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Home , Absalon, Birka, Buskerud, Darbu, Eiker, Hedmarken

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–– German and Nordic personal names and geographical names may include letters not used in English that are entered alphabetically in the Index according to the following phonetic rules: Å, å = AA, aa; Ä, ä, Æ, æ = AE, ae; ü = y; Ø, ø, Ö, ö = OE, oe; ǫ = oe; ð = D, d; Þ, þ = Th, th. –– Medieval and classical persons are entered according to Christian name, except in a few cases of persons who are normally or systematically known by surnames; modern persons are entered according to surname. –– In order to make titles of annals and chronicles and similar types of sources more immediately and generally comprehensible, they have been translated into English in the text and are entered according to the English translation in the Index. –– S.K. Cohn, Jr claims to have identified historical plague as an unknown disease which he does not name, it is therefore entered under Cohn’s disease. –– For medical and epidemiological terms see also Glossary. –– P = , H = Hundred, C = County. –– Since feudal possession of land did (for all practical purposes) not occur in , all land was allodial, privately owned by persons or institutions. Although many peasants were tenants, much peasant land was owned wholly or partly by those operating it or, as is implied then, partly rented it, and in effect peasants often were partly freeholders, partly tenants. The term farm- stead is here used as a generic term to denote tenancies or free holdings or various partial com- binations.

Åbo/Turku, 436 castle, by medieval , 191, 295, 321, Absalon Pederssøn Beyer, Norwegian 431 humanist, 211, 433, 434 Åkre, farmstead, Ullensvang H, 138 Ackerknecht E.H., 79, 454 Alemanni (Germanic people), 87 aDNA, ancient DNA, 16, 20, 73, 74, 74, Alexandria, 59, 67, 110, 137, 225, 227 79, 80, 82, 88, 88, 90, 91, 92, 328, Alps, Alpine, 317 328, 329, 331, 332, 334, See also Alps, Tyrolese, 112 Paleobiology Alsace and Lorraine, 87 Advisory Committee, 596, 597, 614, 615 Alternative epidemiological theories of plague in Africa, 20, 27, 67, 84, 85, 136, 224, 309, the past, XVI, XXV, 3, 17, 45, 453, 476, 492, 310 593, 594, 616 North, 25, 28, 64, 67, 68, 73, 77, 85, Alternative microbiological theories of plague in the 137, 223, 224, 225, 362, 477, past, XVI, 16, 45, 79, 307, 381, 452, 454, 456, 557, 651 464, 468, 470, 475, 476, 593, 594 West, 310, 324, 325, 455 Alvald Sveinkesson, Mæl P, H, C., , 132, 139, 140, 150, 151, 193, 208, 133, 168 212, 213 Amercements/bøter, 247, See also Registers of Agdesiden, 112, 150, 151, 189, 193, 195, amercements 566 America(ns) (USA), 8, 10, 14, 59, 376, 458, 525, 532, Agdesiden, historical district (Norway), 539, 555, 556, 558, 560, 561, 562, 605, 629, 150, 188 630, 631, 639, 641, 645, 647, 654, 657, 664 Agricultural system, medieval Norway, 176, Åmot H, C, 111 234 Amund Torgardsson, 164 Ahlén I., Swedish zoologist, 441 Ångermanland, historical province, Västnorrland C Aker H and P, by medieval Oslo, 121, 300 (), 439, 441 Akershus C (Norway), 300 Anglo-Saxon, 421 Index 695

Annals, 189, 265, 271, 273, 285, See also Ayyadurai S., 613 Chronicles; Icelandic annals Bacot A., 508, 512, 524, 525, 529, 609, 628 Anne Rud, noblewoman, ~ Henrik Bærum, H, by Oslo, Akershus C, 164, 191, 431 Krummedike, daughter Sofie, 145 Baghdad, , 227 Antarctica, 54, 399, 403 Båhuslen, C, medieval Norway, 153, 193 Anthrax, Bacillus Antracis, 324, See also Bailiff/fogd, 166, 428 Alternative microbiological theories Balfour A., 506, 507 Antigens, specific proteins in bacterial Baltazard M., 4, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 553, capsules, 74 554, 555, 593, 595, 598, 599, 600, 601,602, F1 antigen, Yersinia pestis, 16, 20, 47, 603, 604,605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 633, 658 73, 74, 75, 79, 82, 92, 328, 329, , 12, 44, 112, 114, 116, 170, 216, 217, 280, 331, 483 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 318, 323, 427, 452, Ånund Helgesson, Mæl P, Tinn H, Telemark 453, 485, 574, 576, 577 C., 133, 168 Barletta, (Italy), 82 Arbrå, village, region of Hälsingland, 439 Bavaria(ns), 83, 87, 88, 225, 483 Arctic regions, 54 Beddingham, Roman villa, Sussex C, 420 Aristotle, 375, 545, 602 Belgium, southern part of the historical Arles, 87, 111 , 114, 121, 225, 420 Arne (Vade) Einarsson, archbishop of Benedictow O.J., 9, 35, 197, 206, 210, 212, 238, 256, Nidaros 1346-1349, 139, 148, 149 257, 258, 266, 353, 384, 401, 464, 476, 477, Arne Ketilsson, canon, Oslo , 121 558, 562, 601 Arngjerd, Thorstein on Lunde’s widow, 124 Berg, farmstead, Øvre H, 124 Arnulf Steinarsson, canon, Oslo cathedral, op Zoom (Netherlands), 484 122 Bergen, Bay of harbour, 136, 145, 147, 224, 576 Ås P and H, Akerhus C, 299, 300 Bergen, diocese and cathedral city (Norway), 12, Åsa Berdorsdatter, See brothers Gudmund, 116, 118, 130, 132, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, Thorstein, Eirik 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 147, 150, 151, 169, 172, Aschheim (Bavaria), 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 199, 202, 116, 118, 395, 552 203, 204, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, Asgaut Jokjellsson, peasant on Avløs, 164 219, 222, 224, 226, 230, 232, 234, 259, 260, Asia Minor (), 64, 67, 84 265, 272, 277, 278, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, , district (Norway), 117 291, 296, 300, 301, 321, 322, 332, 400, 430, Atlantic Ocean, 113, 137, 223, 570 433, 434, 435, 475, 484, 529, 573, 574, 579, Aubagne, 81 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 Audoin-Rouzeau F., 3, 364, 418, 419, 429, Bergen, Hanseatic Wharf (Tyskebryggen), 144 459, 499, 554, 594, 601, 608 Bergen-Florida, area in modern Bergen, 582 Audun Thorstensson, 133 Bergen-Fredriksberg, area in modern Bergen, 582 Augsburg, 484 Bergenhus castle, Bergen (Norway), 113, 145 Augst, See Augusta Raurica Bern, 420 Augusta Raurica (Roman precursor of Bernström J., Swedish historian of zoology, 435, Augst, Switzerland), 420 436 Australia(ns), 14, 88, 351, 413 Berre L’Etang, 81 Austria(n)(s), 68, 86, 87, 420 Bézier, 111 Auvergne, 87 Bianucci R., 76, 79, 91, 329, 330 Avignon, papal city, Provence, 68, 86, 87, Bibikova V.A. and Klassovskiy L.N., 24, 356, 369, 420 378, 529, 539, 540, 541, 542, 545, 546, 547, Avløs, farmstead, Østre Bærum [Haslum] P, 608, 610, 637 Bærum H, 164 Biological transmission of plague, 378, 499, 534, Aylesbury P, Buckinghamshire C, See 535, 544, 611, 630, See also Blockage Walton Biovars and strains, See Genetic aspects 696 Index

Biraben J.-N., 4, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 85, 316, 111, 327, 333, 334, 335, 371, 372, 373, 374, 463, 595 375, 376, 377, 378, 445, 460, 461, 477, 479, Birka, Viking town on I. in L. Mälaren, 426, 500, 501, 502, 524, 526, 527, 528, 529, 534, 427 535, 544, 545, 546, 547, 549, 550, 552, 553, Eystein’s Cadaster, Oslo Diocese, 562, 563, 565, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 618, 119, 121 626, 627, 629, 630, 638, 639, 643, 646, 649, Bjarne, priest (Bergen), 139 651, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 664 Bjørkvik H., Norwegian historian, 185, 186, Blockmans W.P., Belgian historian, 48 187, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, Boccaccio G., Italian author (1313-1375), 227 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 261, 264, Bøhm T., Norwegian historian, 161 265, 266 Bombay, 552, 597, 614, See Mumbai Black Death (1346-1353), See also Plague Bondy,village near , 91 Area of origin, 35, 85, 576 Bordeaux, 110, 111, 113, 137, 225 Arrival and spread in England, 384, Bos K.I., 484 616 Bourges, town (France) 87 Arrivals in (contemporary territory of) Bradley L., 344, 345, 349 , 12, 127, 290 , Hanseatic city, 114, 116, 151 Arrivals in (contemporary territory of) Bristol, 115, 350, 573, 580 Norway, 100, 113, 134, 146, 150, British Is., 14, 110, 404, 415, 420, 421, 453, 457, 175, 183, 187, 208, 255 459, 469, 470, 507, 523, 570, 571, 573, 579, Arrivals in (contemporary territory of) 580 Sweden, 12, 289 Brønnøy(a) (several islands on the coasts of Countermeasures, XXIV, 66, 68, 122, Norway), 117 173, 174, 197, 347, 442, 468, Brough of Birsay I. (north-west of The Mainland of) 469, 470, 569, Orkney Is., 404, 421 Mixed epidemics, 562, 567, 569 Bruges, 44, 55 Mortality, 153, 223, 234, 250, 322, Brygoo E.-R., 356, 553, 599, 608 380 Buckinghamshire C, 420 Seasonality, 19, 92, 234, 257, 318, Burgundy, region (France), 87 319, 320, 341, 443, 477 Burroughs A.L., 374, 376, 377, 527, 528, 529, 535, Spread rates, 5, 40, 45, 108, 110, 192, 536, 537, 539, 541, 544, 545, 550, 628, 629, 193, 208, 209, 308, 311, 317 657, 659, 660 Time of the Black Death, 38, 42, 128, C (Norway), 133, 156, 163 129, 130, 131, 136, 141, 143, 169, Busvine J.R., 512, 522, 662 173, 189, 197, 199, 207, 261, Butler T., XIX, 10, 356, 462, 476, 480, 561, 564, 565, 263, 266, 267, 271, 272, 273, 613, 631, 650, 657 274, 275, 276, 282, 287, 290, Bygdøy, in Vestre Bærum H and P (at the time), 332, 358, Norway, 100, 191, 431 Black Sea, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 59, 64, Cadaster, 121 69, 110 Calcutta, See Kolkata Blanc G., 2, 4, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, California, 405, 407, 530, 542, 543, 606, 649, 662 362, 363, 553, 554, 555, 593, 595, Cambridge Group for the History of Population and 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, Social Structure, 236 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 633, 657, Canons House, Oslo, 119 658, 659 Canterbury, diocese, archcathedral city (England), 114 Blekinge, Danish region→1658, Swedish Cantey J.R., 561, 644 1658→, 453 Canton, 469 Block M.G., Swedish physician, 475 Cape Horn (Iceland), 581, 583 Blockage, mode of transmission of plague Carcassone, town (France) 111, 113 by fleas, XV, 25, 26, 28, 101, 102, 103, Caribbean Is., 405, 407 Index 697

Carus-Wilson E.M., 573, 579 (Denmark), 118, 330, 350, 452, 453, Case mortality, XXIII, 167, 168, 227, 228, 465, 474, 481, 523 229, 327, 351, 352, 377, 500, 611 Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge, Caspian Sea, 36, 37, 57, 58, 84, 85, 226 258 Cassis, town, Provence, 81 Couvent des Capucins, plague pit in Martigues, See Catalonia, region (Spain), 152, 153 also Le Delos Cemetery populations, 247 Creighton C., 452, 453, 570 Ceylon, See Sri Lanka Crimea (The), 4, 38, 40, 55, 56, 57, 85, 110, 225, Chalon-sur-Saône, town (France) 87 227, 257, 324 Chandler A.C. and Read C.P., 511, 528 Daae L., Norwegian historian, 207, 268 Chantry, 474 Dæli, farmstead, Bærum H (Norway), 164 Child diseases, 379 Dalmatia, 87 China, Chinese, 8, 14, 15, 25, 35, 36, 37, Danube R., 421 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 227, 256, 356, , farmstead, Øvre Eiker H (Norway), 133, 221 362, 369, 404, 411, 412, 413, 415, Dark Ages, 419, 421 457, 460, 462, 463, 468, 469, 477, Davis D.E., 364, 401, 418, 419, 421, 429, 615 495, 511, 557, 568, 598, 651 Denmark, 5, 6, 11, 12, 66, 68, 100, 125, 127, 142, Christ Church Priory, Canterbury (England), 183, 196, 225, 269, 279, 284, 290, 294, 318, 114 321, 323, 422, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 435, Christensen P., Danish historian, XIV, XVI, 436, 452, 453, 454, 459, 460, 472, 474, 484, 78, 86, 454, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463, 497, 571, 573, 575 464, 468,470, 471, 472, 482, 483 Department of Public Health (Egypt), 415 Christian I, king of Denmark 1448-1481, Developing countries, 100, 327, 376, 377, 383, 461, 474 500, 562, 607, 640, 648, 650, 654, 660 Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, 115 Deventer, 121 Chronicle of (Hamarkrøniken), 125, Devignat R., 90 205 Dhund/Dhand, village, Punjab, 414 Chronicle of (Sjællandske Diemerbroeck I., 475 Krønike), 127 Dijon, city (France) 87 Chronicles, 47, 48, 85, 109, 127, 135, 136, Diocletianus, Roman Emperor 284-305, 120 207, 269, 572, 576 Diseases Chun J.W.T, 10, 356, 531, 613 Sweating sickness, 79 Chwolsen D.A., See Khvol’sen Tularaemia, 475, 476 Clemens VI. Pope 1342-1352, 136, 146, 148 DNA, XXIII, 16, 20, 27, 47, 48, 73, 74, 88, 89, 90, 91, Clermont, 87 256, 328, 330, 331, 334, 481, 483, 484, 500, Cohn S.K., Jr., XIV, 2, 3, 9, 27, 46, 47, 76, 501, 523, 596 77, 78, 80, 86, 309, 310, 311, 312, Dormeier H., 472 324, 325, 363, 379, 381, 395, 396, Dorset C., 115 416, 429, 454, 455, 456, 463, 464, Douglas J.R, 377, 610, 630, 657 465, 468, 469, 471, 483, 491, 492, Draguignan, town, Provence, 81 593, 617, 632, 633 Drancourt M., 88, 89, 90, 91, 334, 481, 482, 483, Cohn’s disease, 310 593, 595, 596, 598, 601, 608, 609, 611, 612, Colchester, 115, 116 613, 614, 615, 617, 632 Cologne, 420 Dreux, town (France) 483 Colombo (Sri Lanka), 415 Drinking horn (griff), 129 Columbus, 141 Dundee, 570 Colyton, 344, 346, 349 Dutch, see Netherlands, XIV, 217, 417, 576 Congo, Democratic Republic, 84 Early-phase transmission of plague by fleas, 371, Constantinople, 56, 59, 63, 64, 84, 85, 86, 372, 534, 627, 629, 638, 639, 649, 658, See 87, 110, 137, 324 also Eisen 698 Index

East Anglia, 573, 580 Epidemic countermeasures, contemporary East Smithfield, Black Death cemetery, Evacuation, 415, 469, 470, 614 London, 91 Isolation by municipal action, 66, 257 Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic Plague hospitals, 68, 366, 482, 555, 556, 560, diseases, 45, 395 605, 634, 642 Ectoparasites, XVI, 5, 24, 25, 103, 358, 359, Quarantine, 50, 66, 67, 68, 69, 347, 417, 468, 362, 368, 369, 397, 399, 417, 479, 470 497, 538, 539, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, Epidemiological theories, historical 557, 562, 563, 595, 598, 599, 600, Miasmatic epidemiology, 60, 227, 231, 261, 602, 603, 604, 607, 611, 616, 617, 262, 473, 475 618, 636, 639, 649, 651 Miasmatic-contagionistisk epidemiology, 231 Edward III, king of England 144 Religious epidemiology, 170 Egypt(ian)(s), 25, 67, 85, 105, 110, 256, Epizootics, 42, 52, 314, 414, 443, 466, 531, 536, 369, 415, 468, 477, 557, 635, 651 541, 597, 652 H, Hedmark C, 160, 246, 247 Eske Bille, castellan of Bergenhus castle, ~ Sofie Eiker H, See Øvre Eiker H Krummedike, 113 Einar Hafliðason, Icelandic priest and Eskey C.R., 377, 525, 526, 527, 529, 530, 531, 532, annalist, 1307-1393, 136, 137, 139, 610, 627, 629, 634, 662 141, 147, 148, 151, 203, 250 Essex C, 115, 116 Eirik Berdorsson, 135 Eisen R.J., 443, 528, 613, 627, 629, 630, Central, 111, 124, 569 631, 632, 633, 634, 644, 653, 655, Eastern, 37 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, Northern, 9, 27, 111, 129, 172, 191, 318, 355, 663, 664 363, 396, 397, 399, 403, 405, 411, 419, Elbing/Elbląg, Hanseatic city (/ 422, 430, 441, 496, 571, 575, 576 ), 114, 196, 217, 485 North-western, 55, 79, 420, 454 Eldøy I. , C, 117 Roman, 101, 418 Elsinore/Helsingør, 67, 452, 453 Southern, 84, 111 H, Akerhus C, 164 Western, 66, 84, 87, 172 England, English, XIX, XXIV, 11, 12, 13, 14, Examination of patients, contemporary, 138, 366, 29, 30, 62, 64, 66, 78, 80, 87, 89, 91, 640 104, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, Exanthematic typhus (Rickettsial infections), 80, 123, 125, 129, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 609, 610, 611, 612 144, 145, 151, 152, 153, 162, 166, 169, Eyam, village, Dersbyshire C, 344, 345 170, 175, 189, 195, 197, 204, 212, 213, Farm middings, 411 216, 217, 224, 225, 226, 230, 236, Faroe Is., 136, 582 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 266, 269, Favarel R, French entomologist, 599 273, 274, 277, 286, 289, 293, 303, Faxeholm, medieval fort in historical province of 307, 312, 319, 324, 328, 330, 332, Hälsingland (Sweden), 428 341, 344, 347, 355, 356, 358, 363, Fertility, 29, 154, 243, 401, 402, 403, 409, 423 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 387, Fetherston J., 361, 376, 513, 514, 527, 528, 529, 631, 404, 418, 420, 421, 425, 453, 454, 660, See also Perry D.P. 458, 470, 473, 474, 477, 483, 484, , area of C and historical region of 506, 510, 522, 529, 531, 538, 553, 567, Sogn, 130, 209 569, 570, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576, 579, Fines, See Amercements/bøter 580, 585, 596, 610, 616, 666 , 5, 10, 27, 54, 101, 191, 236, 357, 404, 406, Saxon, 420, 421 407, 411, 435, 436, 438, 439, 442, 459, 497, south-western, 484 523 Enzootic (episodic spread among animals), C (Norway), 400 52, 63, 64, 214, 532, 537 Firth of Forth, 570 Index 699

Fjordane, historical region, wester part of 476, 480, 481, 484, 492, 500, 503, 592, Sogn and Fjordane C, 579 593, 625, 661 Fleas Genome, 83, 91, 334 Development from egg to imago, 111, Geneva, 420 505 Genoa/Genoese, 55, 64, 87, 110 Fur fleas and nest fleas, 28, 29, 106, Gentry, 164, 166, 170, 222 192, 504, 508, 510, 512, 514, Germania (Roman name of region east of the Rhine 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521 and north of the Danube ), 420 Pulex irritans (‘human flea’), 1, 3, 16, Germany (of the and Early 28, 30, 106, 192, 258, 335, 348, Modern Period), 80, 86, 91, 110, 112, 137, 224, 225, 355, 357, 361, 362, 374, 375, 226, 328, 418, 422, 482, 483, 572, 574, 596 376, 444, 460, 491, 503, 534, Northern, 11, 12, 114, 175, 217, 318, 319, 323, 544, 564, 590, 595, 599, 612, 423, 572, 576 619, 630, 631, 633, 634, 636, North-western, 485 655, 657, 659, 670 Southern, 87, 127, 137 Vector capacity/efficiency, 316 South-western, 87, 225, 484 Xenopsylla cheopis, 1, 10, 15, 16, 17, Western, 87 192, 234, 374, 376, 497, 503, Gilbert M.T.P., 89, 331, 334, 481, 482, 483 517, 522, 525, 532, 554, 626, Girard G., 360, 361, 510, 552, 553, 554, 595, 599, 628, 654 601 Florence, Florentine, 153, 228, 382 Gisbrikt Erlandsson, bishop of Bergen 1350-1369, Folvell, farmstead, Nes H, Akerhus C, 119, 142, 278, 285 300 R. (Norway), 111 Fomites, contagious objects, 227 Golden Horde, Mongol Kipchak Khanate (), 4, Fozzati L., 90 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 58, 59 France, 4, 59, 68, 80, 86, 87, 88, 91, 101, Gorhambury, Roman settlement north of London, 112, 136, 152, 153, 224, 225, 328, 384, 420 418, 481, 482, 483, 523, 596 Gothenburg, See Lödöse Northern, 87 I., Baltic Sea (Sweden to 1361, Denmark North-western, 110, 113, 121 1361-1645, Sweden 1645→), 112, 191, 407, 427, South-eastern, 482 485 Southern, 5, 80, 87, 110, 111, 317, 377, Gottfried R.S., 616 503, 595, 617 Gottskalk Jónsson, 1524-1590, Icelandic priest and South-western, 137, 484 annalist, 1524-1593, 139, 140, 143, 150, 188, Frandsen K.-E., Danish historian, XVI, 452, 212, 271, 273, 572 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, Gouda, 576 468, 481, 482, 483 Grandison K.G., Swedish historian, 282 Funen/Fyn I. (Denmark), 225, 454 Graneim, farmstead, Nordre Aurdal H, Gabriele de Mussis, 137, 138, 224 (Norway), 131 Gage K.L., 627, 655, 656, 663 Great Plague (in London), 1664-66, 51 Gallia 420, See Gaul Greece, Greek, 58, 84, 87, 170, 227, 231 Gascony, 115, 137 , 117, 285 Gaul, Roman province (France), 86, 87, Greenwood M., 495 420, 421 Groa Bjarnesdatter, Hoffar, H, See Thorgeir Genetic aspects , principal valley, Oppland C, 215 Biovars and strains, 20, 74 Gudhem, monastery, Västergötland (Sweden), 428 DNA of plague (Yersinia pestis), 1, 3, Gudmund Berdorsson, 135 10, 15, 76, 79, 81, 82, 89, 90, Guelders, 572, 576 184, 214, 309, 329, 330, 333, Gulf Stream, 191, 400, 428, 441 334, 355, 356, 396, 458, 471, Guttorm Pálsson, bishop of 1343-7 700 Index

January 1350, 136, 139, 189, 210, 271, Hanseatic Wharf, See Bergen, Hanseatic Wharf 274 (Tyskebryggen) Gyrd Aslesson, canon and officialis 1339- Hansson L., Swedish zoologist, 441 1351, bishop of Oslo 1351-1353, of Harbeck M., paleobiologist 79, 85, 86 Stavanger 1354-1355, 119, 123 Harbin, (Manchuria), 551, 569 Gyrd Ivarsson, bishop of Skálholt 1350- , district, Hordaland C, 138 1360, 135, 189, 200, 204, 272 Hårding B., Swedish paleoosteologist, 426, 427 Haas V.H., 377, 526, 527, 529, 610, 627, Harwich, 115, 116 629, 634, 662, See also Eskey C.R. Hasund S., Norwegian historian, 263, 264 , district, Oppland C, 130, 131, Hatcher J., 12, 60, 236, 258, 269, 384, 464, 571 132, 209 Hawaii Is., 405, 407 Haemorrhagic plague, 491, 634, See also Hebrides Is., 403, 423, See also Shiant Is. Ebola and Marburg Hedmark C (Norway), 298 Haensch/Hänsch S., 76, 79, 91, 484 , district in Hedmark C, 126 Haithabu, Viking town (), 422, 423 Heierstad, farmstead, Hof P and H, C, 406, Håkon V Magnusson, king of Norway 1299- 432, 433 1319, 125, 267 Hein P., Danish poet, 519 Håkon VI Håkonsson, king of Norway 1355- Helgafell (Iceland), 135, 139, 212 1380, 201 Helle K., Norwegian historian, 154, 156, 157, 159, Halland C, (Denmark→ 1645, Sweden 263 1645→), 118, 171, 196, 217, 265, 279, Helligvær Is., Bodø P and H, 117 280, 281, 284, 289, 290, 294, 321, , district, Buskerud C, 193 429, 436, 439, 441 Henrik Henriksson, dean at St. Mary’s in Oslo and Hallvard, bishop of Hamar 1320-1349, 128, chancellor of the Realm (1371-1388/1390), 201 136, 189, 190, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, Hereford, diocese and cathedral city, 484 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 216, 265, Herjedalen, historical region of Norway → 1645, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, Sweden, Härjedalen, 1654 →, 153 278, 285, 286 Hertel K., Danish historian, 453 Halmstad, See Halland Hinnebusch B.J., 22, 367, 373, 444, 478, 546, 605, Hälsingland, region on the Baltic (northern 630, 637, 653, 661, 664 Sweden), 428, 436, 439, 441 Historical plague, XIX, 2, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Hamar, diocese and cathedral city 20, 27, 35, 45, 46, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, (Norway), 111, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 89, 90, 91, 256, 307, 308, 309, 310, 316, 319, 130, 131, 136, 143, 145, 147, 150, 188, 327, 328, 330, 334, 356, 358, 359, 374, 379, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 381, 395, 399, 412, 416, 443, 452, 455, 456, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 461, 463, 469, 471, 491, 493, 495, 497, 498, 209, 210, 215, 216, 218, 233, 261, 499, 500, 503, 505, 529, 535, 544, 555, 593, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 594, 599, 613, 614, 632, 633, 656 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, Historisk tidsskrift, The Journal of the Norwegian 284, 285, 286, 289, 298, 318, 323, Historical Association, XV, 391 485 Hof P and H, Vestfold C, 191, 300 Hamburg, Hanseatic city, 114, 116, 151 Hoffar, farmstead, Sigdal H, Buskerud C, 163, 220, Hammar, farmstead, Vågå H (Norway), 131, 221, 241 133 Hollingsworth M.F., 346 Hámund, monk, Icelandic, 135, 139 Hollingsworth T.H., 346 Hankin E.H., 617 Holmsen A., Norwegian historian, 160, 183, 220, Hansards, Hanseatic persons, 116 228, 246, 260, 262, 263, 293 Hanseatic cities/league, 11, 12, 44, 55,64, Holstein, See Schleswig-Holstein 112, 114, 117, 118, 119, 132, 144, 145, Hong Kong, 14, 51, 363, 469 151, 169, 175, 216, 217, 427, 485, 574 Hordaland C (Norway), 300 Index 701

Horrox R., 474 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 532, 584, 616, 626, Houhamdi L., 595, 614, 615 627, 652 Hólar, diocese, cathedral city (Iceland), See (n)(s), 505, 530, 556, 557, 561 also Skálholt, 135, 189, 200, 272, 285 India(n)(s), 8, 14, 25, 28, 100, 256, 308, 311, 316, Hufthammer A.K., Norwegian 333, 334, 351, 362, 363, 366, 369, 401, 404, paleoosteologist, XV, XIX, 69, 191, 412, 413, 415, 439, 457, 461, 462, 463, 464, 355, 357, 359, 362, 364, 376, 396, 465, 468, 469, 470, 476, 477, 495, 496, 597, 399, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 598, 604, 614, 615, 632, 639, 647, 651 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, Indian Plague Commission, 457, 596 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 430, Indian Plague Research Commission, 8, 101, 311, 431, 433, 435, 436, 439, 441, 443, 457, 460, 495, 505, 597, 635, 659 446, 595 Indonesia, 28, 467, 468, 477, 495 Hull, 573, 580 Influenza, XIV, 3, 76, 319, 325, 395, 455, 633 Iberian Peninsula, 581 Ingebjørg Erlingsdatter, ~ Havtoresson, 201 Ibs J.H., 175, 323 Inheritance, 108, 129, 131, 132, 133, 163, 164, 165, Iceland (-ers, -ic), XIV, 117, 128, 132, 135, 167, 168, 176, 220, 221, 233 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 163, Inter-human transmission by ectoparasites 173, 175, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, (hypothesis) 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, Human fleas (Pulex irritans), 22, 23, 24, 27, 205, 206, 207, 212, 214, 215, 222, 28, 46, 70, 102, 106, 258, 358, 359, 361, 225, 230, 260, 262, 265, 270, 271, 362, 365, 366, 370, 374, 375, 376, 377, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 285, 378, 386, 460, 461, 479, 480, 535, 536, 400, 402, 435, 472, 474, 475, 499, 537, 541, 544, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 556, 561, 563, 564, 565, 599, 600, 603, 576, 577, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 604, 608, 643, 646, 650, 659, 660 Icelandic annals, 141, 187, 189, 193, 197, Human fleas and lice, composite theory, 22, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 23, 28, 46, 70, 358, 359, 374, 479, 480, 206, 207, 215, 216, 262, 270, 277, 577 593, 593, 600, 601, 603, 604, 608, 636, Annal of Skálholt, 271 646 Annals of Flatey Book (Flateyjarbók), Human lice (Pediculus humanus corporis/ 148, 189, 190, 265, 271, 273, capitis), 22, 23, 24, 28, 46, 70, 103, 358, 274, 278, 285 359, 370, 374, 479, 480, 593, 596, 599, Gottskálks Annal, 139, 140, 143, 150, 600, 601, 603, 604, 608, 612, 636, 646 188, 212, 271, 572 IPRC, See Indian Plague Research Commission Lawman’s Annal, 135, 139, 141, 147, , 38, 67, 68, 84 151, 187, 188, 189, 190, 203, Iraq, 38, 67, 84, 137, 224 223, 224, 225, 229, 250, 265, Ireland, 62 271, 272, 273, 274, 278, 284, Istria, 87 285, 286, 305, 400, 590, 681 Italy, 59, 80, 86, 87, 91, 123, 152, 153, 225, 328, New Annal (Nýi Annáll), 574 384, 420, 421, 596 Skarðsárannáll, 571, 572 northern, 60, 87, 111, 138, 484 Vatnsfjarðarannáll hinn elzti (Oldest southern, 615 Annal of Vatnfjord), 571, 572, 575 Jacobus de Voragine, friar, author of legend, 123 Icelandic waters, 571, 573 Jämtland, See Jemtland H, Østfold C, 129, 130, 132, 197, 209, Jæren, district (Norway), 116, 150, 238 281 Japan/Japanese, 569 Immunity, 50, 51, 76, 379, 380, 381, 382, Jemtland C (eastern mid-Norway → 1645, Sweden, 383, 384, 455, 607, 650 Jämtland 1645→), 127, 153 Incubation, 108, 109, 128, 138, 146, 186, Jerusalem, 136, 224, 225 194, 385, 386, 434, 435, 455, 524, Jerusalem Sea (Eastern Mediterranean), 136, 224 702 Index

Joakim Beck, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Krummedike Sofie, Henrik Krummedike’s daughter, Denmark, 113 ~ Eske Bille, 145 Johannes Jacobi, physician, author of Kyrghyz nomads, 578 plague tract, 474 La Chaize-le-Vicomte, (France) 81 John Clyn, monk, Kells Priory, Kilkenny, Ladoga L., (Russia) 523 chronicler, 108 Lærdal, district, Sogn, (Norway) 130, 209, 210 Johnsson J.W.S., 474 Lamb G., 130, 209, 210 Jon, rector of P. 1358, rector of Mæl P Lambesc, (France) 482 in 1349, 132, 168 Landnámabók, medieval Icelandic source Jönköping, town (Sweden), 170, 171, 196, ‘recording’ the early settlers, 669 232, 279, 280, 428, 436 Landsloven, the Lawbook of the Realm of Norway Juhasz L., Oslo City Archivist, historian, from about 1270, 246 XVIII, 13, 344, 348, 351, 352 Langen de C.D., Dutch physician, 417 Junsele, village, province of Languedoc, 81 Ångermannland, 441 Larsen Ø., physician, Norwegian historian of , region (Denmark), 117, 151, 217, medicine, XVIII, 183 225, 290, 423, 472 Lavold B., Norwegian historian, 122, 172 Kaffa, historical name of Feodosia (the Le Delos, plague pit in Martigues, 81 Crimea), 4, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 56, 57, Legenda Aurea by Jacobus de Voragine, 122 58, 59, 60, 64, 110, 137, 224, 324 Lepiskaar J., Swedish paleoosteologist, 428 Karl Sigurdsson (Skaktavl), bishop of Leptosylla segnis, usual flea of mice, 528 Hamar c. 1480-1487, 270 Lethal dose (LD) Karlsson G., Icelandic historian, XIV, XXV, Black rats, 23 27, 77, 207, 270, 491, 493, 499, 568, Ground squirrels, 23, 369, 543, 544, 606, 649, 569, 570, 571, 584, 595 662 Kattegat, continuation of Skagerrak, sea Guinea pigs, 461, 541 between Jutland and Denmark and Human beings, 25, 26, 368, 370, 544 western Sweden north of the Sound, Lethality rate, 57, 186, 229, 377, 379, 606, 607, 611, 118, 171, 279, 290, 429 640, 641, 650 Kent, 115 Levant, region (Middle East), 38 Kenya, 84 Libya, 67, 84 Khvol’sen D.A., Russian orientalist, 460 Lice, 2, 3, 22, 45, 77, 103, 358, 370, 552, 556, 597, King’s Lynn, 144, 216, 226, 332, 484 599, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 607, 608, 609, King’s Mansion, Bergen, 574 612, 613, 614, 632 Kjetil Kolbjørnsson, 135 Lichtenstein A., Dutch physician, 417 Klassovskiy, See Bibikova V.A. and Liguria, region (Italy), 87 Klassovskiy L.N. Lincoln Diocese, 64 Klepper, farmstead, Idd H (Norway) 129 Lindanger B., Norwegian local historian, 183, 185, Knud, alleged bishop of and author 186, 187, 188, 189, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, of plague tract, 474 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, Knudsen L.G., Danish historian, XIV, XVI, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 454, 455, 456, 462, 465, 471, 482, 483 230, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, Koliwada, part of village of Sion (India) 266, 586 314, 414, 467, 470, 614 Liston W.G., 495, 507 Kolkata, (India) 469 Lodin Toresson, canon of Nidaros Archcathedral, Kolsrud O., Norwegian historian, 141, 142, 148 275, 276, 277, 278 Lödöse, town (precursor of Gothenburg), 170, 171, Kopparberg C (Sweden), 436 196, 197, 232, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284 Kristin Lavransdatter, main character of Lofoten, bailiwick (Norway), 54 historical trilogy by S. Undseth, 227 Loghem van, J.J., 417, 495 Index 703

London(er), 44, 50, 51, 55, 64, 86, 88, 91, Mayo Clinic, 258, 336 114, 115, 116, 118, 136, 137, 151, 224, McArthur W.P., physician, 347, 495 225, 226, 332, 345, 346, 347, 420, McCormick M., American historian, 364, 398, 418, 465, 482, 483, 484, 506, 596, 597, 419, 420, 423, 424, 442, 459 619 Mechanical transmission of plague (by soiled London Diocese, 114 proboscises), 24, 369, 370, 499, 535, 536, Løten H, Hedmark C, 126 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 544, 608, 609, 627, Low Countries, See Netherlands (the) 659, 660, See also Blockage Lübeck, Hanseatic city, 64, 112, 114, 116, Medelpad, northern historical province of Sweden, 117, 118, 296, 323 429 Luleå, town, (northern Sweden), 439 Medical clinical observation/Physical examination, , archcathedral city, (Denmark → 1658, 644 Sweden 1658 →), 290, 428, 429 Medical treatment Lunde (nedre), farmstead, Øvre Eiker H Bleeding, XXII (Norway), 124, 220, 221 Medication/drugs, 103, 366, 383, 640, 641, Lunden K., Norwegian historian, XV, XIX, 642, 644 10, 13, 127, 128, 255, 307 Mediterranean littoral, 59, 324 Lymph nodes, XXV, 18, 103, 139, 325, 471, Medline Plus, 258, 335 473, 475, 559, 634 Mehl R., Norwegian entomologist, 514 Lymph tracts/vessels, 473, 475 Melcombe Regis, port town (medieval England, Lynn, See King’s Lynn today withinWeymouth), 110, 113, 115, 225 Lyon, 83, 87, 90, 110 Mesopotamia, 137, 224, 225 Lysaker R. (Norway), 299, 300 Messina, 137, 224, 225 Madagascar, 8, 14, 25, 105, 256, 356, 362, Metastatic spread, 92, 111, 151, 192, 193, 215, 312, 369, 404, 457, 467, 468, 477, 495, 313, 465, 466, 468 515, 552, 553, 557, 562, 598, 599, 607, Michael Platiensis/Michele da Piazza, 138, 139 635, 651, 659 Middle East, 25, 64, 68, 84, 85, 137, 341, 557, 651 Magnus (IV), king of Sweden 1319-1363), Mikkelin C, See St. Michel’s C 196, 222 Mjøsa L. (Norway), 130, 145, 209 Magnus (VII) Eriksson, king of Norway Monastic orders (1319-1355), 127, 172, 188, 196, 295 Brigettines, 172 Mälaren L. (Sweden), 426, 485 Montpellier, 75, 86, 111, 113, 328, 474, 481, 483 Malmborg G., Swedish paleoosteologist, Møre, region (Norway), 581 407, 427 Morocco, 8, 25, 67, 358, 359, 360, 362, 369, 553, Manching-Pichl, Bavaria, 88 557, 598, 599, 600, 633, 651, 658, 659 Manchouli (Manchuria), 568 Morris C., XIV, XXV, 491, 493, 593 Manchuria, 404, 443, 462, 551, 562, 565, Morsing Torkelsen C., Danish scholar, author of 568, 569, 575, 635 plague tract, c. 1480-1560, 474 Northern, 568 Mortality in plague epidemics, XXIII, 106, 121, 346, Mansa F.V., physician, Danish historian of 347, 348, 350, 351, 384 medicine, 452 Moseng O.G., Norwegian historian, XIV, XVI, 3, 9, Margareta Hæth on Nedre Kjørstad, 133 184, 214, 257, 263, 311, 333, 334, 335, 362, Marseilles, 68, 76, 80, 87, 90, 113, 137, 365, 370, 423, 424, 453, 461, 477, 480, 491, 482 492, 493, 495, 496, 498, 499, 500, 502, 503, Marstrand, Båhuslen C, 428 505, 507, 511, 514, 516, 518, 519, 520, 521, 525, Marthinsen L., Norwegian historian, 158, 533, 534, 535, 536, 540, 541, 545, 549, 550, 223, 244, 249 553, 554, 555, 556, 558, 559, 560, 561, 564, Martigues (France), 80, 90 565, 568, 569, 571, 574, 577, 578, 580, 582, Martin C.J., 524, 529 584, 585 Mass graves, 82, See also Plague pits 704 Index

Mumbai, 51, 102, 313, 366, 404, 405, 410, Norse/ (Language of and 413, 414, 466, 467, 469, 505, 532, medieval Norwegians and related populations 555, 560, 614, 634, 639, 640, 641, until ab. 1400 CE), 29, 101, 108, 136, 163, 201, 642, 644, 646, 647, 652 222, 273, 274, 285, 432, 473, 571, 572, 577, Munch P.A., Norwegian historian, 230, 255, 579, 666 260, 261, 262, 291 North Sea, 114, 116, 118, 216, 217, 572, 574 Munich, 83, 91, 329 North-Atlantic, See also Atlantic Ocean Mutations, See Genetic aspects Norway, Norwegians, XV, XIX, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, Myrdal J., Swedish historian, 454, 465, 485 25, 27, 54, 55, 56, 66, 67, 100, 104, 106, 108, Nantes, 87 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 124, 125, 126, Narbonne, 87, 111, 113, 484 127, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, Diseases, 258, 335 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, National Quarantine Service 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 183, 184, (Weishengshu), Shanghai Station, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, China, 468 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, Native populations (without previous 206, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222, contact with an infectious disease), 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 378, 557, 659 234, 235, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, Navajo, native American Indians, 561, 647 248, 249, 250, 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 263, Navarre, historical kingdom (Spain), 152, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 153 274, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, Nedkvitne A., Norwegian historian, 263 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, Nedre Kjørstad, farmstead, Sandsvær H, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 133 303, 307, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, Netherlands (The), 11, 12, 48, 52, 66, 87, 323, 324, 330, 332, 341, 356, 357, 358, 359, 91, 114, 121, 151, 175, 217, 319, 380, 379, 380, 386, 387, 396, 400, 404, 405, 406, 420, 421, 429, 484, 485, 572, 574, 407, 410, 411, 428, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 575, 576, 596 435, 436, 441, 442, 474, 476, 477, 484, 485, New Mexico, 444, 556, 558, 559, 647, 655 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, Nidaros, medieval name of , 503, 504, 522, 523, 530, 533, 555, 557, 565, archcathedral city (Norway), 117, 126, 566, 567, 569, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 136, 141, 142, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 585, 615, 651 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 169, 188, central (Trøndelag), 151, 202, 400 191, 192, 193, 194, 200, 202, 203, South-eastern, 12, 116, 117, 125, 129, 132, 145, 209, 210, 275, 276, 277, 278, 286, 147, 160, 193, 202, 260, 261, 276, 276, 291, 300, 430 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 287, 288, 289, Noordegraaf L. and Valk G., 52 299, 301, 323, 485 Nordic countries, 5, 7, 53, 54, 69, 100, 101, Nosopsyllus fasciatus (flea of the brown rat), 192, 112, 113, 159, 172, 211, 235, 236, 247, 525 320, 350, 355, 361, 364, 397, 406, Novgorod, 127, 567 410, 422, 425, 429, 435, 436, 442, , district, Buskerud C, 230 452, 453, 457, 460, 473, 474, 485, Numerals, Arabic and Roman, 126, 130, 207, 208, 492, 519, 523, 565, 566, 569 269, 270 C (Norway), 400 Nybelin O., Swedish zoologist, 406, 436 Norfolk C, 116, 144 Nyland/Uudenmaan C (Finland), 438 Norrbotn C (Sweden), 439 Ny-Varberg convent, Halland (Denmark), 428, 429 Norrköping (Sweden), 138, 453, 475 Öland I. (Sweden, Baltic Sea), 427 Norrland , northern part of Sweden, 436 Olav [unknown patronymic], abbot of Holm 1346- 1349, archbishop of Nidaros 1349-1370, 136, 148 Index 705

Olav [unknown patronymic], bishop of Palestine, 67, 227 Hamar 1349-1350, 197, 275, 276 Pandemics, 15, 20, 55, 73, 84, 89, 90, 317, 333, 357, Olav [unknown patronymic], canon, 482, 484, 502, 596, 613, 615, 632, See also diocese of Bergen, 140 Plague Pandemics Olav Arnesson, archbishop of Nidaros, Paris, 64, 83, 91, 101, 360, 511, 552 1346-1349, 149 Parma, 484 Olav Petersson, 119 Pavia, 123 Old Testament, 120 Peasants/Peasantry, 8, 108, 119, 120, 124, 129, 131, Opplandene, historical region (Norway), 133, 138, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 260, 261 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176,192, Örebro C (Sweden), 428, 436 221, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, Øresbol, unit of account and valuation of 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 300, 411, 415, land, 119, 164, 221, 300 425, 432, 433, 578 Orkney Is., 136 Pelusium, port city, classical Egypt, 85 Orm Aslaksson, bishop of Hólar (Iceland), Perry R.D., 376, 513, 514, 527, 528, 529, 615, 631, 1343-1356, 272 See also J. Fetherston Orm Øysteinsson, regent, 1350-1358, 163, Persson B.E.B., Swedish physician, historian of 222, 266, 285 medicine, XVI, 335, 361, 453, 503, 554 Oropsylla montana, (formerly Diamanus Peru, 403 montanus), 376, 377, 444, 655 Peter, priest in Bergen, ϯ 1349, 139 Oslo, 12, 13, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, Pettersen E., Norwegian historian, 268 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, Philip W.M. and Hirst L.F., 347, 352, 415, 416 133, 135, 138, 145, 146, 151, 163, 164, Piacenza, 138 169, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, Piedmont, 152, 153 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, Pilgrim, 129 203, 204, 206, 208, 208, 209, 212, Pilgrim(mage)s, 113, 129, 130, 135, 147, 169, 174, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 226, 192, 209, 210 230, 232, 233, 254, 256, 261, 264, 265, Pisa, 110 266, 272, 276, 278, 284, 285, 287, Pistoia, 110 289, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, Piteå, town (northern Sweden), 439 303, 321, 332, 336, 340, 359, 360, Pithay, poor part of Christ Church P, Bristol, 350 430, 431, 449, 484, 491, 564, 566, 594 Plague disease, defining features , 116, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 151, Defining clinical features, 385 164, 190, 193, 194, 200, 209, 213, Defining epidemiological features, 385, 598, 616 272, 321 Plague focus/reservoir, XXIV, 36, 57, 58, 64, 68, 85, Østfold C (Norway), 112, 129, 209, 300, 567 226, 227, 376, 556 Østlandet, region (Norway), 112, 124, 125, Plague mortality, see Mortality in plague epidemics 126, 131, 132, 135, 145, 146, 164, 169, Plague pandemics 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, Justinianic plague pandemic (541-766) A.D., 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, XXIV, 20, 73, 83, 84, 317, 328, 460, 482, 204, 208, 210, 215, 218, 219,220, 484, 500, 502 222, 223, 230, 232, 233, 238, 247, Second pandemic (1346-c. 1670), 20, 91, 317, 260, 262, 264, 566 456, 500, 502, 534, 584, 596 Ostrogoths (Germanic people), 86 Third or modern pandemic (1894-c-1940), Otta, district (Norway), 131, 193, 209 XXIV, 41, 43, 68, 69, 334, 484, 614, 657 Overijssel, province (the Netherlands) 121 Plague pits, 17, 47, 76, 80, 82, 86, 90, 328, 329, Øvre [Upper] Eiker H, Buskerud C, 124, 129, 332, 482, 483, 502 130, 133, 220, 221 Plague reservoir, See Plague focus Paleobiology, the study of aDNA and Plague, bubonic rat-borne, 3, 52, 91, 234, 256, 307, antigens, XXIII, 16, 20, 21, 73, 74, 328 320, 350, 357, 459, 618 706 Index

Bubonic plague, XIV, XVI, XXIII, XXV, 1, Purgatory, 169, 290 2, 3, 7, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, Pyrenees, 87 23, 25, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, Quasi-statistics, Lunden, 296 73, 75, 76, 78, 83, 89, 91, 100, Rachel Carson Center, University of Munich, 91 104, 105, 125, 135, 139, 143, 167, Rælingen P, , Akershus C, 299, 300 173, 184, 187, 191, 198, 210, 211, Ragndid Simonsdatter, 133, 168 214, 221, 227, 228, 229, 234, Ramundeboda, Örebro C, 428 256, 258, 264, 265, 278, 303, Raoult D., 3, 88, 89, 89, 90, 91, 328, 334, 481, 483, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 316, 593, 595, 596, 598, 601, 617 319, 320, 326, 327, 335, 340, Rat mortality, natural rate, 413 341, 351, 355, 356, 357, 359, Rat, behaviour 360, 362, 365, 369, 370, 375, Burrowing, 53, 54, 55, 100, 399, 401, 403, 376, 378, 384, 385, 386, 387, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 421, 425, 431, 388, 395, 396, 403, 413, 419, 436, 442, 523 433, 443, 453, 457, 458, 459, Cannibalism, 10, 26, 54, 410, 424, 504 460, 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, Climbing, 403, 404 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, Colonies, 18, 19, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 125, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 479, 143, 186, 192, 226, 387, 434, 529, 530, 480, 485, 491, 493, 494, 495, 533, 616, 618 496, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, Dying rats, hiding, 10, 27, 54, 55, 107, 108, 529, 530, 533, 551, 552, 554, 186, 412, 414, 417, 425, 504, 539, 617 556, 557, 558, 560, 562, 563, Rats, species 564, 566, 567, 575, 577, 593, Black rat (Rattus rattus), XV, 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 594, 595, 597, 606, 607, 610, 16, 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 49, 50, 52, 53, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 54, 55, 63, 64, 69, 100, 101, 105, 107, 618, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 108, 144, 184, 186, 191, 192, 214, 234, 647, 650, 651, 657 315, 330, 347, 355, 357, 359, 360, 362, Mixed epidemics, 562, 567, 569 363, 364, 368, 369, 371, 372, 376, 388, Plague, flea vector, 392, 549, 590, 662, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 680 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, Xenopsylla cheopis, plague vector par 414, 415, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, excellence, 549 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, Plague, Sociology of rat-based plague, 443 432, 433, 435, 436, 438, 439, 440, 441, Plymouth, 507 442, 445, 459, 460, 467, 479, 480, 496, Poitiers (France), 81, 82 497, 498, 499, 503, 505, 506, 507, 508, Poland, 67 515, 516, 517, 518, 520, 523, 525, 530, North-western, 422 532, 533, 534, 542, 543, 547, 555, 558, Polar Circle, 54 600, 601, 602, 606, 616, 617, 618, 636, Pollitzer R., 10, 351, 356, 360, 404, 405, 649, 652, 653, 658, 662, 664, 682, 692, 417, 460, 461, 462, 495, 513, 514, 693 515, 516, 527, 531, 550, 551, 595, 601, Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), XIV, 3, 28, 100, 628, 643 214, 315, 386, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410, Portugal, 87 427, 508, 594 Provence, 68, 87, 152, 153, 482, 483 Commensal rats, See Black rats Proventriculus, fleas’ forestomach with Frankish mouse, 101, See also Black rats valve function, 22, 25, 367, 369, 371, House rats, 15, 100, 102, 227, 347, 385, 417, 372, 444, 528, 537, 625, 626, 628, 465, 469, 476, 505, 516, 522, See also 663 Black rats Prussia(ns), 114, 196, 422, 485, 523 Ship rats, 15, 100, 106, 422, 497 Pskov, town (Russia) 64, 127 Ravenna, 87 Punjab (India), 404, 410, 413, 414, 506 Red Sea, 84 Index 707

Reed W.P., 45 Vadstena Abbey, Bridgettines (Sweden), 576 Reed-Frost theory and model, 45, 46 Religious institutions, sources Registers of amercements, 246 Bishop Eystein’s Cadaster, agricultural Reidulv Sigurdsson, 164 property in Oslo Diocese, 119, 121 Reims, 87 Parish registers, 344, 347, 470 Religious epidemic countermeasures Series Archiepiscoporum, Nicaros Archdiocese Alms/charitable gifts, 171 146, 275 Endowment of religious institutions Rena R. (Norway), 111 of chantries, 120, 288, 290, 292, Reykjanes (Iceland), 579 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 301, Reykjavik (Iceland), 583 302, 303 Rhine R, 110, 421 Fasting, 108, 173, 220, 466 Rhône R, 83, 87, 110, 136, 224 Indulgences, 169, 171 Rian Ø., Norwegian historian, 248 Processions, 172 , cathedral city, Jutland, 217, 290, 321 Religious institutions H, Hedmarken, 126 Couvent des Capucins, Martigues, 112 Rødøy, parish (Norway), 400 Fransciscan Friary, Bergen, 172 C (Norway), 300, 432 Helgafell Abbey, , Roman Empire (Eastern), Byzantium, Romania, 136, (Iceland), See also Abbot 224 Thorkell, 135, 139, 212 Roman Empire (Western), 84, 402, 419 Holm/Nidarholm Abbey, Cluniacs, Roman Austria, 420 near Nidaros, 148 Roman Gallia (Gaul), 421 Holmen Priory, Dominicans, Bergen, Roman Germania, 420 172 Rome, 87, 123, 137, 148, 300 Hovedøya Abbey, , Oslo, Romerike, district, Akershus C, 119, 300 122, 191, 299, 431 Rønne T. physician, Ministry of Health, Denmark, Mæl’s parish church, Tinn H, 133, 210 458 Nonneseter Abbey, Benedictine , diocese and cathedral city, Zealand I. convent, Oslo, 121 (Denmark), 113, 294, 474 Nonneseter Abbey, Cistercian Rostock, Hanseatic city, 116 convent, Bergen, 121 Rouen, city (France), 110, 113, 351 (St. Catherine’s?) Dominican Priory, Royal mansion in Bergen, 574 Roskilde, 294 Royal mansion in Oslo, 119, 123 St. Hallvard’s cathedral, Oslo, 122, Royal Mint site, Black Death cemetery, London, 88 197, 300 RPDs, (rapid diagnostic tests), 74 St. Giles’ (London), 465 Runolv Anima, priest, diocese of Skálholt (DN VII, St. John’s Priory, Augustinians, 62, RN V, 193.), 140 Bergen, 135, 189 Russell J.C., XV St. Martin’s Abbey, , Russia/Soviet Union, 8, 36, 56, 57, 58, 62, 67, 68, Tournai (Belgium), 121 85, 102, 226, 256, 257, 327, 334, 356, 378, St. Mary’s, royal collegiate church in 438, 457, 477, 501, 527, 528, 536, 539, 540, Oslo, 122, 276 541, 542, 543, 545, 546, 549, 550, 553, 566, St. Medard’s Abbey, Benedictines, 577, 578, 610, 626, 638, 639 Soisson, 121 Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse, village, near St. Olav’s Archcathedral, Nidaros, Narbonne, 80, 484 129, 169, 209, 210 Salomon Thoraldsson, bishop of Oslo 1322-1351, St. Olav’s Priory, Dominicans, Oslo, 123, 138, 163, 190, 203, 222, 266, 272, 278, 122 285 St. Peter’s Abbey, Benedictines, San Francisco (USA), 141, 416, 530 Hainaut C (Belgium), 122 J., Norwegian historian, 248 708 Index

Sandsvær H, Buskerud C, 133, 220, 221 Sigurd Havtoresson (Sudreim), Norwegian Sandvik H., Norwegian historian, 185, 240 councillor of the Realm, ~ Ingebjørg Santiago de Compostela, cathedral city Erlingsdatter, 201 (Spain), 113 Simond P.L., 538, 541, 609 Savoy, C (France), 152, 153, 384 Simpson W.J., 495 Saxland/Saksland, See Saxony Sinsen, farmstead, Aker H and P (near Oslo), 119, Saxony, Norse name of Germany, 136, 224, 121 423 Sion, village, on outskirts of Mumbai, 314, See /Skåne, Denmark, 321, 361, 427, Koliwada 428, 429, 453 Skagen, part of Stavanger, 430 Schleswig-Holstein, 422, 452, 575 Skagerrak, 151 Schofield R., 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350, Skálholt, diocese, cathedral city (Iceland), 135, 139, 352 140, 187, 188, 189, 200, 204, 271, 272, 285 Schøning C.U. (1730 - 1768), sorenskriver ≈ Skåtøy I., Telemark C, 117 Borough Recorder, and author, 208 Slack P., 66, 344, 350, 470 Schreiner J., Norwegian historian, 263, 264 Slavic terrietores, 420, 422, 423 Scotland/Scottish, 403, 570, 571, 580 Smuszewo, village (Poland), 422 Scott S. and Duncan C.J., XIV, 2, 3, 27, 41, Snejbjerg P, Jutland, 472 45, 46, 47, 76, 77, 89, 309, 311, 312, , 581 316, 324, 395, 396, 455, 456, 465, Social formation/social system, 6, 65, 159, 237, 471, 491, 492, 593, 632 238, 239, 241, 244, 248 Second plague epidemic, 1359-1364, 202, Söderhamn, town in Hälsingland (northern 474 Sweden), 428 Secondary mortality effects, 346 Sogn and Fjordane C (Norway), 130, 209, 579 Seifert L., Swedish historian 79 Soisson, town (France), 121 Selje H, Fjordane, 579 Solum P, Telemark C, 300 Series Archiepiscoporum, Nidaros Søndergaard L., Danish historian, 454, 472, 475 Archdiocese, 181, 322 Søndre Remmen, farmstead, Berg P and H, 129 Serkland, Norse, land of the Saracens/ Sørlandet, See Agdesiden Arabs, 136, 224 Sound (the) (the strait between Denmark and Shanghai, 14, 468 Sweden), 67, 279, 289, 290, 321, 427, 428, Sheriff/sysselmann, 221, 246 429, 452 Shetland Is. (England, north-east of Spain, 59, 86, 87, 110, 113, 152, 153, 225, 384 Scotland), 116, 136, 139, 212, 402 Spitalfields, Black Death cemetery, London, 88 Shiant Is. (Scotland, Hebrides Is.), 403 Spread per saltum/by leaps, 92, 192, 312, 465, 614 Shipping season (medieval), 118 Sri Lanka, 415, 416, 462 England, 125, 195, 260, 277 St. Albans, town, Hertfordshire C, 420 Hanseatic (in the Baltic Sea), 114 St. Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, outparish of Norway, 129, 141, 197, 204 London, 345, 346, 348 Shrewsbury J.F.D., XIV, 364, 384, 459, 491, St. Michel’s C/Mikkelin C (Finland), 438 570, 593 St. Sebastian, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 169, 173, 197, Shropshire C (England), 420 199, 300, 303, 472 Siberia, 35, 568 H, Hedmarken, 126 Sicily I., 110, 138 Stavanger, diocese and cathedral city (Norway), Sigdal H, Buskerud C, 156, 163, 220, 221, 126, 136, 139, 140, 141, 150, 151, 189, 191, 241, 245 200, 202, 203, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, Signoli M., 76, 90 231, 271, 274, 300, 318, 430, 450 Sigrid Eilivsdatter, 135 Steen S., Norwegian historian, 579, 580, 581, 583 , town (Sweden), 426, 427 Steffensen J., Icelandic historian, 499, 569, 571 Index 709

Stepney, in eastern London borough of Thomas de Melchebourn, merchant of King’s Lynn, Tower Hamlets, 465 144, 145, 217 Stettin/Szczecin, Hanseatic city, 422 Thomson Ashburton J., 413, 414 Stirling, seaport (Scotland), 570 Thoragård, house, Oslo, 135 , 66, 280, 290, 426, 427, 428, Thorbjørn Thorgilsson, tenant, 131 439, 576 Thorkell, Abbot of Helgafell monastery (Iceland), Storm G., Norwegian historian, 125, 126, 135, 139 127, 128, 206, 207, 262, 263, 264, Thorstein (Kumpi) Eiríksson, bishop of Bergen 1343- 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 1349, 136, 139, 141, 142, 189, 274, 275, 277 285 Thorstein Berdorsson, priest, 135 , Hanseatic city, 114, 116 Thorunn Hallkjellsdatter, woman (maid?) on Nedre Stubbekøbing parish church, 472 Kjørstad, 133, 220, 221 Stuttgart, 81 Thorvald, monk, Viðey monastery (Iceland), 135, Sub-Arctic regions, 54 139 Subtenants/subtenancies, 161, 243, 245, Ticks, 475 246, 248, See also Undersettle(r)s Tikhomirov Y., 361 Sudan, 324, 455 Tinn H, Telemark C, 133, 210 Sudhoff K., 474 Tithes, 164, 213, 222, 266 Suffolk C, 116 Tiveden, district, Örebro C, 428 Sundsvall (Sweden), 439 Tjärnberg M., Swedish zoologist, 440, 441 Sunnby, farmstead, Enebakk H, Akershus Tolkmicko, town in northern Poland, 422 C, 164 Tomich P.Q., 407, 408 Supermortality, 152, 346, 347, 349, 358, Tønsberg (Norway), 116, 117, 119, 132, 142, 163, 192, 384 212, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 272, 291, Sussex, 420 300, 430 Sweden, 6, 11, 12, 27, 53, 54, 66, 68, 100, Toten, district, Oppland C, 130, 131, 208, 209, 215, 101, 125, 127, 142, 153, 170, 171, 188, 218, 264 191, 193, 196, 197, 218, 219, 231, 232, Toulouse (France), 113 249, 260, 261, 265, 279, 280, 281, Tournai (Belgium), 121, 350 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, Trench fever (Quintan fever), 81, 611 318, 321, 323, 404, 406, 407, 411, Trøgstad P, Østfold C, 112, 300, 344, 567 427, 428, 434, 436, 438, 439, 440, Trond Krakesson, lawmaster, of royal mansion, 441, 442, 452, 453, 459, 484, 485, Oslo, 119 497, 503, 523, 576, 577 Trøndelag, region (Norway), 151, 300, 441 Eastern, 261, 290, 428, 577 Trondheim, postmedieval name of Nidaros, 146, Northern, 428, 436, 439, See also 191, 200, 278, 291, 300, 400, 430, 441 Norrland Turku, See Åbo/Turku Western, 127, 260, 261, 281, 289, 428 Tuscany, 110, 111, 152, 153 Switzerland, 86, 87, 110, 129, 420 Twigg G., XIV, 47, 76, 77, 309, 312, 313, 314, 316, Sydney, 413 324, 329, 364, 396, 401, 418, 421, 456, 465, Sysselmann, See Sheriff 466, 467, 469, 491, 492, 593, 613, 614, 615 Tanzania, 84 Tyrol(ese), See Alps, Tyrolese Taranger A., Norwegian historian, 263, 264 Uelzen (Germany), 423 Telemark C (Norway), 300 Uganda, 84 Tenants, 6, 152, 164, 165, 166, 176 Ulnes P, Valdres, 131 The BBC History Magazine, 258, 384 Ulsig E., Danish historian, XVIII, 127, 183, 207, 269 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Undersettle(r)s, 160, 161, 239, 242, 243, 245, 248, Services, 258, 335, 457 See also Subtenants Thi-Nguyen-Ny T., 90 University of Copenhagen, 452 710 Index

University of Gotland, 427 Villano, J., 405, 409 University of Marseilles, 87 Viral diseases, 2, 3, 46, See also Immunity University of Munich, 91 Virulence, XXIII, XXIV, 327, 333, 334, 335, 377, 378, University of , 454 379, 384, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 609, 610, University of Oslo, XVIII, 340, 491, 564 611, 612, 661, 662 , historical province (north of , town See Gotland I. Stockholm), 289, 290 Visigoths (Germanic people), See also entry , archcathedral city (Sweden), 428 Ostrogoths, 86 USA, See America(ns) (USA) Vitrolles, town (France) 81 Uudenmaan C, See Nyland/Uudenmaan C Vretemark M., Swedish paleoosteologist, 10, 406, (Finland) 432 Vad, farmstead, Sigdal H, 163, 220, 260 Wales, 286, 298, 569, 616 Valdres, district, Oppland C, 130, 131, 132, Walløe L., Norwegian physician, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, 209, 210, 215 2, 4, 9, 13, 21, 46, 50, 53, 69, 77, 89, 191, 307, Valkenburg, village, province South/Zuid 308, 311, 330, 335, 340, 344, 346, 347, 348, Holland (Netherlands), 420 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, Varberg, town, Halland C, 428, 429 363, 364, 370, 380, 381, 382, 388, 395, 396, Värmland C (Sweden), 436 397, 398, 403, 406, 408, 409, 410, 416, 418, Vasold M., 456, 465, 471 419, 424, 428, 431, 433, 441, 442, 491, 594, Västergötland, historical province 596, 598, 600, 609, 690 (Sweden), 197, 289, 428, 439 Waltersdorf (Germany), 422 Venice/Venetian(s), 55, 80, 91, 110, 611 Walton, hamlet, Buckinghamshire C, See also Ventriculus, flea stomach, 22, 367, 369, Aylesbury, 420 371, 372, 373, 444, 501, 528, 537, 547, Wash (the), bay and estuary, 116, 144, 216, 226, 332 548, 556, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, Waste layers, 411, 424 636, 637, 638, 645, 646, 650, 651, Weymouth, 110, 113, 115, 225, See Melcombe Regis 653, 654, 655, 663 Wheeler C.M., 377, 610, 630, 657 Verona, 87, 348, 349 Wiechmann I., 88, 329 Verzhbitskiy D.T., 538, 539, 631 Wigh B., 426 Vestfjórd area (Iceland), 577 William de Melchebourn, merchant of King’s Lynn, Vestfold C (Norway), 100, 191, 300, 406, 144, 145, 217 432 Wills and deeds endowing religious institutions Vestlandet, region (Norway), 116, 132, 138, „Appropriate” and „Inappropriate” wills, 293, 146, 193, 201, 202, 204, 238, 240, 296, 297, 298 241, 242, 243, 245 Wismar, Hanseatic city, 116 Vienna, 420 World Health Organization (WHO), 11, 15, 257 Vienne, town, Rhône valley, 83, 90 Wroxeter, Roman settlement and town, Shropshire War, 102, 106, 366, 555, 606, 631, C, 420 641, 644, 645, 657 Wu C.Y., 10, 25, 78, 110, 356, 369, 376, 386, 412, Vietnam(ese), 23, 25, 256, 366, 369, 457, 457, 461, 466, 468, 490, 511, 519, 527, 531, 462, 477, 478, 556, 557, 561, 562, 557, 558, 613, 625, 630, 631, 651, 654, 660, 607, 631, 645, 646, 647, 648, 651 691 Vigne F.-J., 364, 418, 419, 423, 424 Wu Lien-Teh, 8, 356, 411, 412, 413, 461, 462, 471, (Vík), historical region, outer 531, 551, 565, 567, 568, 569, 635 Oslofjord with coastal districts from Yersinia Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, 11, 15, 16, Lista to Båhuslen, 260 257, 311, 326, 335, 388, 459, 480, 496, 625 Viking Age, 236 York, archcathedral city, 420 Viking(s), 53, 100, 101, 117, 236, 247, 402, Yunnan (China), 44, 45 422, 424, 426, 427, 428, 432, 494, Zealand I. /Sjelland (Denmark), 113, 127, 207, 225, 497, 579 269, 294, 452 Vilkuna K., Finnish historian, 436 Ziegler P., 616