Szilvafajták Jellemzése Ssr- És S- Lókusz Markerekkel

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Szilvafajták Jellemzése Ssr- És S- Lókusz Markerekkel SZILVAFAJTÁK JELLEMZÉSE SSR- ÉS S- LÓKUSZ MARKEREKKEL Doktori (PhD) értekezés MAKOVICSNÉ ZSOHÁR NOÉMI TÉMAVEZETŐ: DR. HALÁSZ JÚLIA habilitált egyetemi docens, Ph.D. BUDAPEST 2019 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola Tudományága: Kertészeti biológia Vezetője: Zámboriné dr. Németh Éva egyetemi tanár, DSc tanszékvezető, Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék Szent István Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar Témavezető: Dr. Halász Júlia habilitált egyetemi docens, Ph.D. Genetika és Növénynemesítés Tanszék Szent István Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar A jelölt a Szent István Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhely vitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés védési eljárásra bocsátható. .................................................... .................................................... Zámboriné dr. Németh Éva Dr. Halász Júlia Iskolavezető Témavezető 2 Az az anya, aki gyermeke szívébe a természet szeretetét beojtotta, mesés kincsek birodalmával ajándékozta meg szülöttét; olyan kincseket ad annak, melyeket az idő vasfoga sem emészthet meg; melyek azt boldogítva kisérendik végig az élet utain. Hazám lelkes leányai! Ajándékozzátok meg gyermekeiteket eme kincsekkel, a természet szent szeretetének boldogító érzésével! Karoljátok fel hazai gyümölcsészetünk ügyét! Szeressétek, ápoljátok a gyümölcsészetet! A gyümölcsészet egy áldásdús tudomány, olyan mint a szeretet vallása, mely nem egyes népeket hanem az egész világot törekszik boldoggá tenni, keblére ölelni. (Bereczki Máté: Gyümölcsészeti vázlatok, 1877) 3 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Jelölések, rövidítések jegyzéke...................................................................................................................... 6 1. BEVEZETÉS ............................................................................................................................................ 8 2. CÉLKITŰZÉS ........................................................................................................................................ 10 3. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS .................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Az európai szilva rendszertani helye, rokonsági kapcsolatai és növényföldrajzi áttekintése ............... 11 3.2. A szilvatermesztés története és a történelmi szilvafajták elterjedési területe ...................................... 16 3.3. A szilva termőterületének és termésmennyiségének változása hazánkban.......................................... 19 3.4. A szilva genetikai variabilitásának elemzése DNS-markerekkel ........................................................ 20 3.4.1. RAPD- és AFLP-markerek alkalmazása a szilvánál ................................................................... 21 3.4.2. Az SSR-polimorfizmus felhasználása a szilvánál ....................................................................... 22 3.5. Az önmeddőség jelentősége a zárvatermő növények esetében ........................................................... 25 3.6. A Prunus fajokra jellemző gametofitikus inkompatibilitási rendszer molekuláris háttere és modellje 29 3.6.1. Az S-ribonukleáz (S-RN-áz) enzim: a bibekomponens ............................................................... 31 3.6.2. Az S-haplotípus-specifikus F-box fehérje: a pollenkomponens ................................................... 34 3.7. A szilva-termékenyülés kutatásának hagyományos módszerei........................................................... 36 3.7.1. A szilva öntermékenyülésének szabadföldi vizsgálata ................................................................ 37 3.8. Az S-genotípus meghatározásának molekuláris diagnosztikai módszerei ........................................... 39 3.9. A poliploid gyümölcsfajok S-allélrendszere ...................................................................................... 41 3.9.1. Meggy (Prunus cerasus L.)........................................................................................................ 42 3.9.2. Európai szilva (Prunus domestica L.)......................................................................................... 46 4. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER ......................................................................................................................... 48 4.1. A vizsgálat tárgyát képező növényanyag........................................................................................... 48 4.2. DNS-alapú vizsgálatok ..................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.1. DNS-kivonás ............................................................................................................................. 52 4.2.2. SSR-vizsgálat ............................................................................................................................ 52 4.2.3. S-PCR-analízis .......................................................................................................................... 54 4.2.4. DNS tisztítása agaróz gélből ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2.5. PCR-termékek klónozása ........................................................................................................... 56 4 4.3. Statisztikai analízis ........................................................................................................................... 58 5. EREDMÉNYEK ..................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1. Az európai szilva genotípusok genetikai jellemzése SSR-markerekkel .............................................. 59 5.1.1. Az SSR-lókusz polimorfizmusa ................................................................................................. 59 5.1.2. A vizsgált egyedek genetikai távolsága ...................................................................................... 65 5.1.3. A vizsgált fajták STRUCTURE analízise ................................................................................... 67 5.1.4. A vizsgált szilvafajták főkomponens-analízise ........................................................................... 70 5.2. Az S-genotípus meghatározása ILP-marker alapján ........................................................................... 72 5.2.1. Az S-allélok azonosítása DNS-szekvencia alapján ...................................................................... 75 5.2.2. Funkcióvesztéssel járó mutációs események .............................................................................. 78 5.2.3. Az újonnan azonosított szilva S-RN-áz allélok jellemzése .......................................................... 80 5.2.4. Az új európai szilva S-RN-áz allélok filogenetikai elemzése ....................................................... 84 5.2.5. A vizsgált szilvafajták S-genotípusának meghatározása .............................................................. 90 5.2.6. Az újonnan és a már azonosított teljes S-RN-áz allélok meghatározása az európai szilvában ....... 94 5.2.7. Az európai szilva F-box gén polimorfizmusa ............................................................................. 98 6. EREDMÉNYEK MEGVITATÁSA ...................................................................................................... 107 6.1. Prunus domestica fajták genetikai jellemzése mikroszatellit markerek (SSR) segítségével .............. 107 6.2. A vizsgált európai szilvafajták genetikai távolsága.......................................................................... 109 6.3. A vizsgálatba vont egyedek főkomponens-analízise ........................................................................ 111 6.4. Az európai szilva S-RN-áz gén polimorfizmusa .............................................................................. 113 6.4.1. Az újonnan azonosított szilva S-RN-áz allélok jellemzése ........................................................ 115 6.4.2. A vizsgálatba vont egyedek S-genotípusa ................................................................................. 116 6.4.3. Az új európai szilva S-RN-áz allélok filogenetikai elemzése ..................................................... 117 6.4.4. Az újonnan azonosított teljes S-RN-áz allélok meghatározása az európai szilvában .................. 119 6.5. Az európai szilva F-box gén polimorfizmusa .................................................................................. 119 6.5.1. Az SFB-allélok filogenetikai vizsgálata .................................................................................... 121 6.6. Új tudományos eredmények ........................................................................................................... 122 7. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS.............................................................................................................................. 123 8. SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 125 9. MELLÉKLETEK.................................................................................................................................. 127 KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ................................................................................................................... 156 5 Jelölések, rövidítések jegyzéke
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