DOCSLIB.ORG

Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System Molecular Mechanisms for Beneficial and Harmful Action SAM ZAKHARI, PH.D. Alcohol can be beneficial or harmful to the cardiovascular system, depending on the amount consumed and the characteristics of the consumer. Of the numerous cellular and molecular mechanisms that are thought to explain the beneficial effects of moderate drinking, this article discusses four, involving (1) high density lipoproteins, (2) cellular signaling, (3) platelet function in blood clot formation, and (4) stimulation of blood clot dissolution. Although light-to-moderate drinking can protect against coronary artery disease, heavy alcohol consumption can damage the cardiovascular system, resulting in maladies such as heart muscle disorders, irregular heart rhythms, high blood pressure, and strokes. This article summarizes representative epidemiological and animal studies on these cardiovascular consequences of chronic heavy alcohol consumption and reviews mechanisms that have been suggested to explain alcohol’s effects. KEY WORDS: chronic AODE (alcohol and other drug effects); molecular interaction; biochemical mechanism; lipoproteins; platelets; blood coagulation; moderate AOD use; heavy AOD use; therapeutic drug effect; AODR (alcohol and other drug related) disorder; alcoholic cardiomyopathy; cardiac arrhythmia; hypertensive disorder; stroke; literature review; cell signaling lcoholic beverages have been sumed. This chronic heavy drinking1 is used—and abused—since the 1The term “heavy drinking” is not used consistently in a significant factor in the development the alcohol literature; therefore, this article generally dawn of history. Although most 2 A of alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, refers to “heavy drinking” and “heavy drinkers” based people who choose to drink can limit their and is associated with serious adverse on the terms used in the reference cited. intake to a level that produces no harm to health consequences, including nega- 2The terms “alcoholism” and “alcoholic” as used in their health or to society, about 34 percent tive effects on the cardiovascular sys- this article are summary terms for the diagnoses of of the population drinks approximately 62 tem, such as heart muscle disorders alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. percent of all alcoholic beverages con- (i.e., cardiomyopathy), heartbeat rhythm 3In this article, the term “moderate drinking” generally irregularities (i.e., arrhythmias), high refers to the consumption of one or two drinks per SAM ZAKHARI, PH.D., is chief of the blood pressure (i.e., hypertension), and day. Moderate drinking cannot be achieved by simply strokes. averaging the number of drinks consumed, however. Biomedical Research Branch at the For example, consuming seven drinks on a Saturday 3 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse In contrast, moderate drinking has night will not have the same effects as consuming one and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland. been known since ancient times to drink each day of the week. VOL. 21, NO. 1, 1997 21 promote conviviality and decrease arterial plaque formation, but the formed mainly in the liver and enter the tension, anxiety, and self-conscious- underlying mechanisms by which blood circulation to transport choles- ness; the possible physical health alcohol influences the several interde- terol and triglycerides to peripheral benefits of moderate drinking were pendent events leading to atheroscle- tissues throughout the body. In the cap- noted long ago as well.4 In modern rosis (see, for example, Foegh and illaries within fatty tissues and muscles, times, numerous epidemiological Virmani 1993) are not totally clear. In an enzyme known as lipoprotein lipase studies associate moderate alcohol addition, it should be noted that some (LPL) breaks down triglycerides in consumption with protective health of these mechanisms work after re- both chylomicrons and VLDL to sub- benefits (see table), including a lower peated or chronic alcohol consump- stances used in metabolism and energy risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) tion (such as the effect on lipoproteins), storage (i.e., fatty acids and glycerol). (see, for example, Boffetta and but some start to act after a single As LPL breaks down VLDL mole- Garfinkel 1990). In the United States, drink (such as the effect on blood cules, LDL particles are formed. LDL where CAD accounts for about platelets) as described below. This particles contain large concentrations 450,000 deaths every year, some peo- article reviews findings on the follow- of cholesterol and phospholipids. ple advocate moderate drinking to ing factors that have received research Some cholesterol is released to body reduce the risk of death from CAD. attention: tissues, where it plays an important Moderate drinking is not risk free, role in maintaining cell membranes however (see, for example, Criqui • Blood concentrations of high den- and synthesizing steroids such as sex 1996), and careful analysis of the sity and low density lipoproteins hormones, corticosteroids, bile acids, tradeoffs between its benefits and risks • Cellular signaling and vitamin D. LDL cholesterol not should be considered on an individual delivered to tissues (about 60 percent) basis and across the life span (Dufour • Blood clot formation by cells may be recaptured by special LDL 1996; Zakhari and Wassef 1996). known as platelets receptors in the liver. If LDL mole- This article first focuses on ad- • Blood clot dissolution through cules are not recaptured by the liver vances from biochemical research that enzyme action. (e.g., because of a hereditary deficien- have improved our understanding of cy of LDL receptors), blood levels of alcohol’s beneficial effects on the cholesterol rise. Because accumulated cardiovascular system. Building on Alcohol’s Effects on High Density and Low Density Lipoprotein Levels cholesterol forms a major component this foundation, the article next exam- of the characteristic fatty plaques that ines several specific consequences of Major plasma lipids (i.e., the fatlike build up along artery walls in athero- long-term heavy alcohol consumption substances cholesterol and triglycer- genesis, high cholesterol levels often on the cardiovascular system. ides) circulate as macromolecular are associated with CAD. complexes of fat molecules and pro- Clinical studies have shown, how- BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES teins (i.e., lipoproteins). Of the several ever, that every 1-percent reduction in different types of lipoproteins present plasma cholesterol levels decreases the Biochemical studies designed to ad- in the body, two are known to have risk for CAD by 2 percent. HDL plays a dress the mechanisms of alcohol’s particular relevance to the formation key role in reducing cholesterol levels. effects on CAD risk have focused on of arterial plaque deposits: high densi- Free cholesterol released from cells factors that promote or protect against ty and low density lipoproteins. In the initially is incorporated into HDL by an the abnormal narrowing of coronary simplest terms, high levels of high enzyme called lecithin-cholesterol acyl arteries and the formation of fatty density lipoproteins (HDL) and low transferase (LCAT), which changes the plaque deposits (i.e., atherogenesis),5 levels of low density lipoproteins cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. To which leads to degenerative changes (LDL) are desirable. Current recom- remove cholesterol from the circulation, in the arterial walls and eventually to mendations advocate plasma HDL the cholesteryl esters then are trans- “hardening of the arteries” (i.e., ath- levels of at least 35 milligrams per ported to LDL by cholesteryl ester erosclerosis). Research using a geneti- deciliter (mg/dL) and LDL levels of transfer protein (CETP) for recapture cally defined inbred strain of mice less than 160 mg/dL in adults. Ideally, by the LDL receptors in the liver. In confirmed that alcohol can reduce the LDL:HDL ratio should be be- addition, a newly discovered species of tween 2.5:1 and 4.5:1. HDL called pre-high density lipopro- 4For example, Psalm 104:14–15 mentions “wine that Chylomicrons and very low density tein binds with free cholesterol in a gladdens the heart of man” as one of the fruits brought lipoproteins (VLDL) are two other ma- process known as reverse cholesterol forth from the earth as a result of God’s handiwork, and in I Timothy 5:23, Paul advises Timothy: “Stop jor classes of lipoproteins in the body. transport, in which excess cholesterol is drinking only water, and use a little wine because of Chylomicrons, the largest lipoprotein removed from body tissues, transported your stomach and your frequent illnesses.” particles, carry triglycerides consumed to the liver, and excreted in bile. 5 For a definition of this and other technical terms, see in food from the intestine to the blood, Biochemical studies examining the glossary, pp. 93–96 whereas the smaller VLDL particles are alcohol’s effects on HDL are rooted in 22 ALCOHOL HEALTH & RESEARCH WORLD Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System epidemiological studies that show an inverse relationship between plasma Effects of Moderate and Heavy Drinking . HDL cholesterol levels and CAD. Beneficial Effects of Moderate Drinking Harmful Effects of Heavy Drinking Further epidemiological studies show an association between alcohol con- Reduction of plaque deposits in arteries Increased risk for heart muscle disease sumption and increased plasma HDL (i.e., atherosclerosis) (i.e., alcoholic cardiomyopathy) 6 levels. A study by Linn and col- Protection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Is Alcohol Use Related to High Cholesterol in Premenopausal
    Research iMedPub Journals Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018 http://www.imedpub.com/ Vol.3 No.1:3 ISSN 2572-5483 DOI: 10.21767/2572-5483.100024 Is Alcohol Use Related To High Cholesterol in Premenopausal Women Aged 40-51 Years Old? Sydnee Homeyer, Jessica L Hartos*, Holli Lueg, Jessica Moore and Patricia Stafford Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, USA *Corresponding author: Jessica L. Hartos, Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, USA, Tel: 817-735-2454; Fax: 817-735-2529; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: November 13, 2017; Accepted date: January 8, 2018; Publication date: January 15, 2018 Citation: Homeyer S, Hartos JL, Lueg H, Moore J, Stafford P, et al. (2018) Is Alcohol Use Related To High Cholesterol In Premenopausal Women Aged 40-51 Years Old? J Prev Med Vol.3 No.3: 3. Copyright: © 2018 Homeyer S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Abstract Increased serum cholesterol levels is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) [1], and over seventy-one million Purpose: Alcohol use and cholesterol are related in men and American adults have high cholesterol (27%) [2,3]. In American postmenopausal women but relations between alcohol use women, cholesterol levels have been shown to increase with and cholesterol are unclear for premenopausal women. The age, and nearly 1 in 2 American women has high or borderline purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol use was related to cholesterol in women aged 40-51 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • E the Effect of Topiramate on Weight Loss in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
    E The effect of topiramate on weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes RTICL Sedighe Moradi, Scott Reza Jafarian Kerman, Mina Mollabashi A Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Hemmat Campus), Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background: Obesity has been associated with several co‑morbidities such as diabetes and increased mortality. In general, the use of medication promotes only a modest weight loss in the range of 2 to 10 kg, usually most effective during the first 6 months of therapy; however, studies have shown positive effects on other risk factors such as blood pressure and serum glucose levels, but there are fewer studies in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topiramate on weight reduction patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was a 32‑week randomized clinical trial study of 69 subjects during 2008‑2010. RIGINAL Patients, in two treatment groups were given topiramate (39 patients) and Placebo (30 patients) and were subjected to participation in a non‑pharmacologic lifestyle intervention program; which were randomly allocated in our two groups. The percentage change in body O weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) at the end of the study was the primary efficacy endpoint and secondary indicators were changes in blood pressure (BP), proportion of subjects who achieved 5% or 10% weight loss, changes in lipid profile (total cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides); and changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HgA1c). Paired samples and independent samples t‑test was used for statistical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Kava Kava Extract Is Available from Ashland Chemical Co., Mini Star International, Inc., and QBI (Quality Botanical Ingredients, Inc.)
    SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Kava Kava 9000-38-8; 84696-40-2 November 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS Basis for Nomination Chemical Identification Production Information Use Pattern Human Exposure Regulatory Status Evidence for Possible Carcinogenic Activity Human Data Animal Data Metabolism Other Biological Effects Structure-Activity Relationships References BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE CSWG Kava kava is brought to the attention of the CSWG because it is a rapidly growing, highly used dietary supplement introduced into the mainstream U.S. market relatively recently. Through this use, millions of consumers using antianxiety preparations are potentially exposed to kava kava. A traditional beverage of various Pacific Basin countries, kava clearly has psychoactive properties. The effects of its long-term consumption have not been documented adequately; preliminary studies suggest possibly serious organ system effects. The potential carcinogenicity of kava and its principal constituents are unknown. INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INDUSTRY The U.S. Pharmacopeia is in the process of reviewing kava kava. No decision on preparation of a monograph has been made. SELECTION STATUS ACTION BY CSWG: 12/14/98 Studies requested: - Toxicological evaluation, to include studies of reproductive toxicity and neurotoxicity - Genotoxicity Priority: High Rationale/Remarks: - Significant human exposure - Leading dietary supplement with rapidly growing use - Concern that kava has been promoted as a substitute for ritilin in children - Test extract standardized to 30 percent kavalactones - NCI is conducting studies in Salmonella typhimurium CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION CAS Registry Number: 9000-38-8 Kava-kava resin (8CI) Chemical Abstract Service Name: 84696-40-2 CAS Registry Number: Pepper (Piper), P. methysticum, ext. Chemical Abstract Service Name: Extract of kava; kava extract; Piper Synonyms and Trade Names: methisticum extract Description: The tropical shrub Piper methysticum is widely cultivated in the South Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • Statin-Induced Myopathy: Translational Studies from Preclinical to Clinical Evidence
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Statin-Induced Myopathy: Translational Studies from Preclinical to Clinical Evidence Giulia Maria Camerino 1, Nancy Tarantino 1 , Ileana Canfora 1 , Michela De Bellis 1, Olimpia Musumeci 2 and Sabata Pierno 1,* 1 Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.C.); [email protected] (N.T.); [email protected] (I.C.); [email protected] (M.D.B.) 2 Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Statins are the most prescribed and effective drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Nevertheless, these drugs can be responsible for skeletal muscle toxicity which leads to reduced compliance. The discontinuation of therapy increases the incidence of CVD. Thus, it is essential to assess the risk. In fact, many studies have been performed at preclinical and clinical level to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications of statin myotoxicity. Conse- quently, new toxicological aspects and new biomarkers have arisen. Indeed, these drugs may affect gene transcription and ion transport and contribute to muscle function impairment. Identifying a marker of toxicity is important to prevent or to cure statin induced myopathy while assuring the right therapy for hypercholesterolemia and counteracting CVD. In this review we focused on the mechanisms of muscle damage discovered in preclinical and clinical studies and highlighted the Citation: Camerino, G.M.; Tarantino, pathological situations in which statin therapy should be avoided.
    [Show full text]
  • Tegretol (Carbamazepine)
    Page 3 Tegretol® carbamazepine USP Chewable Tablets of 100 mg - red-speckled, pink Tablets of 200 mg – pink Suspension of 100 mg/5 mL Tegretol®-XR (carbamazepine extended-release tablets) 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg Rx only Prescribing Information WARNING SERIOUS DERMATOLOGIC REACTIONS AND HLA-B*1502 ALLELE SERIOUS AND SOMETIMES FATAL DERMATOLOGIC REACTIONS, INCLUDING TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS (TEN) AND STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (SJS), HAVE BEEN REPORTED DURING TREATMENT WITH TEGRETOL. THESE REACTIONS ARE ESTIMATED TO OCCUR IN 1 TO 6 PER 10,000 NEW USERS IN COUNTRIES WITH MAINLY CAUCASIAN POPULATIONS, BUT THE RISK IN SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES IS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 10 TIMES HIGHER. STUDIES IN PATIENTS OF CHINESE ANCESTRY HAVE FOUND A STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE RISK OF DEVELOPING SJS/TEN AND THE PRESENCE OF HLA-B*1502, AN INHERITED ALLELIC VARIANT OF THE HLA-B GENE. HLA-B*1502 IS FOUND ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN PATIENTS WITH ANCESTRY ACROSS BROAD AREAS OF ASIA. PATIENTS WITH ANCESTRY IN GENETICALLY AT- RISK POPULATIONS SHOULD BE SCREENED FOR THE PRESENCE OF HLA-B*1502 PRIOR TO INITIATING TREATMENT WITH TEGRETOL. PATIENTS TESTING POSITIVE FOR THE ALLELE SHOULD NOT BE TREATED WITH TEGRETOL UNLESS THE BENEFIT CLEARLY OUTWEIGHS THE RISK (SEE WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS/LABORATORY TESTS). APLASTIC ANEMIA AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS APLASTIC ANEMIA AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE USE OF TEGRETOL. DATA FROM A POPULATION-BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY DEMONSTRATE THAT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING THESE REACTIONS IS 5-8 TIMES GREATER THAN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. HOWEVER, THE OVERALL RISK OF THESE REACTIONS IN THE UNTREATED GENERAL POPULATION IS LOW, APPROXIMATELY SIX PATIENTS PER ONE MILLION POPULATION PER YEAR FOR AGRANULOCYTOSIS AND TWO PATIENTS PER ONE MILLION POPULATION PER YEAR FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Studies on the Kavain Metabolism in Human Specimen and Liver Cell Lines
    Analytical studies on the kavain metabolism in human specimen and liver cell lines Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Vorgelegt von Fuad Ali Tarbah aus Derna, Libyen Düsseldorf 2003 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Referent: Prof. Dr. Th. Daldrup Korreferent: Prof. Dr. G. Willuhn, Prof. Dr. H. Weber Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. 12. 2003 Parts of this Ph.D. Thesis have already been presented and/or published in: Tarbah F. A., Mahler H., Temme O. and Daldrup Th. Mass spectral characterisation of hepatic cell metabolites of D,L-kavain using HPLC and GC/MS systems. Special issue: 37th TIAFT triennial meeting “Problems of Forensic Sciences” XLII: 173-180 (1999) Tarbah F. A., Mahler H., Temme O. and Daldrup Th. Determination of D,L-kavain and its metabolites in blood, serum and urine. Rapid quantitative method using fluid/fluid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Poster in 79. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rechtsmedizin, Medizinische Einrichtungen der Universität / Gesamthochschule Essen (2000) Tarbah F., Mahler H., Kardel B., Weinmann W., Hafner D. and Daldrup Th. Kinetics of kavain and its metabolites after oral application. J. Chromatogr. B 789 (1): 115-130 (2003) Cabalion P., Barguil Y., Duhet D., Mandeau A., Warter S., Russmann S., Tarbah F. and Daldrup Th. Kava in modern therapeutic uses: to a better evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Overview of Psychotropic Medication Use for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
    A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATION USE FOR PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES INTRODUCTION Individuals with intellectual disabilities are not uncommonly prescribed psychotropic medications. Too often, historically, such agents have been used to try to improve behavioral control without adequate understanding of the antecedents, purpose, and reinforcement of the problematic behavior. While an individual with an intellectual disability may experience a depressive, anxiety, or psychotic disorder in the more typical sense some individuals experience a pattern of anxiety/alarm/arousal leading to affective dysregulation and impulsive behavior. The anxiety can be stimulated by environmental change, physical discomfort, cues related to past trauma, overstimulation, boredom, confusion, or other unpleasant states. Addressing what is causing the distress or reinforcing the behavioral response is the most important thing (though not always easy). Psychotropic medications may be useful for treating more typically presenting psychiatric illnesses as well as being part of more comprehensive plans to attenuate risk behaviors. An individual with intellectual disabilities who seems sad, is withdrawn, shows low energy and lack of interest, is eating or sleeping more or less, or may be more irritable could be suffering from a depression that needs medication treatment. On the other hand an individual with intellectual disabilities who demonstrates aggression, property destruction, self-injury, or other forms of “dyscontrol” may be helped by medication aimed at blunting the anxiety/alarm and/or blocking its escalation into aggression or other dangerous behaviors. In such instances the medications are just part of an overall strategy or plan to help the individual avoid the “need” to engage in such behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Transduction Current of Vertebrate
    A STUDY OF THE TRANSDUCTION CURRENT OF VERTEBRATE OLFACTORY NEURONS By Chih-Chun LIN A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2015 © 2015 Chih-Chun LIN All Rights Reserved Abstract Vertebrate olfactory transduction is a G-protein-coupled receptor pathway that involves the sequential activation of two ion channels to generate an electric signal in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). The opening of one of these, the CNG channel, leads to Ca2+ influx, which then activates a calcium-activated Cl channel, Ano2 (anoctamin2 or TMEM16B). Because the chloride concentration in ORNs is constitutively high, the opening of Ano2 results in a Cl efflux, hence an inward current. Thus, the Cl current is believed to amplify the signal from the CNG channel. The CNG current in ORNs is subject to Ca2+-mediated adaptation, but it is difficult to study this question in detail because the presence of the Cl current typically masks a good part of the CNG current. To understand the interaction between the CNG and Cl currents via the Ca2+ influx, we have succeeded in developing a method to dissect the transduction current into its CNG and Cl components, thus revealing the kinetics of each. In addition, we characterized an Ano2-/- mouse line as the platform for further study of CNG current in the future. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...ii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………...iii TABLE OF FIGURES AND TABLES…………………………………………………..v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………..vii Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Gross anatomy of olfactory system……………………………………………….1 1.2 Histology of the olfactory epithelium…………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • APTIOM (Eslicarbazepine Acetate) Is (S)-10-Acetoxy-10,11-Dihydro-5H­ Dibenz[B,F]Azepine-5-Carboxamide
    HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Monitor and discontinue if another cause cannot be established. (5.2, 5.3, These highlights do not include all the information needed to use 5.4) APTIOM safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for • Hyponatremia: Monitor sodium levels in patients at risk or patients APTIOM. experiencing hyponatremia symptoms. (5.5) • Neurological Adverse Reactions: Monitor for dizziness, disturbance in gait APTIOM® (eslicarbazepine acetate) tablets, for oral use and coordination, somnolence, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and visual Initial U.S. Approval: 2013 changes. Use caution when driving or operating machinery. (5.6) • Withdrawal of APTIOM: Withdraw APTIOM gradually to minimize the ---------------------------RECENT MAJOR CHANGES-------------------------­ risk of increased seizure frequency and status epilepticus. (2.6, 5.7, 8.1) Indications and Usage (1) 9/2017 • Dosage and Administration (2) 9/2017 Drug Induced Liver Injury: Discontinue APTIOM in patients with jaundice Warnings and Precautions (5) 9/2017 or evidence of significant liver injury. (5.8) • Hematologic Adverse Reactions: Consider discontinuing. (5.10) ----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE--------------------------­ APTIOM is indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 4 ------------------------------ADVERSE REACTIONS------------------------------­ years of age and older. (1) • Most common adverse reactions in adult patients receiving APTIOM (≥4% and ≥2% greater than placebo): dizziness, somnolence, nausea, headache, ----------------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION----------------------­ diplopia, vomiting, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, blurred vision, and tremor. (6.1) • Adult Patients: The recommended initial dosage of APTIOM is 400 mg • Adverse reactions in pediatric patients are similar to those seen in adult once daily. For some patients, treatment may be initiated at 800 mg once patients. daily if the need for seizure reduction outweighs an increased risk of adverse reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Non Ionic Surfactant Based Vesicles (Niosomes) Containing Flupirtine Maleate As an Ocular Drug Delivery System
    Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(10):4495-4500 ISSN : 0975-7384 Research Article CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Non Ionic Surfactant Based Vesicles (Niosomes) Containing Flupirtine Maleate as an Ocular Drug Delivery System. Shweta Patidar and Shelesh Jain Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS group of Institutes, Vidhya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The aim of present investigation was to formulate and evaluate Niosomes, a synthetic microscopic vesicles consisting of an aqueous concentration is enclosed in a bilayer consisting of cholesterol and nonionic surfactants to improve the low corneal permeability for effective management trigeminal neuralgia. Proniosomal gels of flupirtine Maleate (centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic) were developed with span 20, span 60, span 80, tween 20 and tween 80 with cholesterol. Nonionic surfactant vesicles formed immediately upon hyadrating proniosomal gel. The morphological characteristics, entrapment efficiency, In-vitro drug release, drug release kinetic, stability studies, ocular irritation test, In vivo studies (eye wiping test) for Trigeminal neuralgia was determined. The entrapment efficiency (EE %) of flupirtine maleate was determined by centrifugation of freeze thawed vesicles followed the order span80 >span 60> span 20> tween 20> tween 80. The In vitro drug release studies showed that there was a prolong release of drug which followed Higuchi
    [Show full text]
  • High Cholesterol Risk Factors Many Things Raise the Level of Fat in Your Blood
    High Cholesterol Risk Factors Many things raise the level of fat in your blood. Cholesterol is a waxy fat the body makes to help it Some can be controlled, but others cannot. build cells and make hormones. It is part of bile, which helps digest fats. It lets the body use Some things you can control are: vitamins A, D, E and K. • Limit how much alcohol you drink The liver makes cholesterol from stored sugars • Be more active and fats. Animal-based foods we eat have cholesterol. These are things like meats, egg • Eat less saturated fat and sugar. Saturated fat yolks, shrimp and dairy products. is fat that is solid at room temperature, such as butter or cheese. Fat raises cholesterol levels. When there is too much fat in your blood, it can Sugar and alcohol raise triglyceride levels. build up inside blood vessels. This raises your risk of heart disease or problems with your pancreas. These also raise cholesterol levels: Cholesterol is carried in the blood attached to • Birth control pills lipoproteins. The best known are low-density and • Diabetes high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL). • Genes Triglycerides are another type of fat found in • Low thyroid levels blood. The extra food we eat but do not use right away becomes triglycerides. They are stored in How to Know You Have High Cholesterol our fat cells. Hormones release the triglycerides for energy between meals. A blood test will tell you if you have high cholesterol. It is best not to eat or drink for 12 Symptoms hours before this test.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Four Hormonal Con- Traceptives on Lipid Profile Under Real Conditions of Use After 6 Months of Treatment
    Beltran DA, et al., J Food Sci Nutr 2020, 6: 065 DOI: 10.24966/FSN-1076/100065 HSOA Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research Article Drospirenone group and 63 to a control group in which the subjects Effect of Four Hormonal Con- were not given any type of treatment. Plasma levels of cholester- ol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were deter- traceptives on Lipid Profile mined before treatment and six months after taking the hormone steroid treatment, except in the case of the control group which was Under Real Conditions of Use not give any medication. After 6 Months of Treatment Results A statistically significant reduction of LDL cholesterol was found in the treatment group that received oral Chlormadinone and in the control group. On the contrary, this value increased in the other Beltran DA1*, Crespo AB2, Valle SG3 and Iglesias AG4 treatment groups, although this was not of statistical significance. 1Vicalvaro Municipal Health Centre Madrid-Salud. Madrid Council, Madrid, Keywords: Coagulation parameters; Hormonal contraceptives; Spain Platelet; Venous tromboembolism 2Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 3Community pharmacy, Master of Toxicology, University of Salamanca, Spain Introduction 4Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The association of Hormonal Contraceptives (HC) and increased University of Salamanca, Spain risk of cardiovascular disease and of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) has been demonstrated in different studies [1,2], with evidence of
    [Show full text]