTERTAINMENT experiences provided good reference for Hong management are two areas of great public concern EXPO HONG KONG Kong. that require a proper balance between the provision 5 of facilities and public perception and acceptance,” He said, “With challenges posed by global Mr Tang said. economic changes, the two places have to consolidate and upgrade their traditional pillar Concluding the fruitful visit, Mr Tang was confident industries. We should actively explore new growth that it would help to strengthen bilateral relations, areas and ensure our human resources can cope promote mutual understanding and foster long with our development needs. term co-operation between Singapore and Hong Kong. “Meanwhile, we have to tackle internal social problems arising from changes in economic A NEW STAGE FOR structure and strive to raise our city management levels.” HK’S RENMINBI 7 BUSINESS Mr Tang also exchanged views on bilateral economic and trade co-operation and various issues of mutual interest with Deputy Prime Minister Mr Wong Kan Seng, Minister for Foreign Affairs Mr George Yeo, Minister for Trade and Industry Mr Lim Hng Kiang, Minister for Manpower Mr Gan Kim Yong and Economic Development Board Chairman Mr Leo Yip. -
Transcript of the Doorstop Interview by Emeritus
TRANSCRIPT OF THE DOORSTOP INTERVIEW BY EMERITUS SENIOR MINISTER GOH CHOK TONG AND MINISTER OF STATE FOR HEALTH AND MANPOWER, DR AMY KHOR AT THE SENIORS’ MOBILITY AND ENABLING FUND HOME VISITS ON 29 JULY 2013 AT GOODLIFE! FAMILY SERVICE CENTRE. Question(to Dr Amy Khor): Can you comment on the Seniors’ Mobility Fund and its accessibility? Dr Amy Khor: Well, first of all, I am very pleased that the enhancements to the Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling Fund (SMF) have been implemented very smoothly on the ground, since we rolled it out since the first of July this year. In fact from the first of July this year since rolling out the enhancement, the enhanced SMF, we have had 702 successful applications. When we revealed the scheme this year, we took in feedback from the VWOs as well as seniors, to better meet the needs using the fund. So we have actually made five key enhancements to the SMF, firstly it is under the fund to widen the range of assistive devices that can be given. So that includes of course the commutes, motorised wheelchairs, as well as even hearing aids. Secondly, we have actually implemented a simplified means testing framework, for elderly living in three-room HDB flats and smaller, so that they can automatically receive subsidies for assistive devices that cost less than $500. Thirdly, we have actually expanded the scope of the fund to also include consumables for a limited number of seniors who are receiving home healthcare services and fourthly, we have actually expanded the fund to provide transport subsidies to more elderly who attend dementia day-care day rehabilitation centres as well as renal dialysis centres.