Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728

Available Online at EScience Press Journals International Journal of Agricultural Extension ISSN: 2311-6110 (Online), 2311-8547 (Print) http://www.esciencepress.net/IJAE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES (LEGAL ASPECTS)

Galyna V. Moroz*, Olga A. Grytsan, Oleh A. Vivcharenko, Nadiia R. Kobetska Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the Received: April 21, 2021 environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private Revised: July 1, 2021 interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the Accepted: July 30, 2021 state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with Keywords environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly Private interests behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the Public interests environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore Green economy how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic Legal aspect of nature development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate management change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. Environmental protection The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.

Corresponding Author: Galyna V. Moroz Email: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2021.

INTRODUCTION (Khvesyk and Stepanenko., 2014): All environmental problems of the European Union and • the inherited structure of the economy with the developed countries are also present in Ukraine. The predominant share of resource- and energy- difference is that abroad these issues are handled at the intensive industries, the negative impact of which highest state level, and in Ukraine it is very often only at intensified with the transition to market conditions; the level of volunteering and public organisations. The • depreciation of fixed assets of industrial and existing Ukrainian legislation is often simply not transport infrastructure; complied with, as it is not beneficial primarily for the • the existing system of public administration in the private interests of the economic elite. The root causes of field of environmental protection and regulation of environmental problems in Ukraine are as follows the use of natural resources;

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• lack of clear delineation of environmental and LITERATURE REVIEW economic functions; The analysis of national research on the subject • underdevelopment of civil society institutions; Ukraine is a country where economic growth leads to • insufficient understanding of the priorities of rapid environmental pollution. Accordingly, there are environmental protection and the benefits of problems of interaction of environmental and economic, sustainable development in society; as well as private and public interests. Therefore, the • non-compliance with current environmental development and adoption of mechanisms that would legislation. promote the development of the economy with an effective focus on environmental protection is an urgent One of the main causes of pollution is the constant issue. Scientific article (Danylyshyn and Veklych, 2008) conflict of interests between the economic and explores the concept of the process of decoupling as an environmental components of development. Economic economic phenomenon that demonstrates the potential development of Ukraine, as well as in foreign countries, of a particular economy to increase economic power leads to many dangerous consequences, such as air without harming the environment. Based on the analysis pollution, climate change, greenhouse effect, ozone of decoupling indicators in Ukraine and its regions, the depletion, pollution of water and soil environment, the authors of Sotnyk and Kulyk. (2014) conclude that generation of household, industrial, and radioactive Ukraine's economy is unbalanced in terms of waste. At the same time, without significant investments environmental protection. Ukraine's economic growth is in the greening of production processes, it is impossible increasing with the anthropogenic pressure on the to ensure the preservation of the environment. These environment and the use of an increasing amount of entrepreneurs must allocate these funds from their natural resources. The authors developed profits, which is not in their interests. Thus, there is a recommendations for Ukraine and its regions to achieve constant conflict of interest. The only effective aspect of the effect of decoupling as a strategic basis for moving resolving this issue is the development and towards an environmentally sustainable economy implementation of effective mechanisms of legislative through significant changes in Ukrainian public policy, and legal direction, which would clearly regulate the the pace of scientific and technological progress and rules of action, as well as the introduction of an effective structural changes in the economy. branch of executive power that would monitor their An important aspect in the development of the balance compliance. between economic growth and environmental To address the above issues, Ukraine and the world are protection is the consideration of the legal component in developing "Action Plans", among which a special place research. The work Moroz (2019a) argues the need for is occupied by Environmental Development Strategies at new forms of protection of the rights and interests of a the state and interstate levels, which essentially considerable number of people. In the context of the constitute the environmental policy of the countries specifics of environmental disputes, this is extremely involved. In this aspect, Ukraine has adopted the Law of necessary. The institution of a class action should Ukraine "On the Fundamental Principles (Strategy) of become an important legal mechanism to prevent State Environmental Policy of Ukraine until 2030", violations in the field of protection of the rights and which came into force on January 1, 2020 (The Law of interests of participants in environmental legal relations. Ukraine, 2019a). Together with other laws and The article Moroz (2019b) substantiates the objective regulations, this document should help reduce the necessity of unconditional compliance with legally anthropogenic burden on the environment. It is established environmental requirements, prohibitions necessary to investigate how the legal aspect can and restrictions, and their scientifically substantiated contribute to solving the problem of balance between strengthening to achieve ecologically important goals economic development of Ukraine and preservation of focused on the priorities of sustainable development. environmental quality, especially in the context of Restrictive mechanisms are scattered across regulations climate change, where air pollution, waste generation, of different legal force and even different legal branches; and energy security play a major role. therefore, to ensure a holistic system of environmental restrictions, the said restrictive mechanisms should be

128 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728 systematised and unified, while practical experience in this field and identify the main areas of implementation experience should be generalised. environmental development in the decentralisation According to the author, the conceptual principles and process. The existing issues of environmental protection general essential features of public environmental and environmental policy in Ukraine are considered, requirements and restrictions should be reflected in the researchers suggest taking into account the future Environmental Code of Ukraine. The article Moroz environmental component of sustainable development (2020) offers a conceptual understanding of the in the further reform of government by introducing a mechanism of institutionalisation of interests in mechanism for effective solution of environmental environmental law as a multifaceted long process of problems by local communities. In the scientific article development of such ecological and social order (state) (Senyshyn and Senyshyn., 2017), the authors investigate in the form of established functional institutions within the organisational and institutional principles of national the socio-economic, political, and legal system, in the targeted programming of environmental protection in conditions of which there will be an adaptation of Ukraine, analyse the legal documents in the field of interests of individuals, collectives, and their groups to environmental protection. The authors emphasise that statutory requirements, transformation of abstract rules the main tasks of the development of the national into real and effective models of stable interaction. environmental policy of Ukraine are the creation of a Article Goroshkova et al. (2019) analyses the model of new system of environmental legislation and the the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), which assumes development of a state mechanism to ensure compliance an inverse relationship between per capita income and with legal environmental requirements and their environmental quality. In particular, this analysis seeks implementation into environmental legislation of the to take into account the current globalisation process in European Union. order to determine the impact of progressive global economic integration on the relationship between Research of foreign experts on intersection of economic growth and environmental degradation. It is economy and nature conservation proved that the EKC model clearly reflects the An important stage of foreign research is the analysis of correctness of the hypothesis of the relationship modern scientific approaches, mechanisms, directions to between economic growth and environmental impact. address the issue of effective interaction of economic Reduction of the impact on the environment through processes and preservation of the quality of the economic development is possible only through environment. The thesis that society can separate increased spending on environmental activities. The economic growth, defined as growth of gross domestic article proves that specialised companies that render product (GDP), from the growth of the burden on the environmental services are leaders in the top 15 environment is quite tempting. However, if such a countries of the European Union in terms of separation is possible, it means that GDP growth is a environmental investment. In less developed EU stable social goal. countries, the main source of environmental investment The study James et al. (2016) notes that the concept of is the business sector, in second place – state and separation can be interpreted using a model of economic municipal funding (Poland). development and environmental impact. This model is The scientific article Kyshko-Yerli (2014) considers compared with historical data and simulated forecasts to aspects of the ecological legislation of Ukraine, and demonstrate that GDP growth ultimately cannot be especially its codification and adaptation to regulations separated from the use of materials and energy. Thus, of the countries of the European Union concerning the development of a policy focused on growth and environmental protection. Based on a comparative legal possible segregation is erroneous. GDP growth can lead analysis of the experience of EU member states, the to improved welfare of the world's population, but at the study substantiates the feasibility of adopting the same time it leads to considerable environmental Environmental Code of Ukraine. The study Yakushev pollution. (2016) examines the trends of environmental policy in In recent decades, economic growth and the welfare of Ukraine in terms of sustainable development people around the world have been driven by the rapidly management. The authors of the study cite international growing use of natural resources (including materials

129 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728 and energy) and carbon emissions, which have pressures associated with the CE activities under simultaneously reduced resource security, volatile consideration. Many people focus on a single CE activity natural resource prices and climate change. The task or process, which does not necessarily increase was to investigate whether a well-thought-out policy environmental sustainability in general. Based on these could reduce the global use of materials and energy. A results, the authors propose to supplement the new approach of combined economic and environmental management indicators of CE with indicators that record modelling was used to assess the potential of division in the main environmental pressures associated with the 13 regions of the world using a production (territorial) relevant activities of CE. Given the conceptual approach, as well as a consumption approach to discuss relationship between CE activities, resource extraction regional differences in the use of natural resources and waste streams, it can be assumed that a resource- (Schandl et al., 2016). Carbon emissions were analysed based approach that takes into account key in three stylised policy perspectives: a reference case environmental contributions and outputs is necessary to without significant changes in environmental and assess the environmental sustainability of CE activities. climate policy; "high efficiency" forecast, which predicts Article (Hatfield-Dodds et al., 2015) notes that more an increase in the global price of carbon from 50 to 236 than two centuries of economic growth have put US dollars (at a constant price) per tonne of CO2 in the undeniable pressure on the ecological systems that period from 2010 to 2050 and efficiency increase in underpin human well-being. While everyone agrees with resource consumption (increase from 1.5% historically the fact that the pressure is rising, opinions differ on to 3.5-4.5% in scenarios); forecast "medium efficiency", how to reduce it. Using Australia as an example, authors intermediary between the "without changes" and "high consider a new comprehensive analysis of the efficiency" forecasts. The results are reflected in the full relationship between energy, water and food, rural land text of the study. A similar study was conducted in the use (including biodiversity), material flows, and climate article (Yadong et al., 2017). The UN Sustainable change to see if Australia's growing environmental Development Goals for 2030 are set, on the one hand, to pressures can be reduced while population growth and address inclusive growth and poverty reduction, and on welfare increase. The study demonstrates that under the the other hand, to preserve the environment. The right circumstances, economic and environmental correlation between development and the environment results can be separated. Although economic growth is has been widely investigated since the 1990s, high in all scenarios, environmental performance is documenting the inverted U-shaped relationship fundamentally different: pressures are projected to between per capita income and environmental more than double, stabilise, or fall significantly by 2050. degradation rates. The results of the study (Schandl et However, there is little evidence that the division will al., 2016) confirm that the efficiency of non-renewable happen naturally, and therefore will require significant resources of the Earth is gradually increasing, but mere efforts, including political and legislative ones. increase in efficiency is insufficient to compensate for Based on Solow's growth model, a combinatorial model the increase in the scale of losses. of economic growth under environmental pressure is Understanding how the circular economy (CE) can developed (Dai et al., 2013). Using this model, it is reduce environmental pressures from economic activity possible to calculate the optimal number of industries in is crucial for policy and practice. Science offers certain the economy, and the term "optimal number" can be indicators for monitoring and evaluating the activities of considered as a criterion for decision-making on CE. However, the overall activities of the CE, namely industry segmentation. This study presents the critical recycling and green design, are examined in terms of value of the number of industries in the economy, which contribution to environmental sustainability. The study determines the growth (or reduction) of economic (Yadong et al., 2017) estimates the extent to which output after industrial segmentation. The results modern approaches to the evaluation of CE activities obtained include: firstly, technological progress and cover environmental pressures to monitor progress innovative growth cause segmentation of the industry; towards environmental sustainability. Based on the flow secondly, industry segmentation is the main approach to of materials, the authors demonstrate that most supporting economic growth under environmental indicators do not take into account the environmental pressures.

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Thus, the analysis of literature sources indicates a process analysis, which allows to consider a holistic constant scientific search for mechanisms to solve the picture based on a set of elements under study and problem of finding a balance between economic growth scientific objectivity. in the world and the preservation of the environment. The methodological framework of the study comprises a World scientists and professional ecologists are system of general and special methods of scientific constantly trying to develop mechanisms that would cognition. promote the rational use of nature. Admittedly, it is General methods include comparison based on the important to take into account the legal aspect on the results of primary data processing, factor analysis to way to achieving the result. identify causal relationships, and elementary theoretical analysis and synthesis. The use of general scientific MATERIALS AND METHODS methods of formal logic was conditioned by the need to This study employed theoretical research methods, investigate the mechanisms of development of legal namely the analysis of domestic and foreign literature provisions and search for factors that can, by themselves sources, which considered a wide scope of current or consequentially, provoke deterioration of agricultural environmental issues and matters of approaches to land, reduction of forest-steppe and river areas, and environmentally oriented economic activities, as well as environmental pollution, caused by such factors as the legal component in this process. The material basis incorrect waste disposal and air pollution. This, in turn, of the study of the said legal component included the will provoke the application of current legislation to Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine on violators and the possible prosecution of guilty Environmental Protection, the Directives of the individuals and legal entities. The empirical basis of the European Parliament and the Council of Europe, which study included data obtained from the analysis and are aimed at preserving the environment. The synthesis of information contained in various sources of theoretical framework of the study included the articles reporting, including environmental control bodies and of scientists in the field of ecology, environmental bodies of control over violations committed by management, economics, and legal science. The study is individuals and legal entities. The research procedure based on the general principles of scientific cognition, can be represented as a system model of the algorithm namely system analysis, which establishes logical presented in Figure 1. structural relationships between the studied elements,

Economic Climate change due to air pollution; waste generation; deterioration of energy security, etc. activity

Generalisation of the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic development and environmental protection

Ecological safety Analysis of domestic and foreign regulations and and preservation directives on environmental protection of the state of the environment

Figure 1. System model of research algorithm.

131 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION including the provision of water on schedule and the The world and humanity are at a crucial stage in their restriction of water intake for businesses. development with regard to climate change. In the last At the same time, in the south of Ukraine there is a three years alone, global economic losses from climate complete degradation of lands and steppes. Soon the change have amounted to 1 trillion US dollars. In the entire Southern Ukraine will become Oleshky Sands. long run, an increase in global temperature by 2-4 Therewith, Ukrainian forests occupy only 16% of the degrees means catastrophic consequences. NASA country's territory, but they will also disappear from research indicates that since the middle of the last infectious diseases and a record number of pests. Even century, the level of carbon dioxide concentration has now, the spread of microorganisms through warming is become higher than in the last 650,000 years. leading to the mass extinction of coniferous forests, and

Admittedly, the concentration of CO2 has never been if the use of hydrocarbons continues, in a few decades’ kept at the same level: like everything in nature, this forests may not remain in Ukraine at all. Warming will process is cyclical. But in the given situation, this is a lead to increased soil erosion. At present, Ukraine precedent for such a sharp rise that it continues to gain annually loses fertile chernozem. Excessive and frequent momentum. Scientists have proved that it is human droughts will increase the destructive effect. Ukrainian activity that causes the catastrophic melting of glaciers agriculture, on the one hand, is capable of developing in Greenland, the Arctic, Antarctica, while other parts of new crops and harvesting two crops a year, but the the world suffer from floods and droughts. Recent data benefits end there. Farmers will be forced to invest in indicate that in this decade, warming is 10 times faster irrigation systems in the absence of water resources, than before. carry out spring field work faster, protect crops from This is all a global picture, but Ukraine is not left out. The new pests and unpredictable weather anomalies such as country is already losing money due to abnormal hail, which can destroy crops altogether. weather conditions caused by global warming. The situation with solid household and industrial waste Considering the case of elementary annual downpours in Ukraine also cannot be described positively. and squalls, the probability that over time the frequency According to the State Statistics Service, the amount of and severity of these dangerous weather events will only accumulated waste currently exceeds 12 billion tonnes. increase is greater than ever. Along with the intensified According to unofficial sources – three times more. Last occurrence of tornadoes, which were not previously year alone, according to the Ministry of Regional inherent in the territory of Ukraine, strong hurricanes Development, about 10 million tonnes of waste were become more frequent, tearing down the roofs of created, which were buried in 6,000 waste deposits and buildings and uprooting trees. Climatic anomalies such landfills with a total area of over 9,000 hectares. In as chicken egg-sized hail or prolonged downpours addition, there are tens of thousands of landfills in the alternating with two-month droughts have also become private sector with an area of thousands of hectares, commonplace. which is almost impossible to measure accurately. Thus, Due to rising ocean levels, flooding or total extinction of according to the Ministry of Regional Development, coastal areas is predicted. Cities such as Hola Prystan, about 28 thousand unauthorised landfills are detected Zatoka, Lazurne will be completely submerged. annually. According to environmentalists, most landfills Ukrainian Venice – the city of Vylkove on the Danube – often operate without any legal regulation, violating will disappear in about 50 years. Large cities – Odesa, existing provisions and standards. The result was a Mykolaiv, Kherson, Mariupol, Berdiansk, Kerch – will catastrophe in Hrybovychi, the largest landfill in the Lviv also suffer. Tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of people Oblast, which was obsolete and already overflowing with will be forced to flee their homes. Thus, Ukraine will waste. Because of shift of several tons of waste, some have to deal with another wave of internally displaced people got caught under the rubble. The solution to the persons. Lack of drinking water will also become a situation also turned out to be far from effective: to problem. The situation is projected to be particularly transport waste to the Kyivska Oblastand burn it at the serious in large cities. Prolonged droughts will cause Energia plant, which is already operating at full capacity. rivers to flow, necessitating the search for new sources This example clearly demonstrates that waste of water or, in general, austerity of water resources, management problems should be addressed before they

132 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728 occur. To this end, a national strategy for waste the share of waste for incineration – to 20%. By 2050, up management and investment in recycling plants must be to 100% of waste should be recycled. At present, about developed. In general, only 4% of household waste in 40% of waste goes to waste deposits, 40% is recycled or Ukraine is recycled at incinerators that generate positive composted, and the rest is incinerated. The leaders in energy. This is a meagre number on a national scale. recycling are Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria, Firstly, there is no infrastructure for separate collection, where about 70% of waste is recycled. Sweden, sorting, and disposal of solid waste. This significantly Denmark, Belgium, and Luxembourg have slightly lower reduces the level of processing and disposal, and rates. In terms of energy security, it is worth mentioning accordingly increases the level of their burial. Secondly, the depletion of Ukraine's natural non-renewable there are significant problems in the legislation related resources. Most energy companies in Ukraine run on to household waste. In general, Ukraine lacks a national coal, which is rapidly depleting. In addition, a strategy to address littering. In addition, the Ministry of considerable part of the deposits is located in the Ecology and Natural Resources noted that a framework territory beyond Ukraine's control, which impairs access law on waste management is currently being drafted, to resources. On the other hand, coal combustion has an which should become the cornerstone of reforming the extremely negative effect on the state of the atmosphere, system and establishing a system of terminology, as well because during this process a considerable amount of as basic principles of waste management in accordance oxides of sulphur and carbon monoxide and carbon with EU law. dioxide is released. Another problem of Ukraine's energy At the same time, in the EU, the rate of use of materials security is its dependence on energy imports. Each of the per person is 16 tonnes, of which 6 become waste. Each above issues is a consequence of the rapid development of the EU's 500 million households generates an average of the economy. One of the ways to solve this problem is of half a tonne of household waste a year as part of the active use of the legal mechanism. At present, one of household waste. In total, the EU produces about 3 the fundamental legal documents in Ukraine is the Law billion tonnes of waste per year – 40% of which is of Ukraine "On Fundamental Principles (Strategy) of reused or recycled. Therewith, the solid waste State Environmental Policy of Ukraine until 2030"(The management and processing industries in the EU have a Law of Ukraine, 2019b). The basic principles of the turnover of 137 billion euros, which is slightly more than national environmental policy of Ukraine are presented 1.1% of total GDP. Together, these areas create 2 million in Fig. 2, and the objectives are presented in Table 1. jobs. If EU member states recycle 70% of their waste, it Table 2 presents information on the existing and will create another 500,000 new jobs within the EU. The prognostic results of the implementation of the directive is the recycling of 50% of municipal waste and principles of the national environmental policy of 70% of construction waste by 2020. Across the EU, the Ukraine on the basis of 2015 (The Law of Ukraine, share of waste deposits should be reduced to 30% and 2019a).

Table 1. Goals of the state ecological policy of Ukraine No. Goal 1 Development of ecological values and principles of sustainable consumption and production in society 2 Ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine's natural resource potential 3 Ensuring the integration of environmental policy in the decision-making process for socio-economic development of Ukraine 4 Reduction of environmental risks in order to minimise their impact on ecosystems, socio-economic development, and public health 5 Improvement and development of the state system of environmental management

The next effective legislative document of Ukraine in the organisational framework for environmental impact field of environmental protection is the Law of Ukraine assessment aimed at preventing environmental damage, "On Environmental Impact Assessment" (The Law of ensuring environmental safety, environmental Ukraine, 2017). The law establishes the legal and protection, rational use and reproduction of natural

133 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development Int. J. Agr. Ext. (2021). 127-139 | Special Issue DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728 resources in the decision-making process of economic environment, considering national, public, and private activities that may have a significant impact on the interests.

The main principles of national environmental policy

Retention of a state of the climate system that would make it impossible to increase the risks to human health and well-being and the environment

Ukraine's achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), approved at the 2015 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development

Promotion of balanced (sustainable) development by achieving balanced components of development (economic, environmental, social), focusing on the priorities of balanced (sustainable) development

Integration of environmental requirements during the development and approval of documents of state planning, industrial (sectoral), regional, and local development and in the decision-making process regarding the planned activities of facilities that may have a substantial impact on the environment

Cross-sectoral partnership and stakeholder involvement

Prevention of emergencies of natural and anthropogenic origin, which involves the analysis and forecasting of environmental risks, based on the results of strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, as well as comprehensive monitoring of the environment

Ensuring environmental safety and maintaining ecological balance in Ukraine, increasing the level of environmental safety in the exclusion zone

Ensuring the inevitability of liability for violations of environmental legislation

Application of the principles of precaution, prevention, priority of eliminating sources of environmental damage, the Polluter-Pays-Principle

Responsibility of executive authorities and local governments for the availability, timeliness, and reliability of environmental information

Government stimulation of domestic business entities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce energy and resource intensity, modernise production aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment, including improvement of the environmental tax system for environmental pollution and payments for the use of natural resources

Introduction of the newest means and forms of communications and effective information policy in the field of environmental protection

Figure 2. Basic principles of the national ecological policy of Ukraine.

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Table 2. Indicators for assessing the implementation of the principles of national environmental policy Target values Indicator Unit of measurement 2015 2020 2025 2030 Share of renewable energy sources (including hydropower and thermal percent of total energy consumption 4 8 12 17 energy) percent of the total amount of waste Proportion of landfilled waste 50 45 40 35 generated Volumes of use of primary raw materials percent of total raw materials used 90 85 80 75 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in Greenhouse gas emissions 37.8 <76 <60 <60 1990 Emissions of pollutants into the percent of emissions in 2015 100 <6 <16.5 <22.5 atmosphere from stationary sources

Environmental impact assessment is carried out in to conduct the planned activity as follows: compliance with the requirements of environmental – the use of EIA as a tool for decision-making in the legislation, taking into account the state of the initial stages of design and the availability at the same environment in the place where the planned activities stages of information on design solutions to the public; are to be carried out, environmental risks and forecasts, – consideration in the relationship of technological, prospects for socio-economic development of the region, technical, social, environmental, and economic capacity, and aggregate (direct and indirect) impact on indicators of project proposals; the environment, including consideration of the impact – alternative design solutions, development of new of existing facilities, planned activities, and facilities in alternatives; respect of which a decision has been made to carry out – responsibility of the customer (initiator) of activity the planned activities or the issue of making such for consequences of implementation of design decisions. decisions is being considered. In the process of Apart from analysing national legislation, the study environmental impact assessment, timely, adequate, and should focus on the analysis of European Union effective public information is provided. Environmental Directives. Impact Assessment (EIA) Principles regulate the notice Table 3 demonstrates the main Directives of the of the planned activity that is subject to environmental European Union, which govern the protection of the impact assessment, the announcement of the beginning environment. In addition to the problems described in of public discussion of the environmental impact detail above, below are some other documents that are assessment report, informing about the conclusion on strategically important in the aspect of Ukraine's the environmental impact assessment and the decision cooperation with the European Union.

Table 3. European Union directives. Sector Directive (regulation)* Climate Change and Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading Ozone Protection within the Community Sector EU Regulation No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases EU Regulation No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer "Environmental Directive 2003/4/EC on public access to environmental information management and Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects integration of on the environment environmental Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on policy into other the environment industrial policies" Directive 2003/35/EC providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment Atmospheric Air Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe Quality Sector Directive 2004/107/EC relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic

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aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels Directive 1999/32/EC relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels Directive 94/63/EC on the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations Directive 2004/42/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products Waste and Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Framework Directive) Resource Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Management Sector Directive 2006/21/EU on the management of waste from extractive industries Note: * All the following EU directives are available on the EUR-Lex website. Access to European Union Law: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html

It is worth exploring how the legal documents of Ukraine relate to the Directives and Regulations of the European Union: 1) Climate change. To develop an effective domestic monitoring in the field of air protection was approved, climate policy, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine which makes provision for reform of the existing air approved the Concept for the implementation of national monitoring system, as the current system does not allow policy in the field of climate change until 2030 (State to fully obtain operational information on Climate Change Policy, 2016). On July 18, 2018, the concentrations of pollutants in the air and take timely protocol decision of the meeting of the Cabinet of measures to protect the population and the environment Ministers of Ukraine approved the proposal of the from their negative impact (Cabinet of Ministers of Ministry of Environment to submit the Strategy of Low Ukraine, 2018). The order of the Ministry of Economic Carbon Development of Ukraine until 2050 to the Development No. 1394 "On approval of the Technical Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Regulation on limiting emissions of volatile organic Change. On July 30, 2018, this Strategy was posted on compounds due to the use of organic solvents in paints the website of the Secretariat of the UN Framework and varnishes for buildings and repair of wheeled Convention on Climate Change (The Low Carbon vehicles" of 02.10.2018 was registered in the Ministry of Development Strategy of Ukraine, 2016). The Law of Justice of Ukraine on October 30, 2018 under Ukraine “On Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification of No. 1228/32680 (The Law of Ukraine “On Approval…, Greenhouse Gases” adopted to implement certain 2018). Order No. 62 of the Ministry of Ecology and provisions of Directive 2003/87/EC and the Law of Natural Resources of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Ukraine “On Regulation of Economic Activities with Order of the Ministry of Environment No. 541of October Ozone Depleting Substances and Fluorinated 22, 2008" of February 16, 2018 (About the introduction Greenhouse Gases” adopted with consideration of of changes…, 2018) makes provision for the provisions of the EU Regulation No 842/2006 and EU establishment of current and future technological Regulation No 2037/2000, aimed at regulating legal standards of permissible emissions of pollutants into the relations concerning the production, import, export, atmosphere from existing stationary heat installations. storage, use, placing on the market and handling of Promising technological standards for permissible ozone-depleting substances, fluorinated greenhouse emissions of pollutants for existing plants are set taking gases, goods and equipment containing or using them, into account the requirements of the National Plan for which affects the ozone layer and the level of global Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants, warming (Council Directive, 2003; Regulation, 2011; approved by the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Regulation (EC), 2011; The Law of Ukraine, 2018, Ukraine No. 796 of November 8, 2017 (The National Plan 2019b). for Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants 2) Atmospheric air quality. To implement the 2017). provisions of Directive 2008/50/EC and Directive 3) Waste and resource management. To implement 2004/107/EC (Directive 2004/107/EC…, 2004; the provisions of the National Strategy for Waste Directive 2008/50/EC…, 2008) the Procedure for state Management in Ukraine until 2030, approved by the

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Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 820-r of change, waste generation, and energy security in the November 8, 2017 (On approval of the National Waste…, projection of economic development were identified. 2017), the relevant Coordination Council was The main principles (strategy) of the national ecological established for the period up to 2030, acting as a policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 were temporary advisory body to the Cabinet of Ministers of analysed, as well as the regulations of Ukraine and the Ukraine to ensure coordinated actions of central and European Union, which regulate the preservation of the local executive bodies on the development and environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the implementation of national policy in the field of waste problem of the interrelation of economic growth and management. The National Waste Management Plan pressure on the environment. Further development of until 2030 has been approved, which makes provision the study is seen in a more detailed consideration of the for the development of several draft laws, in particular problem of energy security of Ukraine. In addition, an regarding waste management, packaging waste, spent important strategic task is to develop recommendations batteries and accumulators, waste from electrical and for improving the work of executive bodies, for electronic equipment, etc. (The National Waste compliance of enterprises with provisions and legal Management Plan, 2017). bases of environmental legislation upon the economic Thus, it is safe to say that the legal aspect of the development of such enterprises. relationship between economic development and environmental pressures is significant, and at the REFERENCES legislative level this issue is largely addressed. However, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. 2018. The procedure for the process of compliance with legal provisions and the implementation of state monitoring in the field regulations by entrepreneurs, who usually try to avoid of atmospheric air protection. Cabinet of Ministers the issue of environmental protection in their private of Ukraine Decree dated August 12, 2018 No. 827. interests, remains an urgent problem, as it is not a 2018. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/827- profitable moment for them. 2019-п#n18. Council Directive. 2003. Council Directive 2003/87/EC CONCLUSIONS of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for At present, the problem of the impact of economic greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within development of the world on the state of the the Community and amending Council Directive environment is very relevant. Entrepreneurs usually 96/61/EC. 2003. defend their private interests and try to increase profits https://mepr.gov.ua/files/docs/2003%2087%20 in every possible way, without caring about the state of ЄC.pdf. the environment and the future. While in the Dai, F., J. Liu and L. Liang. 2013. Industry segmentation economically developed countries of the world the under environmental pressure: an optimal government is trying hard to control compliance with approach. Technological and Economic environmental legislation and implement a green Development of Economy, 19: S524-S543. economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind in this regard, Danylyshyn, B. and O. Veklych. 2008. The effect of and only in recent years has been actively thinking about decoupling as the factor of the relationship preserving the environment and developing mechanisms between economic growth and environmental to achieve this goal. It was important to explore how the pressures. Visnyk NAN Ukrainy (Bulletin of the legal aspect can help address the balance between NAS of Ukraine), 5: 12-18. Ukraine's economic development and environmental Goroshkova, L. A., E. V. Khlobistov and V. O. Trofimchuk. quality, especially in terms of climate change impacts, 2019. The relationship between economic growth where air pollution, waste generation, and energy and the assimilation potential of the environment security play a key role. in ensuring sustainable development of national As a result of the study, the world experience in finding farms. , 1(69): 24-37. Project Management and ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic Production Development, 1: 24-37. development of countries and the preservation of the Hatfield-Dodds, S., H. Schandl, P. D. Adams, T. M. Baynes, T. environment was analysed. Factors influencing climate S. Brinsmead, B. A. Bryan, F. H. Chiew, P. W. Graham,

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139 Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development