Notes and References

Chapter 1

Eden minute 2 July 1944 I'H O F0371/40696/U5407 (documents are at the Public Record Office, London. unless stated otherwise); War Cabi· net Paper (44)436 'Soviet Policy in Europe' 9 August 1944 CAB66/S3 (hereaft er cited as WI' with year, number and date); $tettinius report of mission to Britain, 7-29 Apri l 1944 Foreign Relalil)lIS or 1111' United SIMes 1944 (hereafter FRUS with year) vol. Ill, 10-11 ; K.G. Ross, Toreign Of· fi ce Attitudes to the Soviet Union 1941-45', 'Qumlll or CQlltempQf(lry His/ory,16 (1981), 538. Z W.S. Churchill, Till: Second World Wllr (London, 1948-54) vol. 3, 346, vol. 6, 250, 367-74. 3 D.C. Watt, 'Britain and the Historiography of the Yalta Conference and the Cold War', Diplomalic History. 13 (1989), 89; r.M. Carroll, 'A nglo. American Relations and the Origins of the Cold War: The New Perspective', OIl1(1(/j(1Il JOllmal o{ Hislory, 24 (1989), 206; G. Gorodetsky, SlIIflord Cripps' Miss ioll 10 Mosco w 1940-42 (Cambridge, 1984), idem, 'The Origins of the Cold War: Stalin, Churchill and the Formation of the Grand Alii· ance', TIl(' Russiall Rrvkw, 47 (1988), 145-70. 4 Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps, 96, 138-9, 164. 5 N. Tolstoy, Stalin's Secret W(If (London, 1983),287-8,338; S. de Mowbray, 'Soviet Deception &: the Onset of the Cold War. British Documents for 1943 - A lesson in Manipulation', EIICQllllter, 63 (1984), 16; J. ChaTlnl ey, ClllIrchi/J. Thr End o{Glory (London, 1993),455,467,612; A. Glees, Tile Secrets o{ Ihe Service: British Intellig('llce fwd COlIIlIIUllisl SUhlWsiQII 1939-5 1 (London, 1987), 51. 6 L Kettenacker, 'The Anglo·Soviet Alliance and the Problem of Germany, 1941 - 45 ' , luumal o{ Contemporary History, 17 (1982), 446; J,M. Lewis, C/wllgillg Dirrclioll. iMlisl1 Military Plallllillg {or l'osHvar Strategic /Je{eIlCt', 1942--47 (l ondon, 1988), 337; D. Fraser, A/(lIIhrooke (London, 1982), 450. 7 E. Barker, Clwrc/lill ami Edell at War (London, 1978), 221, 287, 291; W.M. McNeill, Amerim, Britaill a//(I Russia. Tllf'ir Cooperatiun (///(I Conflict 1941--46 (london, 1953), 536; M. Kitchen, Britisll Po/icy Towards I/Ie Soviet Union durillglhe SecolUl World War (London, 1986),271; V. Rothwell, Brilllill ami tlte Cold War, 1941-47 (London, 1982),4. 8 R. Cecil, review of Glees, Searls, in Intelligence (lnd Natioll(l/ Security, 3 (1988),342; T.H. Anderson, Tile United Stllles, Great Bri/llin (lnd Ille Cold War, 1944-47 (Columbia, MO, 1981), 182. 9 Lewis, C/wnging Direction, 139 note 95; Ross, 'Foreign Office', 528; Rothwell, Brilllill, 14 . 10 M. Kit chen, 'Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union during the Sec­ ond World War', Hislor;m/loufl/al, 30 (1 987), 424-5; L. Aronsen and

172 Noles (/lid Referellces 173

M. Kitchen, Tile Origins o{/he Cold War ill COmp(If(l/iI'e Persp«liI't' (London, 1988), 86; Charmley, Clwrcilill, 507-8; Rothwell, Brilaill, 104. 11 Warner minutes 17 February 1942 F0371 /32876/N927, 30 August 1943 F0954/26A. 12 J.M. Lee, T/l1' C/lllrc/lill Coalitioll (London, 1980), 169. 13 The Government was anxious to prevent the left reaping any benefit from having been correct about the resilience of the USSR, but the 'stealing the thunder' campaign. which involved taking over the or­ ganisation of pro-Soviet events, also se rved the purpose of making the Government (especially its Conservative members) appear supportive of the USSR and thereby quieten criticism. The fO often regretted the uncritical pro-Soviet fervour, but there was no doubt that it was or­ chestrated by the Ministry of Information, MIS and Special Branch, who checked the credentials of all pro-Soviet organisations and ensured the non-Communist ones were favoured, Parker to Monckton IS July 1941, Home I'olicy Committee (HPC) meeting 4 September 1941 , INFI/ 676; P.M. H. Bell, la/III Bli/l a/1(/ 1/11' BI'(I(. Brillsll Pllvlic Opillioll, ForriSII Policy a/1(/ tlw Sovil't Ullioll, /941-45 (London. 1990), 42-5.56-66; M. Balfour. Prop"S(IIIt/a ill War 1939-45: Orgallist/tioIlS, Policies alld Polilics ill Britaill Will Germally (London, 19 79), 228-30. 14 D. Yergin, Siml/erni I'eace. Tile Or;sillS o{ tile CQ/d War (/lid tile NatiOllal SeCII,;t}' Stale (ll oston, 1977), Chapters I and 2.

Chapter 2

f .S . Northedge and A. Wells, Brilaill a/1(/ Soviet Commullism. Tile Impact of a Revolutioll (London, 1982), 50-3. 62-73; R. Manne, 'The f-oreign Office and the Failure of Anglo-Soviet Rapprochement', lOI/(/Ial o{COI/­ lempvmry History, 16 (1981 ),736-7. 2 D. Lammers. 'Fascism, Communism and the Foreign Office 1937-39', lOllmal O{Colltl'lIJporary History, 6/3 (1971), 68; F. McLynn, Fitzroy M(ICleoll (London, 1992),26, 41 -3,51. 3 Neither of these important officia ls has been subject to biographical study. Th ey were both born in 1884, and had been in the FO since before the !=i rst World War. Charles Webster described Sargent as hav­ ing the views of the ro of around 1910, Webster diary 3 February 1946, BI.PES. Roderick Barclay found him 'cy nical. pessimistic and unconstructive, though very likeable'. Jebb thought him brilliant, bu t pessimistic and inclined to debunk theorisations. He had not se rved overseas since 1919. Cadogan was, again according to Jebb, cautious, conventional, 'clearly shy and repressed emotionally', and a methodi· cal worker not given to the more pa ss ionate viewpoints of his predecessor, Vansiltart. R. Barclay, Ernest Bevin mulille Foreign Office (London, 1975), 83; Lord Gladwyn, Tile MellJoirs of Lord Gladwyn (London, 1972), 70, 73; Bruce Lockhart diary \3 April 1943, in K. Yo ung, ed. , Tile Diaries of Sir Robert Bmce Lockhart, 1939-65 (London, 1980). 4 K. feiling, Tile Li{e of Neville C/Ulmbl'flaill (London, 1970), 425; Halifax comments to Dominions Ministers 1 November 1939 CAB 99/1; War 174 Notes ami Referellces

Cabinet Minutes (hereafter cited as WM with the year, meeting number and date) WM(39)43rd 9 October 1939 CA B 65/2. 5 Collier memorandum 31 January 1940 F0371/24845/NI360; Sargent minute 24 March 1940 F0371/24843/N3363; Maclean pa per, 'I'ossi­ bilities of Allied Action Against the Caucasus' (draft) ud(undated) March 1940 F0371/24846/N3698; Kirkman and Hammond minutes 6 March 1940 W0208/1754; WM(40)66th 12 March 1940 CAB65/6. 6 Sargent memorandum 'The future direction of Soviet policy' 14 March 1940 F0371/24843/N3S38; M. Gilbert, Fillest HOllr. WillStOIl Chllrcllill 1939-41 (London, 1983), 49, 98, 100-1; Churchill conversation with Welles 12 March 1940 FRUSI940:I, 84. 7 Seeds to Halifax 21 March 1939 F0371/23061/C3968; J. Haslam, Tile Suy;et UII;OIl alld IIII' Struss/e for Col/ect;\'/' Security ;11 Europe 19.13-39 (London, 1984), 230. Gottfried Niedhart makes the important point that for the British the USSR occupied a peripheral position; there was underlying anti-Bolshevism, but no policy-makers built their policy around it; indeed the USSR was usually ig nored, at least until 1939, 'British Attitudes and Policies towards the Soviet Union and International Communism, 1933-9', in W. Mommsen and 1.. Kettenacker, eds, The F(lscist C/w//ellge 1/1111 tilt' Policy of Appel/semelll (London, 1983), 291; C. Keeble, Britain (1/1(/ IIII' Soyiet Ullioll, 1917-/989 (London, 1990), Chapler 6. 8 Collier to lIutler 18 March 1940 F0371/24846/N3313; Halifax, Full1ess of Duys (l.ondon, 1957), 207; d. Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps, 96. 9 Sargent memorandum 14 March 1940 F0371/24843/N3538. 10 Sargent memorandum 'Possibilities of further Soviet-German collabo­ ration' 17 July 1940 F0371/24852/N6029; circular to HM Representatives (HMRR), South-Eastern Europe 5 September 1940 F0371/24902lR7463; Sargent minute 28June 1940 F0371/24844/N5853. Lothian, Ambassador to the US, told Welles that the IIritish Government supported Cripps' view that the Soviets were increasingly apprehenSive regarding German victories, 18 June 1940 State Department rapers, US National Archives, College rark, Maryland, Record Group 59 (hereafter RG59) 711.61/739. II Maclean minute 25 May 1940, NID report 'Soviet Intentions in North East Europe' 20 June 1940, FO to Cripps 14 June 1940 F0371/24844/ N570!, N5808; Halifax conversation with Ambassador Kennedy 21 June 1940 1'0371/24761/NS862; Rose minute 26 July 1940 F0371/24968/ R675 I. 12 FO to Cripps 14 June 1940 F0371/24844/N5808. 13 Clutton minute 22 February 1941 F0371/29778/RI452; 1'0 to HMRR S. E.. Europe 28 February 1941 F0371/297791R211O. 14 Dominions Office to Smuts I November 1940 F0371/24845/N7046. IS FO to Cripps 2 December 1940 F0371/24848/N7348; Maclean sum­ mary 24 November 1940 F0371/24853/N7Z79; 2 Collier minutes 31 January 1941 F0371/29463/N373; comments on Cripps despatch 26 January 1941 F0371/29S00/N947; WM(41)20th Confidential Annexe (CA) 24 February 1941 CAB65/21. 16 The belief that Germany would not attack the USSR was built more on estimates of German aims and interests, and the Soviet desire to NQles llIul Re{crt'l/ces 175

avoid war, than on concepts of the natural affinity of Germany and the USSR: see Cavendish-Bentinck minute 27 March 1941 F0371 /26518/ C2919, cf. Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps, 112- 14, and idem, 'Churchill's Warning',981. 17 Maclean minute 12 October 1940 F0371/24852/N6922: Halifax to Cripps 27 November 1940 1:0371/24848/N7323; Burgin memorandum 5 March 1941 1'0371/29498/N951. 18 Report by Wavell AIR2/l911; Martel conversation with Liddell Hart 6 October 1936 Liddell Hart papers, Liddell Hart Centre (LHC) LHII/l936; J. Herndon, 'British Perceptions of Soviet Military Capability, 1935-9' in Kettenacker and Mommsen, eds, Fascist C/r(ll/mse, 301-2; K. Neilson, N ,uPursued By A Bear ; British Estimates of Soviet Military Strength and Anglo.Soviet Relations, 1922-1939', C(llladian JOIln/al o{ History, 28 (I 993j, 209-11. 19 COS283rd meeting 18 March 1939 CAB53/10; FP(36)82 'Report on the Military Value of Russia' 24 April 1939 CAB27/627; Neilson, 'Pursued By A Bear', 203. 20 Weekly Resume 5 October 1939 CAS80/!; WP(39)101 28 October 1939 CAB66/3. Soviet performance against the Japanese in 1938 had been noted as poor, Herndon, 'British Perceptions', 347; WM(40jIOthCA 12 January 1940 CA B65/l1; WI' (39j 179 31 December 1939 CAB66/4. 21 MI2 paper, 'The Foreign Relations of the USSR' 2 November 1940 F0371/ 24845/N7310. 22 Greer to DMI6January 1941, Sillem minute 8 January 1941 W0208/ 1758. 23 Tamplin minute 8 January 1941, Mackenzie paper 'Will Stalin Fight?' 8January 1941, Tamplin minute 17 January 1941 , MI2b paper 'Strategy of the !led Army in a War against Germany' 27 January 1941 W0208/1758. 24 JIC(41)218(F) 23 May 1941 'German Intentions Against the USSR', MI2 comments 22 May 1941, JIC(41 )234 'The I'ossi ble Outcome of German­ Soviet !lelations' 31 May 1941, Barclay (MII4) comments 1 June 1941 W0208/1761. 25 Cadogan minute 21 June 1940 F0371/24849/N5788. 26 WM(40)123rd 15 May 1940, 127th 18 May 1940, 149th 31 May 1940 CAB65/7; Lockhart diary 4 May 1940, 21 May 1940; Dalton diary 17 May 1940 in B. I'imiott, ed., Th,' Secoml World Wilr Diary o{ Hllg/I Oil/tOil /940-45 (London, 1986); Cripps conversation wi th HaBrax 20 May 1940 1:0371!24847/N5648; H. Hanak, 'Sir Stafford Cripps as British Am· bassador in Moscow, May 1940-June 1941', Euglish Historical Review, 94 (\979), 56. 27 C. Cooke, The Life of Ric/wrd Stafford Cripps (London, 1957), 242-3, W. Jones, The Russia Complex (Manchester, 1977),46, Tribune 1 December 1939, T.D. Burridge, British Labour 11m/ Hitler's Wllf (London, 1976),38. 28 E. Estorick, Stllffo(f/ Cripps. A Biograp/Jy (London, 1949), 243. 29 Cripps to 1:0 27 July 1940 F0371/24844/N6072. 30 Cripps to Halifax 10 October 1940 F0371/24848/N7323. 31 Cripps to FO 2 August 1940 F0371 / 24845/N6243; Earle to Hull 10 June 1940 FRUS1940:1, 606. 176 Noles al1(/ ReferellCes

32 Cripps to 1'0 20 November 1940 F0371/24848/N7238. 33 Cripps to 1'011 October 1940, 13 October 1941 F0371/24845/N6881, N6875. 34 Cripps to 1'0 11 October 1940 F0371/24848/N6838, to Monckton 31 August 1940 and Halifax 2 5eptember 1940 1'0800/322. 35 Cripps to 1'0 8 August 1940 F0371/24847/N6105, 2 j uly 1940 1'0371/ 24844/N5937; Steinhardt to Hull 22 September 1940 RG59 741.61/ 899. 36 Maclean minute 9 August 1940 F0371/24847/N6105. 37 Maclean minutes 3 j uly 1940, 10july 1940 F0371/24844/NS937; Hali· fax 10 Alexander 19 August 1940 F0371/24847/N6105. 38 Daily Hewltl I December 1939; Burridge, Bri/isll Labour, 21, 38; B. Donoghue and W.jones, Herberl Morrisoll. Purlmil of II Politician (London, 1973), 255. 39 n. Pimlott, HIISh DaIIO// (London, 1985), 284- 6, 294; HaJJ to Dalton 19 August 1940, Wa rd and Lucas minutes 3 September 1940 1'0837/1082. 40 Dalton minute 18 May 1940, Palairet to MEW 5 j une 1940, Gaitskell to Herbertson 26 June 1940 1'0837/1127. 41 Postan note on 1'0 to Athens 2 April 1941 1'0837/1098. 42 Hal! to Baxter 23 July 1940, and to Sargent 23 j uly 1940, Trench minute 27 july 1940, Baxter minute I August 1940, Postan minute 20 August 19401'083711130. 43 I'ostan note 6 September 1940 1'0837/1082; Maclean minute 26 August 1940, Collier conversation with Postan 6 September 1940 F0371/248521 N6359. 44 Halifax letter to KnatchbuU.Hugessen (Ankara) 21 February 1940 1'08001 323; Baggallay minute 9 February 1940 1'0371/24581/E573; HMRR mtg 8 April 1940 1'0371/24902/R4832; Ml2b note on South Caucasus 31 january 1940 W0208/1753. 45 Cadogan minute 2 june 1940 F0371/24847/N5689. 46 Sargent draft of Halifax to Cripps 13 August 1940 F037l/24847/N6105. 47 Cadogan minute 12 November 1940 F0371/24852/N7163. 48 Maclean minute 9 August 1940 F0371/24847/N6105. 49 Eden to Cripps 17 Ja nuary 1941 F0954/24B. 50 Butl er minutes 16 April 1940 r0371/24843/N3363, 12 March 1940, 29 March 1940 F0371/24846/N2779. N3313. 51 Cripps to Eden 9 March 1941 1'0954/24B. 52 Postan note on Sargent paper 20 August 19401'0837/1130. 53 WM(40)185th 28 june 1940 CAB65/7; Collier minute 10 November 1940 F0371/24845/N7148. 54 Cripps to 1'0 8 December 1940 r0371/24849/N7387. 55 Cripps to 1'0 I I November 1940, 20 November 1940, Maclean minute 5 December 1940 F0371/24848/N7173, N7238, N7366. 56 Sargent minutes II December 1940,3 january 1941 F0371/24849/N7387, N7548. 57 Cripps to 1'0 29 December 1940 F0371/24849/N7548, 31 December 1940 f0371/29463/N29; Steinhardt to Hull 8 February 1941 RG59 741.6 11 920; Cripps to Ed en 9 March 1941 1'0954/24B. 58 Sargent minutes 6 February 1941 F0371/28563/N502, 28 March 1941 Noles (md Re{ert'l/ces 177

F0371/29464/NI229; Ma clean minute 15 March 1941, Collier minute 27 March 1941 F0371/29500/N947, N1164. 59 Churchill, SI'COI1(/ World War vol. 2, 118; 1'0 to Cripps 13 June 1940 F0371 /24 844/N5808; Hanak, 'Cripps', 61; Dalton to Halifax 24 June 1940 F0837/1127. 60 Cr. Hanak, 'Cripps', 54. 61 WM(40)27Ist 15 October 1940 CAB65/9; 1'0 to Cripps 15 October 1940 F0371 /24845jN6875, Halifax to Cripps 27 November 1940 F0371/24848/ N7323; Atherton to Welles 26 November 1940 RG59 711.61/768. 62 Cripps to 1'0 2 tels II November 1940 F0371 /24848/N7165, N7163. 63 Cripps to Eden 9 March 1941 F0371 /29500/N1l64; Cripps to F..den 28 March 1941 Eden to Cadogan 29 March 1941 1'0371/29464/N I289, NI360. 64 Eden had told Cripps, '[ share with you a keen desire to improve our relations with the Soviet Government and [ have also had my share of disappointment in these endeavours. . it is. . an advantage that the Rus sians profess to regard me as one who has no prejudices against them . .', letter 17 January 1941 1'0954/24B. 65 ['0 to Eden 2 April 1941 1'0371/2927 1/NI323; Cadogan to Eden 2 April 1941 1'0371 /29464/N I360. 66 Sargent minute 9 April 1941. Eden minute 15 April 1941, Sargent draft of Eden to Cripps 16 April 1941 d. Sargent's 28 March 1941 minute F0371 /29464/N1386, N1229; Sargent nOle on Halifax to Collier 26 April 1941 , Eden conversation with Maisky 16 April 1941, Sargent 10 N. Dept 18 April 1941,1'0 to Halifax 19 April 1941 F0371 /29465/NI806, N1658, N1667. 67 Churchill to Cadogan 3 April 1941,5 April 1941 F0371/2927 1/N 1323; Defence Committee meeting 00(40)39Ih 31 October 1940 CAB69/1, WM(41)20thCA 24 I'ebruary 1941 CAB65/21, F. H. Hinsley, lJrilisll 11/­ telligellce in tile Second Warld War: /Is In{lut'l/ce on Slm/t'SY (Jml 0PI'f(J/iOI/S (London, 1979) vol. 1,432, 437,440. 68 Churchill to Stalin 3 April 1941 F0371/29479/NI366. 69 FO to Cripps 4 April 1941 F0371/29479/NI366. 70 Cripps to FO 2 leis 19 April 1941 F0371/29465/NI725; Cripps to FO 23 April 1941 F0371 /29480/NI761, N1762. 71 Cadogan minute 19 April 1941, Collier minute 22 April 1941 1'0371 1 29465/NI667, NI725; Sargent minute 26 April 1941 1'0800/279. 72 Churchill to Eden 22 April 1941 PREM3/395/16. 73 Warner memorandum 14 May 1941 F0371/29465/N2233; Cripps to 1'09 Ma y 1941 F0371129500/N2102; Eden minute 9 May 1941 1'0371/ 29498/N2050; J[C(41)234 'The Possible Outcome of German-Soviet Re­ lations' 31 May 1941 W0208/l761. 74 Butler minute 26 May 1941, 1'0 meeting 28 May 1941 1'0371129465/ N2565, N2566; 1'0 to Halifax 17 June 1941 F037 1/29501 /N2840. 75 Butler minute 30 April 1941 F0371/29465/NI801; Sargent minute I June 1941 1'0954124B; 17 June 1941 meeting on propaganda should Germany attack the USS R F0371 /29483/N2904. 76 Johnson to Hull 13 June 1941 f"/WSI94J:I, 170-2; Avon, The Reck.oning (l ondon, 1965),269; WM(41)61st 19 June 1941 CAB651l8; HPC meeting 18 JUl1e 1941 INI'1/913. 178 Noles ami ReferellCes

77 WM(41)58thCA 9 june 1941, 59thCA 12 June 1941 CAB6 5/22; Warner minute 8 june 1941 F0371/29466/N2889. 78 J. Kennedy, The Bllsiness of War (London, 1957), 147; B. Bond, ed., Cilief of StaR: Tile Viaries of Liertlel/al/I ~(;en eral Sir Hl!llry I'owl/all (London, 1974) vol. 2 1940-44, diary 29 June 1941. 79 jIC(41)234(F) 9 June 1941 F0371/29483/N2906; JIC(41)247 10 June 1941 CAB79/12; Nicolson diary 24 j une 1941 in N. Nicolson, ed., Hnrold NkoisOlr. Diaries ami Letters (London, 1967) vol. 2 1939-45; Kennedy, Husiness, 147, 149; Ismay, Memoirs of Gel/eml Ore Lortl/smay (\.ondon, 1960), 225; T. Barman, Diplomatk Correspondent (London, 1968), 99. 80 Churchill to Roosevelt 14 june 1941 (sent on 15 June 1941) PREM3/ 230/1. 81 Colvi!! e diary 22 June 1941 in J. Colvi!!e, Tile Fringes of Power. Down­ ing Street Diaries (London, 1985) vol. I 1939-0ctober 1941. 82 Colville diary 21 June 1941; Duff Cooper to Eden 28 June 1941 INrI / 913; WM(41)64th 30 June 1941 CA B65/l8. 83 S. Law lor, 'Britain and the Russian entry into the war' in It Langhorne, ed., Diplomucy and Intelligence during lI,e Second World War (Cambridge, 1985), 17 1-2. 84 WM(41)62nd 23 June 1941 CA B65/18; Morton to Churchill 31 August 1941 rREM4/64/5 and 12 November 1941 [NFI/913. 85 Colville diary 21 June 1941, d. his account in J. Wheeler·Bennett ed., Action Tllis D(IY. Workillg willI Clwrdlill (London, 1968), 89. 86 Gilbert, Fi ues/ Hour, 1123; COS to Macfarlane 14 July 1941 F0371 / 29486/N3729. 87 Macfarlane article on service in the USS R, Macfarlane papers 3 1, 1m· perial War Museum (IWM); Instructions to Naval Mission AOM223/ 506; Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. I, 483. 88 Nicolson note for HI'C 17 June 1941 INFI /913 cf. FO/lnformation meet· ing 17 June 1941 F0371/29483/N2904, where it was agreed, 'There would probably be strong pressure in some circles to neat Russia as an ally. This should be resisted. Our attitude would however depend on that of the Russians, who would probably not wish to regard them· se lves as our allies.' Eden conversations with Maisky 26 June 1941, 30 June 1941, Cri pps 10 1'0 27 Ju ne 1941 F0371/29466/N3226, N3304, N3231. 89 Sargent minute 9 July 1941, Eden talk with Winant 9 July 1941 and to Cripps F0371/29467/N3561, N3603; WM(41 )64th 30 June 1941 CAB65/l9; Steinhardt to Hull 9 July 1941 FRUSI94/: I, 179-81. 90 Harvey diary 21 Ma rch 1942, J. Harvey, ed., Tile War Diaries of Sir QliI'a Harvey (London, 1978). 91 A.Jr. Taylor, Beaverbrook (London, 1972), 165; A. Foster, 'The Beaverbrook Press and Appeasement: The Second Phase', European History Quarterly, 2 1 (1991), 7, 10-11. 92 A. Chisholm and M. Davie, Bem'erbTook. A Life (London, 1992), 282, 322, 326. On Beaverbrook's isolationism, see Beaverbrook to Uddell Hart 3 September 1939 LHI /52; 8eaverbrook to Churchill 30 Se ptember 1940 Beaverbrook papers, House of Lords (B BK ), 0/425; Foster, ' IJ eaverbrook Press', 8-9. Notes (/lui Re{erellces 179

93 'Apologia for Evellil18 SI(III(/(lr(/', fiSK 0/494. Generally, the Ileaverbrook press was isolationist on eastern Europe, friendly and indulgent to the USSR, guided by Stalin's foreign policy not his domestic activities, Foster, 'Beaverbrook Press', 21. 94 Gorodetsky, StaffoTf/ Cripps, 200--4. 95 00(41)22 19 October 1941 CAB69/3, 00(41)67th 20 October 1941 CAB69/2. 96 Poster for 'Tanks for Russia', INFI3/123. 97 00(41)62nd 19 September 1941 CA B69/2. 98 Churchill to Beaverbrook 30 August 1941 BBK 0 /94, H. Balfour diary 26 September 1941, lnchrye papers, House of Lords. 99 Cripps despatch IS September 1941 F0371/29490/NS447; Cripps to Eden 20 September 1941 F09S4/24B. 100 Beaverbrook to Eden IS September 1941 BBK 0/338; Hi s secretary'S notes on Cripps' despatches show the genesis of Beaverbrook's tactics; to counter the Soviet 'inferiority complex' as to their status as an ally by building up Soviet prestige in private and public. Beaverbrook's personal relationship with Stalin was to be the key to the success of the mission, I'arrer notes BBK 0 /90; Balfour diary 21 September 1941; Beaverbrook, 'Russian Narrative' 2S June 1945 BilK 0/100; A. Harriman and E. Abel, Special ElIl'oy 10 CllIIrc/liII alld Slalill (Lo ndon, 1976), Chapter 4; D. I:arrer, G For God Alm(gllly (London, 1969), 75; J.D. Langer, 'The Harriman­ Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Unconditional Aid for the Soviet Union, 1941 ', loumlll o{ Collfempomry History, 14 (1979), 469. 10 1 Balfour diary 30 September 1941, 9 October 1941; WP(41}238 8 October 1941 CAB66/l9. 102 00(41)64Ih IS October 1941 CAB69/2; DO(41}22 'Assistance 10 Rus­ sia' 19 October 1941 CA B69 /3_ 103 DO(41)71st 3 December 1941 CAB69 /2 d. Beaverbrook at 00(41)67tI1SS 20 October 1941 CA B69/8; J E. Beaumont, COli/wiles ill Arms (London, 19S0), 76-9. 104 Sinclair to Beaverbrook 20 October 1941 , Air Staff paper 27 November 1941 BBK 0/327; WM(41 )1 I IIhCA II November 1941 CAB6S/24; Beaumont, Cammill'S, 67-9. 105 JP(4 1)104th 15 August 1941 CAB84/3; COS(41)155(O) 31 July 1941 CAB80/59; Brooke diary 14 July 1941, 28 October 1941 Alanbrooke papers 2/4, LHC; DO(41)62nd 19 September 1941 CAB69/2. \06 00(41)7Ist 3 December 1941 CAB69/2; Brooke diary 4 December 1941, 25 February 1942 Alanbrooke 2/S; COS(41)4 1st(O) 2 December 1941 CAB79/55; JP(41)1038 15 December 1941 CAB84/38. \07 Warner minute 3 December 1941, Cavendish-Ben tinck minute 4 December 1941. F0371/29501/N7081; Whitefoord (D OMI(!)) to VCIGS 12 August 1941, Tamplin minute I October 1941 W0208/1776; Sillem minute 19 September 1941 W020S/1777; M13c appreciation 13 Sep· tember 1941 Martel papers, [WM, GQM4/3. \08 Kennedy, Bllsiness, 149; ])alton diary 18 November 1941. For Russian­ speaking officers, see notes on Theakstone and Martin F0371/295741 N5882, A. Birse, Memoirs o{ all IlIlerpreter (London, 1967), 80. \09 Cadogan diary 22 May 1942 in D. Dilks, ed., Tile Dillfies o{Sir AlexlIIJller 180 Noles ami Re{erellCes

CtulogulI, 1938-46 (London, 1971); Charmley, CllI/rellill, 456-7; D. Carlton, Alit/WilY Eden (London, 1982), 183-4. 110 McLynn, Mac/eml, 63. III 1-"0 to Cripps 21 October 1941 F0371/29470/N6267; Eden to Cripps 10 November 1941 F0371/29493/N6544. In a draft telegram to Cripps, Cadogan wrote, 'our prime need of cooperation with the Soviet must override all other considerations' 2 October 1941 F0371/29491/N5679. 112 Dew minute 15 November 1941, Maisky conversation with Eden 12 November 1941 I'0371/29470/N6288. Soviet sympathi sers in Britain made great play of speeches by Halifax, Page Croft and Moore Brabazon as indications of such feelings among the British ruling class, Brabazon to Blackburn 7 August 1941 and Churchill 3 September 1941, Brabazon papers, RAI' Museum, Croft to Mllisky 25 October 1941 Croft papers, Churchill College, 1/16. 113 Cripps to Eden 29 July 1941 F09S4/24B. 114 WI'(41)238 8 October 1941 CA B66/19; Peirson to Harvey 29 October 1941 F0371/29470/N6312. liS WM(4 1)l02nd 13 October 1941 CAB6S/19. 116 Maisky conversations with Eden 17 October 1941, 27 October 1941 F0371/29469/N60S9, N6228. 117 WM (41)104th 20 October 1941 CA B6S/19, 123rdCA 3 December 1941 CAB6S /24; Churchill to Cripps 28 October 1941 F0371/29471/N6S83. 11 8 Cripps to 1'0 2S October 1941 1'0371/29492/N6169; Cripps warned of the danger of a growth of a feeling of isolation in Moscow, and an obsession there that 'we were sitting back and watching'. 119 Cripps to Churchill 29 October 1941 F0371/29471/N6584. Churchill was of the opinIon that the Soviets were more dependent on Britain than vice verStI and reacted strongly to assertions of this kind by Cripps, Churchill draft to Cripps 3 October \941 F0371/29491/NS679. 120 Stalin to Churchill 8 November 1941 F09S4/24B. Churchill was dis­ gruntled by Stalin's tone. It took a mollification by Maisky, prearranged with Eden, to bring him round; he then wrote to Stalin that he wished for a personal correspondence with him, as with Roosevelt, and stated Britain's desire for postwar collaboration with the USSR, WM(41)1 IlthCA I I November 1941 CAB6S/24, Eden conversation with Maisky 20 November 1941 1'0371/29471/N6704, Harvey diary 21 November 1941; Churchill to Stalin 21 November 1941 F0371/29472/N67S0. 121 Skaife minutes 2 November 1941 F0371/29493/N6364, 9 November 1941 F0371/29470/N6490; Maisky to Leith-Ross IS October 1941 , Leith­ Ross to Greenwood 29 October 1941 T188/2S3. 122 Warner minute 23 November 1941 F0371/294221N7S03. 123 Churchill minute 1 November 1941 F09S4/24B; Sargent minute 18 November 1941 r0371/29470/N6288. 124 Sargent minute 26 October 1941 F0371/29493/N6S14. 12S Dew and Cadogan minutes 17 November 1941 r0371/29494/N6801. 126 Harvey diary 14 November 1941. 127 The phrase was Sargent's, minute on Stalin's speech 12 November 1941 1'0371/29494/N6631; Maisky conversation with Eden 26 August 1941 1'0371/29489/N4840. No/es (lIId Referellces 181

128 Warner minute 17 November 1941 F0371/29470/N6288, minute on Stalin's message 12 November 1941 F0371/29471/N6540, minute 23 November 1941 F0371/29422/N7503. 129 Harvey diary 14 November 1941; Eden minute 13 November 1941 F0371/ 29494/N6631. 130 Dew minute of 1'0 meeting 18 November 1941 F0371/29472/N5839; Cripps to Eden 5 November 1941 F0371/29493/N6544. Harvey noted, 'We felt the important thing is to convince Stalin that we mean to work with him during and after the peace. If we can convince him of this, then the facl that our ideas for post-war are slill nebulous needn't matter - all thaI should be sludied properly later', diary 18 November 1941. 131 1'0 meeting 19 November 1941 F0371/29015/W13829. 132 Dew minute 3 November 1941 F0371/29470/N6312. 133 Eden to Cripps 10 November 1941 F0371/29493/N6544. 134 Eden Memorandum 'Forthcoming Discussions with Ihe Soviet Governmcnt' 26 November 1941 WP(4 1)288 F0371 /29472/N6835; WM(41) 120IhCA 27 November 1941, I 24thCA 4 December 1941 CA B65/ 24; Ed en conversations with Maisky I December 1941, and Winant 4 December 1941 F0371/29472/N6893, N7013; Winant to Hull 4 December 1941 RG59 740.0011/17085.

Chapter 3

Tille of account of conversations between Major Magnus and Major­ General 50lovodnik 20 May 1944 F0371/43315/N3353. 2 Churchill to Eden 16 January 1944 PHEM3 /399/6. 3 Rothwell, Brilaill, 90-2; Kitchen, Uri/isll Policy, \57-8, 177-8. 4 Clark Kerr to Fe 17 April 1943, to Sargent 12July 1943 1'0371/37001/ N2366, N4002; I). Gill ies, Radicol DipiOI/IlI!. Tile Life Of Arc/ribald Clark Kerr, Lord lm'erc/wpel, 1882- 1951 {London, 1999),23,81,167; Barman, Correspol1de"l, 170-1. 5 Clark Kerr despatch 30 September 19421'0181/964/4; Balfour to Warner 17 March 1944 ':0371/43304/N2068; Clark Kerr to Warner 24 May 1944 1:0800/302; Barman, Correspo/lde/lt, 149-51. 6 Churchill to Eden 14 July 1944, Cadogan minute 17 July 1944 1'0954/26B. 7 Blunden to MacNulty 6 Augusl 1942 F0371/32922/N5000; Warner mi nute 10 November 1942 F0371/32923/N5832; A. I:oster, 'TIre Times and Appeasement: the Second Phase', 10urlUII of COl1temporary Histl)ry, 16 (1981), 460-1. 8 Kitchen, British Policy, 61; Hill paper IS April 1943 F0371 /36948/N2364; S.. l.Tman, CorresfXJ"del//, 151-4; Ismay diary 25 October 1943, Ismay papers! 111 /5/la, LH C. 9 The FO came to conclude when Polish pessimism proved unfounded that the Poles were jealous of the Soviets and of losing their position as Britain's major aily: Clarke minule 7 October 1941 1'0371/29491/ NS751; Dew minule II May 1942, Sargent minute 12 May 1942 1:0371/ 32921/N2405, N2488. As the Poles' reputation fe ll, so Pika's rose, Pika 182 Notes ami Re{erellCes

report 20 October 1941 F0371/29492/N6068, Lockhart minute 8 December 194 J F0371/29494/N6891. 10 Macfarlane to OM! 2 August 1941 F0371/29488/N4281: Exham to OMI 23 September 1942 AIR40/2344; Turner to DDMI (I) (Kirkman) 3 August 1943 W0208/l833; Fawkes report 7 October 1941 AOM223/248; B.F. Smith, S/wrins Secrets witl! Stalin. How tlJe Allies Tmried Intelligence, 1941- 1945 (Kansas, 1996), lSI, 171. II Ismay to Hollis 14 January 1944 PREM3/396/JO: NIO report 17 Nov. ember 1943 ADMZ23/506; Hinsley, British /lltt'iligCIICI', vol. 2, 41, 618. IZ e.g. jlC(44)ZI(I:) ZO january 1944 'The Situation on the Russian I:ront' A!R40/2344. 13 'Report by a British Officer of a visit to Leningrad' 29 january 1944-5 February 1944 F0371/43312/NI122; report of tour of White Russia, 2-10 August 1944 F0371/43316/N5774; SBNO Black Sea diary Se ptember 194 1 AOM223/506. 14 Haigh minute 24 September 1944 I:0371/43336/NSS98; 0 Malley des­ patch 30 April 1943 F0371/35261/U2011; M. Gilbert, Roml /0 Victory (London, 1986) 239; Lockhart minute II April 1945 1'0371/47860/ N4IOZ; Martel drafts for The RIIS$illll DIII/ook, 1947, GQM6/1; Miles to ONI 26 November 1942 AOM223/248; Rear·Admiral Archer described 'this suspicious and semi·civilized a ll y', Naval Mission report, 1943-45 AOM223/506; SOE 0/1'.1 to D/HV 30 May 1942 HS4 /327. 15 Clark Kerr to I;den 8 jUl1e 1943, 24 June 1943 F0371/36949/N3673, N3934; Ska ife minute 7 December 1943 F0371/369521N6777; Baggallay to Eden 25 February 1942 F0371/32906/NI585. 16 SBND Murmansk to ONI 20 September 1941, 29 j anuary 1942 ADM223/ 249; Cripps to FO 20 September 1941 F0371/29469/N5585. 17 Dew minute 19 July 1941 F0371/Z9487/ N3826; Lockhart memoranda 20 February 1942 F0371/32876/N927, 23 February 1942 BilK 0/96. 18 Dew minute 27 December 1941 1:0371/29499/N7355; SOZ paper 25 june 1941 HS4 /327. 19 naggallay to Sargent 18 january 1943 F0371/36944/N583. 20 Preston minute II February 1941, Collier minute 10 March 1941 1'0371/ 29498/N841; LambNt memorandum S August 19421'0181/966/13. ZI Balfour paper 19 March 194Z, Inchrye papers; Strang minute Z November 1941 F0371/29471/N6774. 22 Collier to Butler 7 September 1940 F0371/24841/N6488; Lambert memo­ randum 5 August 19421'0181/966/13. 23 Haigh minute 24 September 1944 F0371/43336/N5598. 24 Cripps to FO 24 july 1941,3 August 1941 rD371/29488/N4043, N4Z60; Dew minutes 24 july 1941 F0371/29488/N4004, ZO September 1941 F0371/Z9499/NS448. Sumner (FRPS) predicted a 'Suvorov spirit' that the regime had been cultivating for five years, and that a 'Chungking' was more likely than a 'Brest·Litovsk' minutes I july 1941, ZO July 1941 rD371/29499/N3476, N470Z. 25 WO to Macfarlane 5 july 1941 ADM223/506j M!3b appreciation of the Romanian situation 13 August 1941 WOZ08/4616; jlC(41)376(1') 23 September 1941 F0371/29491/N5649; Political Review 9 March 1942 F0371/33026/N3996. Noles (//u/ Re{erellas IS3

26 Baggallay to Eden 2S February 1942 F0371/32906/NIS8S. 27 Stalin Order of the Day 1 May 1942 F0371/37032/N3670; Clark Kerr despatch 10 October 1942 1:0ISI /964/S. 2S JIC(42)200(F) I June 1942 AIR4Q/2344; COS(42)169th 4 June 1942 CAB791 21; Exham to Reed 4 September 1942 FOISI/964/8; MI3c notes on Hungarian reports I Se ptember 1942 W020S/ 180S; Davidson minute II September 1942 W020S/ISIS; MI3c summary 4 November 1942 W020S/1820; Baggallay to FO 13 Jan uary 1943 F0371 /36944/NS82. In fact, Stalin went to the fron t only once, after the battle of Kursk, R. Overy, Rllssitl's War. Blood UpOll lilt' SIIOII' (New York, 1997), 2S4. 29 Skaife memorandum 19 December 1942 1'0371/32924/N6633. 30 I'ood and transport went to maintaining the Red Army and industrial workers, together with Government officials, the NKVD and party func­ tionaries. Those classified as ' useless mouths' - dependants, especially the elderly, and those in non-essential occupations, had to fen d as best they could, JIC(42)459(F) 2 December 1942 AIR40/2344; MEW report on Soviet rations 31 March 1944 F0371 /43329/N2032. 31 2 Clark Kerr despatches 10 October 1942 FOISI/964/S. 32 jlC(41)290 31 july 1941 W020S/I 777. 33 Sillem note 19 September 1941 W020S/1777; MI3c comments I Sep­ tember 1942 W020S/ISOS; Berthoud to Warner 4 February 1942 F03711 32920/NI23S; lI aggaliay to Sargent IS January 1943 F0371/36944/NSS3. 34 Skaife memorandum 24 February 1944 ['0371/433\3/N1S47. 35 Warner comment on Stalin speech 7 November 1942, minute 1 December 1942 1'0371/3 2923/N5782, N6068; Cheshire to ACAS( I) 6 October 1942 AIR 40/2344; Thornton minute 24 July 1943 W0208/ 1833; Eden con­ versation with Maisky 8 August 1943 PREM3/396/l3; M. Harrison, 'The Soviet Economy and Relations with Ihe United States and Britain, 1941 - 4S', in A. Lane and H. Temperley, eds, Tile Rise and Fal/ of /III! Gr(l/u/ AI/hlllee (Basingstoke, 1995), 7S, 77-S, 86. 36 Wilson minute 12 August 1943 F0371/37033/N4506; Dew minute 13 August 1943 r0371 /369S0/N4S93; Balfour to 1:0 10 September 1943 r0371 /370S7/N5805. 37 Whilefoord to Dew 2 October 1941 r0371/29491/N5751; Warner minute 28 September 1944 F0371/43336/NSS98. 38 Firebrace note, 'British Military Relations with the USSR' 24 November 1943 F0371/36970/N7241; Clark Kerr to Warner 3 August 1944 1'08001 302. 39 MI3b appreciation 13 August 1941 W020S/4616; MI3c notes I Sep­ tember 1942 W0208/l8S0; jIC(42)200(F) I June 1942 AIR40/2344; Baggallay despatch 25 February 1942 F0371/32906/NI585. 40 Tamplin to MI3 Colonel 15 j uly 1942 W0208/l777;jlC(42)459(I') 2 December 1942 'Russian Strength during the Winter 1942-43' AIR401 2344. 41 Aircraftman Clague note 19 March 1942 AIR4 6/21; COS(42)l78th 13 June 1942 CAB79/21; Hoseley report 11 May 1942 r 0371 j32921 /N2547. 42 Ignatieff note 4 September 1942 W0208/1815; Fawkes report 10 November 1941 F0371/29499/N6539. 43 Clark Kerr 10 Eden 13 October 1942 F0371/32922/N5267; Exham 184 Noles ami Referellces

to Cla rk Kerr 12 October 1942 1'0181 /964/4; SBNO Black Sea report 4 March 1943 W020S/17S0. 44 Dew minute 13 October 1942 F0371/32922{NS267; Exham to DMI 14 Oc.tober 1943 1'0181/964/4. 45 Clark Kerr despatch 3 November 1943 F0371 /36952/N7539; SBNO North Russia report, 15 December 1942 F0371/32924/N6354; renn report 22-31 October 1943 f0371 /43310/N295; Babington memorandum 12 August 1943 F0371/36960/N6227; SBNO Black Sea note 26 October 1943 W0208/1761. 46 Dew minute 18 April 1943, MEW note 1 May 1943 F0371/36948/N2337, N2637. 47 JI C(42)459(F) 2 December 1942 AIR40/2344; Tamplin note 24 October 1942 W020SI1S05; Noble note 22 May 1943 F0371 j36959/N3026. 48 JIC(42)200(F) 1 June 1942, JIC(42)4S9(1) 2 December 1942, JIC(43)409(O) 2 October 1943, J[ C(42)298(O) 2 August 1942 A[R40/2344; Nava[ Mis­ sion Diary 5 May 1942 ADM[99/1 102; Ambrose report ud. December 1941 ADM223/248. 49 e.g. PHP(44)17(O) Revise IS September 1944 'Security of Western Europe and the North AtlantiC' F0371/4074 1A/U76IS. 50 Dew minute 21 November 1942 F0371/32923/N5858. 51 Baggallay despatch 25 November 1942 F0371 /36944/N55; Dew minute 20 April 1943 1'0371 /36948/N2335; Hill report 29 January 1944-5 February 1944 F0371/43316/N I 122. 52 lambert to 1'0 3 December 1942 F0371/36944/N275; Kf(/SI/(l},a Zvezlla 7 January 1943, Lambert despatch 14 January 1943 1'0371/36945/N I243, N125!. 53 The press advocated dancing and other 'social graces' for officers, Clark Kerr despatch 3 November 1943 F0371/36952/N7539. 54 Lambert despatch 14 January 1943 F0371/36945/N I251; NIl)16 view 8 March 1943 F0371/36946/N1464. 55 Balfour to 1'0 21 December 1943 l'0371j36952/N7626_ Stalin hoped Churchl!1 'would set about learning the new tune and whistling it to the members of the Conservative party', Clark Kerr to Churchill 3 February 1944 F0800/302. S6 Baggallay despatch 2S I'ebruary 1942 1'0371/32906/N IS8S . 57 Skaife memorandum, 'The Future of the USSR in the Post·War Yea rs' 19 December 1942 F0371/32924/N6633; Clark Kerr despatches 30 Sep­ tember 1942 1'0181/964/4, 2 August 1943 1'0371/36950/N4533. He commented on the lise of the word RlIsski ra ther than Sovietski, and I.ambert speculated how long it would be before Rossiiski (Great Rus· sian) came back into use, Lambert minute 15 April 19431'0371/369471 N2 234. 58 Dew minutes 30 July 1943 F0371 /36950/N4 309, 6 May 1943 1'0371 / 37001/N2896. 59 Kuibyshev Embassy to 1'0 28 July 1942 F0371 /32949/N4525. 60 Balfour to Warner IS August 1944 I'0371/43316/N5186. 61 Skaife minute 5 October 1943, Dew minute 5 October 1943 F0371j 37052/N5523. 62 Dew minute 15 September 1943 F0371/36951/N5175. Noles (//u/ Re{erellas 185

63 Skaife minute 13 September 1943 F0371/36951/N5715; Sargent minute 5 July 1944 F0371/43315/N3816. 64 Cla rk Kerr to Fa 27 July 1944 1'0371/43316/N5009. 65 Clark Kerr to 1'0 16 September 1943 F0371/36951/N5807; NID note on Soviet Naval Officers 23 August 1942 ADM223/506. 66 Skaife memorandum 19 December 1942 l'0371/32924/N6633. 67 Wilson minute 14 May 1944 f0371 /43335/N2833. 68 Dew minute IS August 1943 F0371 /369S0/N4893; Wilson minute 26 December 1943 F0371/36952/N7539. 69 Balfour to Warner 17 July 1944 F0371/43336/NS415. 70 Clark Kerr despatch 3 November 1943 l'0371/36952/N7539. 7 1 Lockhart memorandum II April 1945 F0371 /47860/N4 102. 72 rolitical Review 4 December 1944 F0371/43449/N7946; Ministry of Information paper ud. October 1943 F0371/3695 1/N6150; Wheeler­ Bennett memorandum 10 April 1944 F0371 /40691/U3704; Hill report 2-10 August 1944 F0371/43316/N5774, Magnus report 20 May 1944 1'0371 /43315/N3353. 73 l'enn reJXlTt of visit to Destroyer Bakll 31 October 1943 F0371/43310/N295. 74 Dew minute 16 January 1942 \'0371/36920/N302. 75 Maisky statement 23 September 1941 F0371 /29490/NS565; Randall note 18 December 1941 \'037 1/29549/N7356; Waddams to Warner 18 Nov­ ember 1942, ci ting a survey of the 'more intelligent' members of the populace, 72 per cent of those feeling there were obstacles to proper understanding between Britain and the USSR named the Soviet treat­ ment of religion as the chief difficulty, F0371 /32950/NS9 12. 76 Dew minute 23 July \941 F0371 /29486/N3462; Wilson minute 8 April 1942 1'0371 /32949/NI800. 77 Cripps to 1'0 II October 1941 F0371/29470/N6317; Dew minutes IS January 1942, IS June 1942 F0371/32949/N284, N3366; Nava l Mis­ sion diary 4 October 1941, 'God appears quite popular here at present, Stalin having referred to Him favourably in his speeCh', ADMI99/l102. 78 Clark Kerr despatch 13 May 1942 r0371/32949/N3S38; additional rations were provided fo r making traditional Easter cakes, Naval Mission Diary 5 April 1942 ADMI99/1102. 79 Cla rk Kerr despatch 20 September 1942 F0371 /32950/NS328. 80 Minutes by Wilson 21 September 1942, Dew 25 September 1942, Warner 2S September 1942, Sargent 25 September 1942, Cadogan 28 September 1942 1'0371/32949/N4838; Eden minute 7 February 1943 1'0371 /36961 / N508; Wilcox to Warner 10 August 1943 1:0371/36962/N4560. 81 Cla rk Kerr report of Pan-Slavonic meeting 9 May 1943 1'03711369611 N43S6; Dew minute 7 October 1943 F0371/36962/NS604. 82 Warner minute 19 May 1943 F0371/36961/N3047. 83 Clark Kerr despatch 1 October 1943 1'0371/36963/N67 10. 84 Clark Kerr noted that the CI'SU had been told religion 'corresponds with the moral needs of the people: to FO 10 September 1943, Skaife minute IS Se ptember 1943 F0371 /36962/N5264, N5253. There was some truth in Skaife's view, W.e. Fle tcher, 'The Soviet lIible lIelt: World War II 's Effects on Religion', in S.J. Lim:, ed., Tile Impact or World War f} 011 (lie Soviet Ullioll (New Jersey, 1985),91. 186 Noles ami Re{erellCes

85 Bell, JOItIl Bull, 70. 86 Winant to Hull 24 May 1943 FRUSI943: 1II, 532-3; Lambert to Sargent 23 May 1943, Clark Kerr to FO 24 May 1943 F0371/37019/N3086, N3U82; Political Review 4 December 1944 F0371/43449/N7946. 87 Warner letter to Clark Kerr 28 May 1943 1'0800/301. 88 Dew minutes 4 June 1943 F0371/37019/N3082, 4 May 1943 1'0371/ 36948/N26S8; Warner minute S May 1944 F0371/4333S/N2652. NID stressed the danger from the Communist Party, and its eagerness to gather secrets for the Soviet Union, probably with the Springhall/Uren case in mind, Rushbrooke to VCNS 13 June 1943 ADM223/506. 89 Warner minute 29 October 1941 F0371/29471/N6215; Cripps to 1'0 6 October 1941, F0371/29491/N5813; Skaife minute 2 November 1941 1'0371/29493/N6364. 90 MEW papers 'The Economic Effects of the Russian Adva nce during the I'eriod July-October 1943' 20 October 1943 r0371/36951/N6487, 'Re­ port on Economic Resources of Eastern Russia' 28 July 1944 1'0371/ 43329/N4864. 91 llaggal1ay despatch 26 February 1942 1'0371/3292I/NI598, to Sargent 18 January 1943 1'0371/36944/N583. 92 Warner minute 21 November 1942 F0371/32923/N5858; Sargent minute 23 April 1943 F0371/36948/N2364; Sargent wanted 'a small Standing Inter-departmental Committee to deal with Russian questions, so as to make certain that they are all being handled on the lines laid down by the Foreign Office'. 93 MEW paper 'Conditions in Russia' 12 Oc tober 1943 1'0371/36951/N6382; Skaife to Wilson 28 July 1944, Radice (Head, Enemy Branch) to Warner 28 July 1944 F0371/43329/N4286, N4864. 94 Cripps to 1'0 25 October 1941 F0371/29492/N6169; Berthoud report 9 March 1942, Macfarlane to DM I 26 March 1942, Clark Kerr to 1'0 3 July 1942 F0371/3292I/NI911, N1690, N3485; Overy, Russia's WlIr, 273 . 95 Cadogan and Eden minutes 29 July 1942 F0371/32989/N4140; Clark Kerr to 1'0 I October 1942 F0371/32990/N5066. 96 MEW reports 23 March 1942, II April 1942 F0371/32988/NI901, WI'(42)309 21 July 1942 CAB66/26. 97 Enemy Branch Report 5 September 1942, Minister's Conference 8 Cktober 19421'0837/32; MEW report 22 October 1942, JIC(42)58th 1 December 1942 1'037 1/32990/N4561, N6195; Baggallay to Sargent 18 Jan uary 1943 F0371/36944/N583; MEW paper 20 October 1943 F0371/36951/N6487; COS(43)346th 15 December 1943 CAB79/87; Dalton diary 8 February 1944. 98 M1I4 had concluded that in wartime, Soviet railways were incapable of additional efforts and the rail system was the weakest link in the conduct of military operations, MI1 4 Report on Soviet railways 9 May 1940; MI6 report from French source 'Beaune' 30 Aug ust 1941 W020S/ 1750. While oil and manpower shortages reduced agricultural produc­ tivi ty, the real problem was seen to be getting what was produced to where it was needed, JIC(41)376(1') 23 September 1941 F0371/29491/ N5649; MEW paper 'I:ood Position in Russia' 23 March 19421'0371/ Noles (lIId Re{erellc(:s 187

32988/N1901. The situation was actually better than the British assumed, H. Hu nter, 'Successful Spatial Management', in Unz, ed., Impact, 5l. 99 Ml3c report 5 March 1943 F0371/36958/NI539; j lC(42)459(F) 2 December 1942 A1R40/2344; Wilson visi t to Chelyabinsk 30 April 1943 F0371/36948/N3268. \00 Gifford note 12 March 1943 F0371/36948/N2658. 101 Enemy Branch note I May 1943, ME.W paper 'The E.conomic Effects of the Russian Advance, November 1942-March 1943' 29 April 1943 F0371/ 36948/N2637, N2887; Balfour to FO 4 November 1943 F0371/36952/ N7542. 102 MEW paper 20 October 1943 Fa371/36951/N6487. 103 J lC(43)409(0) 2 October 1943 AIR40/2344; Clark Kerr to 1'0 14 October 1943 F0371/36960/N6687. 104 MEW paper 20 October 1943 F0371/36951/N6487; Clark Kerr to Fa 25 August 1943 F0371/37052/N5508; Balfour to FO 4 November 1943 F0371/36952/N7542. 105 Baggallay despatch 25 November 1942, Warner mi nute 18 March 1943: 'I don't believe the Soviet Govt. will lightly abandon their idea of being self.sufficing. I hope I'm wrong.' F0371/35338/U67, UI725; Nichols paper, 'Russian Shipping I'osition after the War' 15 Ma rch 1943 ADM223/ 506; Churchill to Attlee 1 February 1943 F0954/22A. 106 MEW paper 20 October 1943 F0371/369SI/N6487. 107 Wilgress despatch 23 june 1944 (suggesting the standard of living could be re turned 10 the 1938-40 level in three years, with German help) and Enemy Branch comments (replacement of livestock and repair of capital depreciation would take much longer) 21 September 1944 F0371/ 43329/N5080. \08 PHP(44)13(0)(F) 6 j une 1944 CA B81/45. \09 j IC(44)366(0)(I') 22 August 1944 'Russian Capabilities in Relation to the Strategic Interests of the British Commonwealth' CAB81/124. 110 Wilson to Fa 28 February 1943 F0371/36946/NI514; SII NO Black Sea report 4 january 1943 W0208/17S0; J. Barber and M. Harrison, The Soviet Home Front 1941-1945 (London, 1991), 172-3. 111 Lambert minute 3 I'ebruary 1943, Wilson to Dew 22 February 1943 F037l/36946/NI418, N1516; Hubbard (Sank of England) to Skaife 19 j anuary 1943 F0371/36944/N504. 112 Ska ife minute 12 August 1942 1'0371/32989/N3820; Clanchy (NID16), by contrast saw the SOviet Govern ment to be skilful in keeping the people ignorant of high standards of living and freedom in the out­ side world, brief for Waldock c20 February 1943 ADM!99/604. 113 Skaife paper 5July 1942 F0371/32989/N3515; Loc khart memorandum 'Russia and the Allied Governments' 9 August 1943 1'0371136992/N4531: Stalin's aim was 'to give every Russian a di nner iacket and a white shirt'. 114 Skaife minute 12 August 1942 I'0371/32989/N3820. liS Warner to Vickers 10 j uly 1942, Vickers to Warner 20 July 1942 1'0371/ 32989/N3515, N3820. \16 Wilson minute that the USSR would try to get what it wa nted from Germany, free of charge 27 july 1942, Jebb minute 31 July 1942 F0371/ 32989/N3820. 188 Noles allfl ReferellCes

117 Wilson draft telegra m 27 August 1942, Warner to Dew 10 September 1942 F037l/32989/N3820. Warner fou nd the discussion 'interesting', but allowed it to lapse. 118 Committee on 1'0st·War Trade With Russia, 1st meeting 15 September 1943 F0371/36983/NS470; Ismay to Casey 14 Ma rch 1944 Ismay/IV/Cas. 119 Wilgress despatches 9 March 1944 F0371/43413/N398, 23 June 1944, Warner minutes 10 September 1944 F0371/43329/N5080 and 29 july 1944 F0371/40741 A/U6792; K.G. Ross, Tile Foreign Office (Iud tllr Kremlill (Cambridge, 1984), 43. 120 WP(44)436 (CA B66/53) described an 'ardent desire to resume rapidly their interrupted programme of internal development'. Rehabili tationl development wO\lld take at least five years. 121 Hil1 report \3 I'ebruary 1944 F0371 / 43314/NI91O; Political Review 4 December 1944 F0371/43449/N7946; British personnel's ex periences with the NKVD reinforced the impression given from occasional glimpses of the Soviet penal system, Reed to Dew 17 March 1943 1'0371/36945/ N1840; Dew minute 12 April 1943 F0371/36946/N2172. Berthoud es­ ti mate

Chapter 4

'We live in a world of wolves - and bears', Churchill said, Colville diary 4 March 1944; Clark Kerr despatch 27 March 1945 F0371 /479411 N3934. 2 Archer diary 23 january 1945, Archer papers, IWM; Cadogan diary II I'ebruary 1945; Ede n to Cadogan 5 January 1945 F09S4/22B. 3 Wamer minute 12 November 1941 1'0371/29471/N6S40; jebb minute 5 February 1943 l'0371/35396/U2329; Eden to Halifax 2 tels 10 February 1942 F0371/32875/N798. 4 Uirse, Memoirs, 103; Q. neynolds, Ollly tile SIMS Are Nelltral (London, 1943), 76; Kitchen, British Policy, 77, 235; Harriman and Abel, Special EIIVOY, 266. 5 Churchill statement, 8 September 1942 Hansard, HOl/se of Com mollS Debt/US vol. 383 col. 95; jones, Russia Complex, 68; ~ f acfar1ane recol­ lected 'my admiration for his amazing and unusual qualities grew with every month 1 spent in the Soviet Union', paper 'Russian Artillery 1941-45', Macfarlane/I,22; Brooke 'Notes On My Life' on diary, 28 November 1943. 6 Baggallay to Fa 28 February 1942 1'037l/32876/NIISS; Clark Kerr to 1'0 14 june 1943 I'0954/26A; Balfour to Warner 16 January 1945 1'0371/ 47860/N3013. 7 Eden to Churchill 8 November 1943 Ismay/lV/Avo; J. Haslam, 'Stalin's I'ears of a Separate Peace, 1942', Illtelligence ali(I Nation(ll Secllrity, 8 (1993), 98-9; C. Andrew and O. Gordievsky, KGB. The {mide Story of its Fore/gil OP('flIliollS from Lellill 10 Gorbtl(/I('Y (London, 1990), 239. 8 Eden to Halifax 22 January 1942 F0954/29; Lockhart Illemorandum 23 February 1942 BBK 0 /96; Cripps speech, Grand Hotel, Bristol in Notes (lIId Re{erl'IIcrs 189

Tllr Timrs 10 February 1942. Eden wrote in 1941 that Stalin was 'the true lineal descendant of Chenghiz. [sic) Khan and the early Tsars', mi nute 24 January 1941 F0371/29500/N367. 9 Churchill to Eden 16 January 1944 PREM3/399/6; Clark Kerr to Warner 14 August 1943 F0800/30 I. 10 Warner minute 2 December 1944 F0371/43336/N7650; Eden to Churchill 29 October 1943, Clark Kerr to 1'0 8 November 1943 F0371/36957/ N6353, N6646. 11 Stalin remarks to Eden on propaganda role of Free German Commit­ tee 21 October 1943 F0371/37030/N6262; Clark Kerr to FO II August 1944 P I ~EM3/355; Warner minute 31 May 1944 F0371/43305/N3246. 12 Dalton diary 13 January 1942. O'Malley tried to link the domestic tyranny with foreign policy, but received short shrift in the 1'0, des· patCh 30 April 1943 and minutes thereon F0371/35261/U2011. 13 Churchill statement, 8 September 1942 Hansard, De/wles 383/95. Att lee wrote, 'Molotov's smile never seemed to go beyond his lips, but Stalin had a lively sense of humour', Attlee, As /I Happel/eli (London, 1964), 147; Dalton diary 13 January 1942; Ismay diary 27 Octobe.r 1943 Ismay/ 11 1/5; Clark Kerr to Cripps 26 April 1942 1'0800/300; W. Strang, HOllie mul Abroad (London, 1956), 159, 165. ]4 Rende! to Warner 17 October ]944 1'0371/433 I 7/N6589; Clark Kerr to Cadogan 21 August 1942 PREM3/76A/IO; Eden to Churchill 31 Janu· ary 1944 PREM 3/396/l1. 15 Clark Kerr 10 1'0 29 February 1942 1;0181/964/10; Clark Kerr 'Bracelet' diary 16 August 1942 F0800/300. ]6 T, Pat erson, 0 " El'rry FrOllt (New York, 1979), 162-8. 17 Collier minute 6 February 1941 F0371/29498/N426; Cripps to 1'0 26 January 1941 1'0954/24B. 18 Churchill to Roosevelt 5 November 1944 F0954/26B; Macfarlane 10 OMI 22 September 1941 BBK 0/90; Clark Kerr to 1'0 29 June 1942 1'0371/32883/N3403; Cadogan minute 6 January 19421'0371/32920/ N80. 19 Clark Kerr to 1'0 13 Se pt ember 1943 F0954/26A; H. Macmillan. War Diaries. Tile Mer/ilerrmlewl 1943- 1945 (London, 1984), diary 29 November 1943,26 March 1944. 20 Dew minute IS May 1943 F0371/36948/N2791; Ba ggallay to 1'0 13 February 1942 F0371/32920/N899. 21 Warner minute 31 January 1942 F0371/32920/N500; Skaife to Embassy 261anuary 1944 F0371/4331O/N575; J. Balfour, Not Too COfrect (//1 A'lfrole (Sa lisbury, 1983), 93- 4. 22 Postan to Cavemlish-Bentinck 4 November 1941 F0371/29493/N646S; Naval Mission diary 8 December 1941 AOM199/1102; Baggallay to 1'0 \3 February 1942 r0371/32920/N899, N900. 23 Nichols to Warner 8 March 1943, Clark Kerr despatch 16 March 1943 ]'0371/36946/NI464, N1862; Warner minute 2 December 1944 1'0371/ 43336/N76S0. 24 Cripps to 1'0 30 June IY41, FO to Cripps I July 1941 r0371/2Y48S/ N3279, N3301. 25 Stalin said to Cripps on the completion of the mutual assistance 190 Noles ami Re{erellCes

agreement that 'some Communist speakers in this country were speaking in a pro-German sense and this would enable him to put a stop to it ', Cripps to FO 10 July 1941 P0371/29467/N3S6S. 26 Macfarlane to D!II22 November 1941 F0371/29471/N6749; Macfarlane to Brooke 22 December 1941 W02161124. 27 Cripps to 1'0 23 September 1941 F0371 /29490/NSS42. 28 Eden to 1'0 18 December 1941 F0371/29472/N7013. 29 Clark Kerr 'Bracelet' diary 14 August 1942 F0800/300. 30 Churchill to Attlee 14 August 1942 1'0800/300; Colville diary 11 Sep­ tember 1941; Jacob diary 13 August 1942 in C. Richardson, From CJwrcl1ill's Sl'crel Circle 10 IIll' BBC (l.ondon, 1991). 31 Churchill to Roosevel t 24 October 1942 F0954/25B, wondering if any­ thing had occurred 'inside the Soviet animal to make it impossible for Stalin to give an effective reply', and whether the ned Army had gained a more powerful position in the Soviet machine. 32 Original Warner minute (pasted over) I December 19421'0371/32923/ N6068; Dew minute I I November 1942 F0371/32918/N5882. 33 1'0 memorandum 29 December 1942 F0371/36954/N66. 34 Wilson conversation with Maisky 4 February 1943, Dew minute 4 Feb­ ruary 1943, Clark Kerr to 1'0 12 April 1943 and 16 April 19431'0371/ 36954/N872, N2227. 35 JIC(42)58th I December 1942 1'0371/32990/N6195. Clark Kerr said, 'Stal in was our friend, Molotov our enemy.' COS(42)346t h 15 December 1942 CA1l79/87. 36 Churchill to !'.den 18 March 1943 F0954/26A. 1.ater in the year, Churchlll wrote to Roosevelt regarding an insulting telegram from Stalin; ' I think, or at least hope, that this message came from the machine rather than Stali n as it took twelve day5 to prepare. The Soviet machine is quite convinced it can get everything by bullying.' Clark Kerr had suggested this: ' I fancy [ see more of Molotov's hand than of his in the reo ply .. .' Clark Kerr to ['0 14 October 1943, Churchill to Rooseve[t 16 October 1943 F0954/26A. 37 Reed to Dew 2 April 1943 F0371/36954/N2 135. 38 C[anchy to Wa[dock c20 February [943, Rushbrooke minute 15 Sep- tember 1943 ADMI99/604. 39 Wilson memorandum (revise) 26 May [944 F0371/43305/N3SS4. 40 Churchill to Attlee 17 October 1944 PREM3/355/13. 41 S.R. Lieberman, 'Crisis Management In the USSR: the Wartime System of Administration and Control', in 1.inz, ed., Impacl, 62-3, M. Djilas, COIJl'erslltiolls willi Sir/lin (London, 1962), 69; A. nlitov, 'The Soviet Uni on and the Grand Alliance: the Internal Dimension of foreign Policy', in G. Gorodetsky, ed., Soviel Foreigll Policy, /917-/99/. A Relrospeclil'f (1.ondon, 1994), 99. 42 WP(42)48 28 January 1942 'Policy Towards Russia' F0371/32875/N563; FO aide memoire for Winant 25 February 1942 CABI27/75; 1'0 paper 'The Four Power [>lan' 8 November 1942 F0371/31525/U742. 43 MSC memo 'The United Nations l'lan' iO March 1943 1'0371/353961 U1158; Wilson minute 29 May 1944 F0371/43305/N3246; 1.ockhart memo 9 August 1943 f0371/36992/N4531. Noles llIul Re(crt'l/ces 191

44 Dew minute 30 April 1942 F0371/32880/N2221; British plans centred on the self-denying ordinance first suggested by Eden to Molotov, 7th meeting with Soviet delegation 9 June 1942 F0371/32882/N3000. For a summary of developments on this subject, see Eden to Clark Kerr 11 July 1943. m371/369SS/N4006. 4S Eden to Clark Kerr 4 February 1943, Clark Kerr to FO 2S February 1943, Churchill to Eden 26 February 1943, Eden to Churchill I March 1943 m371/3S338/U321, U888. 46 Jebb minute 10 May 1943 F0371/35261/U2011; Warner minute 24 Sep­ tember 1943 F0371/36992/N6007; Dew minute IS October 1943 1'0371/ 37031/N6851. 47 Dixon memorandum 30 March 1942 1'0371/32879/NI946; minutes in F0371/35261/U2011; Rothwell, Britaill, 194. 48 Eden note 10 February 1944 F0371/35396/U867, minute 3 April 1944 r:D371/43304/NI908; Cadogan minute 20 October 19431'0371/37031/ N685 I. 49 Baggallay to Warner 25 November 1942 1'0181/966/21; Warner minute 5 April 1944 1'0371/43335/N2652; Sumner paper 'The USSR and the Principles of the Atlantic Charter and of the Four Freedoms' 3 Febru­ ary 1944 F0371/433J2/N744. 50 Political Review 9 March t942 l'OJ71/JJ026/N3996; FRPS paper 'The USSR and the European Powers' 10 May 1943 F0371/37017/N2979; WP(42)516 8 November 1942 F0371/31525/U742; Eden to Churchill 19 August 1943 F0371/36992/N5060. 51 Harvey diary II November 1941; Baggallay despatch II February 1942; 1'0490/1; Memorandum on Soviet Frontiers 23 August 1943 1'0371/ 36992/N5060; Eden conversation with Stalin 21 October 1943, Eden to Churchill 22 October 1944 F0371/37030/N6262; Sargent minute 19 October 1943 F0371/37031/N6851. 52 Cripps to FO 15 November 1941 F0371/29471/N6605; l.ockhart memo­ randum 16 March 1942 BUK D/96; Lambert memorandum 5 August 19421'0181/966/13; Baggallay to Cadogan 14 December 19421'0954/ 258; Cadogan minute 19 January 1943 1'0371/36958/N250. 53 Sargent minute 14 November 1941, Warner minute 23 November 1941 r:D371/29422/N65IO, N7503. 54 SOl'. AD/3 to AD 10 May 1942 H54/327; Warner to Clark Kerr 5 February 1943 F0371/36954/N872; Maisky conversation with Eden 31 August 1943 f0371/36956/N4977. The left -wing press gave support to such views, e.g. Tribu/le's open letter to Stalin 23 October 1942. 55 WM (42)lstCA I January 1942 CAB65/29; Dalton diary 13 January 1942; Eden to Churchill 6 March 1942 F0371/32877/NI174; Winant to Hull 10 January 1942 FRUSI942, []] , 492. 56 Churchill to Eden 8 January 1942 F0371132874/NI08; Halifax conver­ sation with Welles 18 February 1942 RG59 741.6111/5 1/7. 57 Heaverbrook papers 'Controversy Over Russia' 3 March 1942 F0954/ 25A and WP(42)71 'Russia' 18 February 1942 CABl27/329; WM(42)17thCA 6 February 1942 CAH65129, WM(42)18th 9 February 11)42 CAII65/25. 58 Urooke diary 12 October 1941. 59 Attlee at the 6 February 1942 Cabinet meeting described recognition 192 Noles ami Re{erellCes

as 'wrong and inexpedient' WM(42)17thCA CAB65/29. Bi ddle memo­ randum of Bevin views 20 i=ebruary 1942 RG59 740.00119/1047; K. Harris, Allire (London, 1982), 197. 60 Cadogan diary 24 February 1942, minut(' 7 ~'ebruary 1942 1:0371/329051 N885; Cavendish-Hentinck minute 6 Ma y 1942 F0371/32881/N2524. 61 Dew minute 14 March 1942 F0371/32877/N1364; WM(42)24 thCA 25 February 1942 CAB65/29: 'there was no doubt that Russia regarded the United Kingdom as of greatest importance from the point of view of the post-war settlement in Eu rope and wanted to work with us after the war'. 62 Harvey diary 18 December 1941; Wilson minute 14 January 1943 1'03711 36958/N250. 63 Ed en minute 11 November 1942 F0371/32884/N5608. Emphasis in origi­ nal. 64 Sargent minute 4 March 1942 1:0371/32876/NIISS; Warner minute 28 February 1942 F0371/32877/NI226; Harvey diary 16 May 1942. 65 Wilson to Clark Kerr IS May 1944 1'0800/302; Standley account of Clark Kerr vi('wS 8 August 1943 FRUSI943: l l , 347; Birse, Memoirs, 138; d. Rothwell, /Jri/(l ill, 104. 66 1'0 meeting 19 November 1941 F0371/29015/WI3829; Eden to Churchill 12 July 1942 1'0954/258; Eden to Churchill 2 November 1943 1'0954/ 26A; Cavendish-Hentinck minute 16 December 1943 1'0371/36970/N7241; Kitchen, IlririsJr Policy, 163. 67 Cripps to Fa 19 April 1941 F0371/29465/NI72S. 68 WI'(42)48 28 January 1942 F0371/32875/NS63; Warner minute 16 Feb­ ruary 1942 F0371/32876/N827. 69 l.ockhart memorandum 23 February 1942 BHK 0/96, diary 10 March 1942, 4 April 1942. Sim ilarl y, SOE's Soviet section noted the Soviet desire for acceptance as a civilised country, 0/1'.1 to D/HV 26 May 1942 HS4/327. 70 1'0 to Halifax 26 March 1942 1'0371/32878/NI653. 71 Clark Kerr to Warner 10 August 1943 1'0800/301; Clark Kerr to Warner 28 August 1943 F0371/36956/N4929. 72 Eden conversation with Maisky 31 August 1943 F0371/36956/N4977. 73 Dew minute 30 August 1943, Wa rner minute 30 August 1943 1'0371/ 369S6/N4929. 74 Clark Kerr to Warner 10 August 1943 1'0800/301; Clark Kerr to 1'0 5 November 1943 F0371/37031/N6575. 75 Dew minute 15 October 1943 F0371/37031/N6851. 76 Clark Kerr 10 Fa S November 1943 F0371/3703 1/N6S75; Eden to Churchill 2 November 1943 F0954/26A. 77 Wilson letter to Clark Kerr 19 March 1944 1:0800/302. Earlier, Pownall had noted the importance of remembering the Soviets were 'Oriental not old Etonians', diary 17 August 1941: the phrase was a useful short­ ha nd to distingu ish the two cu ltures. 78 Wilson paper 24 April 1944, to Clark Kerr IS May 1944 F0800/302. 79 Sargent minute 1 Ap ril 1944, Eden minute 3 April 1944 1'0371/43304/ N1908; Eden 10 Churchill 9 May 1944 F0371/43636/R7380. 80 Clark Ke rr desp~tch 3 1 August 1944 F0371/43336/N5598. Noles (//u/ Re{erellas 193

81 Clark Kerr to FO IS September 1944 F0371/44713/U7393. 82 Clark Kerr to Eden 2S September 1944 F0800/302. 83 Sargent to Eden 30 August 1944,26 September 1944 F0371/433061 NS126, N6124; Political Review 4 December 1944 F0371/43449/N7946. 84 Dew minute 9 November 1942 F0371/32884/NS608. 85 Lockhart memorandum 23 february \942 BBK 0/96, Stalin Order 23 I'ebruary 1942 F0371/32920/N I 121. 86 Baggallay to FO 28 February 1942 F0371/32876/Nl1SS. 87 Sargent minute 4 March 1942 F0371/32876/NI155, memorandum 5 February 1942 F0371/32905/N88S. 88 FO to Halifax 10 February 1942 1:0371/32875/N798; FO to Halifax 7 March 1942 F0371/32877/NI174. 89 Sargent minute 9 March 1942 F0371/32877/N I279; Roberts minute 28 March 1942 F0371/32879/NI91O; Harvey diary 26 May 1942. 90 Sargent minute 14 May 1942 F0371/32881/N2IS2; WM(42)134th 6 October 1942 CAB65/28; JIC(42)58th 1 December 1942 F0371/329201 N6195; Lockhart diary 10 December 1942; Dew minute 14 August 1943 F0371/36955/N4591; Cripps to Eden 10 August 1943 F0371/36992/N4717. 91 Jebb minute 13 June 1943 F0371/36983/N3547; Warner 10 Clark Kerr 28 September 1943 1:0800/301; Dew minute 15 October 1943 1'0371/ 37031/N6S51. 92 Roberts minute 20 May 1944, Jebb minute 28 May 1944 F0371/406911 U3704. 93 Sargent minute I April 1944 F0371/43304/NI908; Hull to Harriman 15 January 1944, 22 January 1944 FRUS1944;][J, 1229, 1234. 94 Warner minute 24 May 1943, Strang minute 29 May 1943 1'03711 35261/U2011; Eden memorandum 23 August 1943 F037l/36992/N5060; FO-MSC meeting 23 June 1943 1'0371/35407/N2937. 95 JP(42)354 3 April 1942 CA B84/44 considered North Atlantic security in terms only of a German threat, because of the imminent treaty; the N. Dept requested that they consider a Soviet threat too, Somers Cocks minute 7 April 1942, to Howkins 14 April 19421'0371/32832/ N1806. Howkins to Scott 13 May 1942 CAlli 19/65. 96 Ronald minute 23 April 1942 1'0371/32482/W5996; Payne to Ronald 19 February 1942 F0371/32423/W3003; Howkins to Ismay 4 June 1942 CABI19/64. The MSC comprised Brigadier van Cutsem. Rear-Admiral Bellairs and Spaight (Air Ministry official). 97 The three from the MSC were joined by Air Vice-Ma rshal Longmore, Major-General Grove-White and Waldock (Naval Secretary, Admiralty) to form the PH PS/c. Jebb was Chairman, partly because none of the services would accept a member of another as Chairman, and partly because the FO were anxious to influence proceedings: Le Mesurier note 25 June 1943 CAB 119/64; C05(43) 199(F) 25 July 1943, Dol' meeting 9 April 1943, Jebb to Cadogan 12 May 1943 F0371/3S449/U31S1, U2232, U2235. 98 Hollis to Sargent 23 September 1943 F0371/36992/N6007. 99 COS(43)364(O) 5 July 1943 CARSO/71; COS(43)569(O) 22 September 1943 CAB80/75; Lambert note of I'HI'(43)4th 16 August 1943 F0371/ 35449/U3151; JP(43)283(F) 24 August 1943 CAB84/55. 194 Noles ami ReferellCes

100 I'O-MSC meeting 23 June 1943 1'0371/35407/U2937. 101 Sargent minute 31 January 1944 F0371/4333S/NI008; JIC(44)i05(0) 20 March 1944 CAB81/121. 102 Ward minute 25 February 1944, I.e Mesurier to Ward 5 April 1944 F0371/43384/N2292, N2293. 103 WP(42)48 28 January 1942 F0371/32874/N563; Dew minute 22 I'ebru­ ary 1942, Warner minute 2 March 1942 F0371/32876/N1023, N1l56; Eden to Churchill 6 March 1942. Sargent minute 9 March 1942 1'0371/ 32877/NI174; WM(42)lstCA 1 January 1942, 24thCA 25 I'ebruary 1942 CAB65/29; Eden minute 8 I'ebruary 1942 1'0371/32905/N88S. 104 Bagga!!ay to 1'0 (3 telegrams) II February 1942. 20 February 1942 1'0371/ 32876/N927, Ni023; D. Glantz and J. House, When Titans Clashed. Hull' /Ill' Rrc! Army Stopped Hitler (Ka nsas. 1995).97, 106. 105 Warner minute 16 February 1942 1'0371f]2876/N927. 106 Lockhart memorandum 23 February 1942 BB K 0/96; Lockhart diary 10 March 1942,4 April 1942. I--ew of the secondary sources recognise Lockhart's influence: an exception (for 1945) is J. Zametica, 'Three Letters to Bevin: Frank noberts at the Moscow Embassy, 1945-46', in idem, ed., Ilrilisll Officials (/Ju/ Britisll Foreign !'olicy, 1945-50 (Leicester, 1990). 45. 107 Sargent memorandum 'A Possible Development of the Russo-German War' 5 I'ebruary 1942 F0371/32905/N88S. 108 Lockhart minute 20 February 1942 F0371/32876/N927; Lock hart minute to Sargent 8 March 1942 F0371/32877/NI439; Lock hart paper 16 March 1942 BBK 0/96. Differences between Sargent (who followed l ockhart) and Cadogan were shown in Cadogan's modifications of Sargent's draft telegrams to Halifax, Cadogan diary 23, 24, 25 March 1942. For Lockhart's view of the split in the 1'0 between the Cadogan and Sargent ap· proaches, see diary 13 April 1943. 109 The concession was described to Halifax as a timely gesture showing British sympathy. WM(42)37th 25 March 1942, 1.0 to Halifax 26 March 1942 CAB65/29; Churchill to noosevelt 7 March 1942 1'0371/32877/ N1174. 110 Warner minute ud. March 1942 F0371/32876/N927. III Winant to Hull 23 June 1942 RGS9 741.6111/29; Beaverbrook to Liddell Ha rt 11 June 1942 LH 1I11942; FO to Halifax 29 May 1942 1-- 0371/32881 / N2746; WM(42)68thCA 26 May 1942 CAB65/30. The Treaty was a shock to Molotov too. He told Stalin the British draft (which omitted any mention of front iers) was 'unacceptable, as it is an empty declaration which the USSR does not need.' Stalin replied, 'We do not consider it an empty declaration but rega rd it as an important document. It lacks the question of the security of frontiers, but this is not bad perh aps, for it gives us a free hand. The question of fron tiers, or to be more exact, of guarantees for the security of our frontiers ... will be de­ cided by force.' Molotov to Moscow 24 May 1942, Stalin to Molotov 24 May 1942 in O.A. Rzheshevsky, War OIId Diplomacy. The Makillg of I/le Grand AI/kmee. Prom Slfllill's Arc/lil'es (trans. T. Sorokina, Amster­ dam, 1996). 112 Harvey diary 26 October 1942; WM(42)145thCA 26 October 1942 CA Il6S / Noles lllld Re{cr('llces 195

32; Eden minute II November 1942 F0371/32884/N5608. The sus­ pension of convoys to northern Ru ssia was extended so that shipping could be diverted to the landings in North Africa in November 1942. 113 Dew minute 'New Soviet Party Line on Foreign Policy to Allies' II November 1942 F0371/32918/N5882. 114 1'0 circular, by Warner, 29 December 1942: even Ca dogan saw this as an important moment, enjoining frankN and closer cooperation by British representatives with Soviet colleagues, minute 23 December 1942 F0371 /36954/N66. 115 1'0 paper 20 October 1942 F0371 /31525/U742; WM(42)16Ist 27 November 1942 CA B65/28. 116 Gladwyn, MmlOirs, 115. 11 7 Warner minute 9 May 1942 F0371/32880/N2221, paper ' Russian Par­ ticipation in Allied Economic Machinery' 19 May 1942 F0371/32881/ N2638, draft for interview with [\lis Smith Mr, 8 November 1942 1'0371/ 32885/N6539. 118 Cavendish-Bentinck minute 16 October 1943, Sargent minute 19 Oc­ tober 1943, Cadogan minute 20 October 1943 F0371 /37031 /N6851 , Eden 10 Churchill 19 August 1943 F0371/36992/N5060. Eden told Hull the Soviets had only two policy choices, one based on three-power cooperation, one on isolation, note 23 August 1943 F0371 /36992/N5060. 119 Clark Kerr to 1'014 JUlle 1943, Eden lunch with Winant and Maisky 2 September 1943 F0954/26A; Sargent minute 5 July 1943 1'0371/37045/ N4905; 1'0 to Moscow 18 September 1943 F0371/37028/N5413; Lockhart diary 12 August 1943; Harvey diary 24, 30 August 1943. 120 Eden to Churchill 24 October 1943, Cadogan to Halifax 4 November 1943 F0371/37030/N6263, N6447; 5th Moscow meeting 23 October 19431'0371/37031 /N692 1. 121 Churchill to Attlee 14 August 1942, Churchill to Stalin 24 November 1942 F0954/25B; Gllbert, Rom/to Victory, 639; Churchill to Clark Kerr 2 May 1943, Churchill to Eden 31 July 1943 F0954/26A; ChurchHl to Eden 15 February 1944 and meeting with Mikolajczyk 16 February 1944 r0954!20. 122 1'0 meeting 23 June 1943 F0371 /35407/U2837 . 123 Ronald minute 8 June 1942 F0371/32429/W8466; Bevin at Jowitt Com­ mittee 1st meeting 31 March 1942 CAB87/2; Wilson minute 13 June 1943 F0371/36983/N3547. 124 Warner to Clark Kerr 8 July 1943, 29 September 1943 1'0800/301; Churchill to Clark Kerr 16 June 1943 1'0954/26Ai Warner to Balfour 25 January 1944 1'08001302. 125 Warner to Clark Kerr 9 April 1943: the choice was 'appeasement' or the 'frank eXChange of views as between allies' 1'0800/301; Clark Kerr to FO 30 July 1943 F0954!26A. 126 Warner to Clark Kerr 12 May 1943 1'0800/301. 127 Warner minute 16 December 1943, Eden minute ud. September 1943, Martel to COS 26 September 1943 F0371 /36970/N7241, N5349, N5680. 128 WM (43)32nd Hi February 1943 CA B6 5/33; NlI)16 re port on Soviet Na­ val Mi5sion I Ma y 1943 F0371 /36969/N2782; Martel to Brooke 9 October 1943, COS(43)729(0) 24 November 1943 F0371 /36970/N5930, N7241; 196 Notes (//1(1 ReferellCes

Brooke diary 13 August 1942, 17 February 1943; Beaumont, Comrades, 114; idem, 'A Question of Diplomacy: Military MisSions to the USSR, 1941--45', louma/ of tile Royal Ullited Services {mtitl/le for Defetlce Studies, 118/3, (1973), 76-7; Nelson to Sargent 6 June 1942 HS4/327; Gillies, Rrllilcal DIplOTllal, 145. 129 Wilson minute II July 1943 1:0371/36969/N3968; Lockhart diary 11 February 1943,4 December 1943; Warner to Clark Kerr 12 May 1943, Clark Kerr to Warner 31 July 1943 1=08001301. 130 I.ockhart diary 12 August 1943; Cadogan diary 18 October 1943. 131 Churchill to Eden 13 August 1942 F0954/25A, 29 June 1943 CA BI20/ 683; Churchi ll to Drummond 1 December 1942 F0954/25B; WM(43)42ndCA 18 March 1943 CA B6S/36. 132 WM (43)\35thCA 5 October 1943 CAB65/40; I.ambert minute 27 July 1943 F0371/36991/N4514; Harvey diary 24 August 1943; K. Sainsbury, 'British rolicy and German Unity at the End of the Second World War', ElIgtiS/1 Historimi Review, 94 (1979), 797, 801. 133 WM(43)S9th 27 April 1943, 63rd 3 May 1943 CAB65/34; Warner to Clark Kerr 28 May 1943 1'0800/301; Gilbert, Road 10 Victory, 390, 664. 134 Balfour to FO 2 January 1944 F0371/4331O/N62; Harvey diary 2S Oct­ ober 1943; WM(43)169thCA 13 December 1943 CAB6S/40; Eden to Churchill 29 October 1943 F037 1/36957/N6353; Cadogan to Halifax 4 November 1943 F037l/37030/N6447. 13S Warner memorandum on Moscow Conference 29 October 1943 1'0371/ 37035/N6789. 136 WM(44)llthCA 2S January 1944 CAB65/4S; Churchill to Eden 161anuary 1944 PREM3/399/6. For the Pravdll story, Beaverbrook to Churchill 24 January 1944, Eden minute 28 January 1944, Churchill to Stal in 24 January 1944 I'REM3/396/l1; d. Hull to Harriman IS January 1944 FRUS 1944:1lI, 1229. 137 C. Kennedy-Pipe, SWIll/'S Cold War. Soviet Slmlegics III Europe, 1943 /0 1956 (Manchester 1995), 27-9, 35-6, 39, 42; W_ Kimball, 'Stalingrad: A Chance for Choices', IOllmal of Military History, 60 (1996), 109; J. Erickson, 'Sta lin, Soviet Strategy and the Grand Alliance', in Lane and Temperley, eds, Grand AIliIl/lC!~, 150; information supplied by V. Batyuk, Russian Academy of US and Ca nadian Studies.

Chapter 5

Sargent minute 31 April 1944 F0371/4333S/N2832_ 2 1'0 paper 'Probable Post-War Tendencies in Soviet Foreign Policy as Affect- ing British Interests' 29 Apri l 1944 F0371 /43335/Nl008. 3 Wilson memorandum (revise) 26 May 1944 l'0371 /4330S/N3S54. 4 Comments on Wilgress despatch 9 March 1944 F0371/43335/N2652. 5 Warner minute 16 June 1944 1'0371/43335/N3742; Warner to Wa rd II Aug ust 1944 F0371/40741A/U687S_ 6 Duff Cooper despatch 30 May 1944 F0371/40696/ US407, Eden to Duff Cooper 2S July 1944 F0371/40701/U6S43. 7 Jebb minute 18 June 1944, Harvey minute 25 June 1944 1'0371 /40696/ U5407. No/I's (/lui References 197

8 Sargent minute 30June 1944, Eden minute 2July 1944 1'0371/406961 U5407. 9 1'0 paper 'Western Europe' 9 May 1944 F0371/40698/U6139; jebb to Ronald 7 April 1944 FOJ71 /43384/N2293. 10 1'0 paper 'British Policy Towards Europe' 22 May 1944 CAB2111614. II 1'0 to COS 14 june 1944 F0371/40740/U5908; Warner to Squire 9 June 1944, Warner to Peel 9 june 1944 1'0371/43335/N2833, N3091; cf. Kitchen, British Policy, 216. 12 WM(44)43rd 3 April 1944 CAB65/46; Eden minute J April 1944 1'03711 43304/NI908; Churchill to Eden 4 May 1944, Eden to Churchill 9 May 1944 F0371143636/R7380: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 648, 651-2; Churchill to Eden 8 May 1944 1'0954/20. 13 WP(44 )304 7 june 1944 CA B66/51. 14 Cranborne to Eden 12 June 1944, Cadogan minute 19 June 1944, Eden minute 20 June 1944 F0371 /43335/N4956. 15 WP(44)4369 August 1944 CAB66/53. 16 I'HP(43)1 (0 ) 8 March 1944 F0371 / 43384/NI120, revised as PH P(44) 13(0)(I:) 'Effect of Soviet Policy on British Strategic Interests' 6 June 1944 CA B81 /45; JIC(44)\05(0 )(F) 'Soviet Policy after the War' 20 M,lTch \944 CAII81f121. 17 ]'H1'(44) 12(0) 'Draft Assumptions for PHI'S Strategic Studies' 26 May ]944 F0371 /40740/U4379. 18 I' HP(44)20 'Air Defence of Great Britain' 2 May 1944 - subsequent drafts were even less certain of a ten·year threat·free period, I'HI'(44)20(f) 19 May 1944 F0371/40791 /U3978, U4584. 19 Separation from other parts of the planning machinery meant the PHI'S could make no assessment of British ca pabilities, A. Gorst, 'British Military Planning for Postwar Defence, 1943-45', in A. Deighton, ed., BritailJ mJd the First Co/t/ WtJr (London, 1990),92. The new PHI'S we re Captain Allen RN, Brigadier Curtis and Air·Commodore Warburton, each in his early forties. They lacked the broader experience in armiStice and con­ trol matters, and the internationalist tendencies of their predecessors. Jebb note 2 May 1944, Ismay to Cadogan 2 August 1944,1'0371/407361 U3498, U6770; COS(44)249th(O) 27 July 1944 CAII79/78. 20 PHI'(44)l7(0)3rd Rev 20 October 1944 F0371 /407418/U7975. 21 5terndale-Bennett'S criticism of the south-east Asia paper I'HP(44)6(0) I October 1944 could have applied to many of them: it gave the im­ pression of being thrown together merely from the study of a map, without regard to political difficulties and realities, minute 10 October 1944 F0371/40741A/U7658. 22 Sloan minute 18 September 1944 F0371/40741AjU6875. 23 j lC(44)366(O)(F) 22 August 1944 ' Ru ssian Capabilities in Relation to the Strategic In terests of the British Commonwealth' CAB811124. 24 rHI'(44)16(O) 'Strategic Interests in the Middle East' 14 December 1944 1'0371/4074111/U8672. 25 j lC(43)409(0) 2 October 1943 AIR40/2344, Portal at CCSI13th mtg, 20 August 1943 FR W(/shillg/Oll 0. QIII.'lJec 1943,911. 26 COS(44)248th(0 )CA 26 July 1944 CA879/78; Jebb minute 7 June 1944, Warner minute 23 May 1944 F0371/40740/U6253, U4379; Cavendish- 198 Noles al1(/ ReferellCes

Bentinck minute 18 July 1944, Jebb minute 25 July 1944 I'0371/40741A/ U679 1, U6792. 27 Warner minute 12 July 1944, Jebb to Cadoga n 18 July 1944, I'Hl'(44)17(O)(f) 20 July 1944 F0371/4074 IA/U6283, U6791, U6792. 28 Hollis toJebb 27 July 1944 F0371/40703/U6772; jebb note of COS views 28 july 1944 F0371 /4074IA/U6793; Sargent to Eden 18 August 1944 F0371/43306/N5126. 29 Warburton to PHPS 31 July 1944, I' HI'(44)17(0)Revise IS September 1944 F0371 /40741A/U6793, U7618; Davison to Redman (8JSM) 27 July 1944 CABI22/1566; PHI'(44)20(0) 'USSR - Questionnaire to JIC' II August 1944 CA B81/45. 30 l'Hl'(44) IS(0) 'The Dismemberment of Germany' 25 August 1944, Jebb minute 27 October 1944 F0371/39080/C11955, C14995. 31 AI'W(44)90 'The Dismemberment of Germany' 20 September 1944, Troutbeck minute 6 September 1944 F0371/39080/CI3517, CI1 631. 32 Sargent minutes 30 August 1944,26 September 1944 F0371/43306/N5126, N6124; Sargent memorandum 4 October 1944 F0371/39080/C13518; Lew is, Clwnging /)in'CliOlJ, 131 -2. 33 Sargent note following COS-Eden meeting 4 October 1944 1'0371 /39080/ C13518. 34 Portal at 4 October 1944 meeting l'0371/43336/N6 177; COS letter 2 October 1944 F0371/39080/C135 17. 35 Wa rd minute 13 December 1944 F0371 /40397/U8S20. 36 COS(44)5 Ist 17 February 1944, Jebb minute 19 February 1944 1'0371/ 40740/U I 751. 37 COS-Eden meeting 4 October 1944 F0371 /43336/N6177; COS(44)346th (O)CA 24 October 1944 CAB79/82. 38 Warner minute 2 December 1944 F0371 /43336/N76S0; Warner minute 13 November 1944, Ede n minute 16 November 1944 F0371/43317/N7046; Balfour to Warner 16 January 1945 F0371/47860/N3013. 39 Clark Kerr despatch 31 August 1944 1'0371 /43336/N5598. 40 Lockhart diary 7 October 1944. 41 Sargent memorandum 2 April 1945 F0371/47881/N4281. 42 Wilson 10 Clark Kerr 3 October 1944 1'0800/302. 43 Sargent minute I Ap ril 1944 F037 1/43304/N I908; Sargent minute 2 September 1944 F0371/39410/C11277. 44 jebb notes for political background for PHI'S world surlley 18 December 1944 F037 1/40741B/U8523. 45 Cavendish-Bentinck, Warner notes on j IC(4 4)467(0) 18 December 1944 1'0371/47860/N678. 46 JI C(44)467(O) 18 December 1944 F0371/47860/N678. The COS found this paper sound though designated H as a 'staff study', not a definitive COS statement of opinion, COS(44)411 th(0 ) 27 December 1944 CAB79/ 84; COS(45)29th 26 January 1945 CAB79/29; J 1'(44)278(1'), COS(45)6th 4 January 1945 CAB79/28. 47 D. Ri chards, Lo((/ (>orla/ of HUllgerford (London, 1977),289, 297; Dalton diary 2 February 1945; Martel, whose spell in Moscow had not been a happy one, wrote, 'I quite agree that there may be danger, but my whole feeling from close contact with them is that they will be con- Noles fllld Re{erellces 199

tent with being a bally nuisance in European affairs and nothing more than ce rtain demands for warm water access which is rea sonable enough', to Liddell Ha rt 3 September 1944 LHI /492. 48 WM(44) 11 thCA 25 January 1944 CAB6S/45; Churchill to Clark Kerr 10 March 1944 F0954/20; Jones, Rllssia COII/plex, 78, 85, 95; Lee, Glmrellill Coalitioll, 160. There is no recorded discussion of WI'(44)436. 49 Gilbert, Rood to Victory, SOl, 723, Churchi ll to Eden 10 July 1944 F0371/ 43636/R7903; Colville diary 8 October 1944. SO Churchill to Roosevelt I April 1944 F0954/26B; Churchill to Eden I April 1944 F0371/43304/NI908; Gilbert, Road /0 Victory, 859, 988; Charm ley, CllIIrellill, 543. 51 WM (45)22nd 19 February 1945 CA B65 /51; Harriman and Abel, Speda/ EIIVOY, 161. 52 Moran diary 14 October 1944, in Moran, CIIII(ellill. Tile Stfrlgg/e {or SlIr­ viva/, 1940-65 (London, 1966); Jacob to Hollis 17 October 1944 CABI27/ 34; Churchill to Attlee 18 October 1944 CA B120/l65; WM(44)157thCA 27 November 1944, WM(44)164thCA II December 1944 CAB65/48. 53 Churchill to Attlee 18 October 1944 CA BI20/165; Laskey (Southern Department) noted the percentages assumed Britain would have some influence in all the countries, for these were not separate zones, minute 23 October 1944 F037J/43636/RI 7490; R. Ga rson, 'Churchill's "Spheres ff of Influence : Rumania and lIulgaria', SlIrvey, 24 (\979), 15 1, 157. Kimball and Mark have suggested Roosevelt was amenable to 'open spheres': Soviet control but not exclusion of the Allies, with coalition govern­ ments of 'anti-fascist' elements, and this seems equally to apply to Churchill between Moscow and Yalta, E. Mark, 'A merican I'olicy Toward Ea stern Eu rope and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-46: An Alter­ native In terpretation' /Ollfl/II/ o{ Ameriam History, 68 (1981), 3 13-16, W. Kimball, Tile IlIggler. Fml1klil1 Roosevelt as Warlime SlfIteslllal1 (Princeton, 199 1), 169 . 54 Gilbert, Road to Victory, 992-3, 1055, 1065, 1095; K. G. Ross, 'The Mos­ cow Conference of October 1944 (Tolstoy)', in W. Deakin, E. Harker, and J. Chadwick, eds, British Pulitical allli Military Strategy in Celltm/, Eastern ami SOlllilem Europe ill 1944 (London, 1988),73- 6; J.M. Siracusa, 'The Meaning of Tolstoy: Churchill, Stalin and the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944', Diplomatic History, 3 (1979), 444; P. Ho!dich, 'A Policy of Percentages? British Policy and the Balkans after the Moscow Con­ ference of October 1944', Il1tema/lol1a/ History Review, 9 (1987), 33, 37, 42. As with the 'arrangement' regarding Greece and Romania in May, no agreement was actually finalised, nor defini tions of 'influence' agreed, though the parties in many ways acted as if there was. On the other hand, it has been suggested that Stalin's famous blue ti ck was a sign of disagreemellt, for red was the colour he used to mark proposals from his subordinates that he agreed with, while he used blue to show that he did not: A.E. Titkov, 'Soyuzniki-sopemiki (k istorii antigermanskovo soyuza SSSR's SShA i velikobritaniye v 1941 -1945 g.), in L.N. Nezhinski, ed., Sovelska"a Vnesllll,,(lia Po/itik" 191 7-1945 g. /'Qiski Novikll I'odkhoilov (Moscow, 1992),298-9. Certain)y, the percentages were never discussed oflkially again. Similiarly, Tsa kaloyannis suggests there is no evidence 200 Notes am/ Re{erellCes

that Soviet officers in Greece delivered any restraining orders to lOAM, r . Tsakaloyannis, 'The Moscow Puzzle', jOllrtl(l/ o(Colltempomry History, 21 (1986), 45-52. SS WM (43) I72ndCA 20 December 1943 CAB6S /40: Churchill conversation with Stalin 1 December 1943 CA BI20/113; Lockhart diary 6 January 1944; Eden note to Hull 23 August 1943 F0371/36992/N5060. 56 Cadogan to Churchill 31 March 1943 rREM3/354/8; Stalin's views, it was said in Cabinet, 'might well be different from those of the Russian FO' WM(44)llthCA 2S January 1944 CAH65/45. S7 Churchill to Eden 7 January 1944 I'REM3/355!7; Gilbert, Rom/to Vic· tory, 648; WM (44j I5thCA 4 February 1944 CAB65/45. 58 WM(44)28thCA 6 March 1944 CAB65/45; Colville diary 18 March 1944; Churchill to Eden 10 July 1944 F0371/43636/R7903; Barker, Clwrcilill (//1(1 Edell, 278-81. S9 WM{44) IOSth CA 18 August 1944, 111thCA 28 August 1944 CAH65/47. The CAS reported the military opinion that the Soviets were overextended and genuinely unable to relieve the Poles in Warsaw. 60 Charm ley, C/Ulrc/lill, 579; Jones, Russia Complex, 92; Dalton diary 30 August 1944, 6 September 1944; Burridge, IJrilis/r La/Jour, 144- 9; Nicolson diary 4 October 1944; Harvey diary 15 August 1944; Kitchen, Britisll Policy, 228, 231, cf. R. Edmonds, Tile Big Tilree (London, 199 1),384. 61 WM (44) 123rdCA 18 September 1944 CAB65/47. 62 Eden to FO 14 October 1944 CAIl120/l65; Churchill, St'(Q1Il1 WI)fld War vol. 6, 205; Churchill conversation with Mikolajczyk \4 October 1944, Dl)(lIlIIellls 011 Polisll-Soviel Rr/atiOIl$ vol. 2 (London, 1967),417. 63 WM (44 ) 157thCA 27 November 1944 CAB65/48; N.A. Graebner. 'Yalta, rotsdam and Beyond: the British and American Perspectives', in Lane and Temperley, eds, Gralld AI/iallce, 227. 64 Churchill to Eden 10 July 1944 F0371/43636/R7903; Churchill to Clark Kerr 13 March 1944, Churchill to Roosevelt 19 May 1944 F0954/26B; ChurchHl to Eden 28 May 1944 ]'0371/4400I/R907S. On repatriation of Soviet personnel captured with the Germans, a prime opportunity for a fi rm stance, Churchill noted, 'I thought we had arranged to send all the RUSSians back to Russia', Churchill to FO 28 October 1944 F0371/ 40396/U8063. 65 Moran diary 30 October 1944, d. Normanbrook and Colville comments in Wheeler-Bennett, Action Tl1is DIIY, 28-37, 110; Charm ley, CllIIfcilill, 577-8; Edmonds, /Jig Tl1ree, 363-6. 66 Churchill found the Soviets in practice to be more accommodating than they wanted their allies to expect, in the hopes of gaining concessions, WM (44 )47thCA 11 April 1944 CAB65/46, and suggested to Roosevelt that the 'Soviet bark may be worse than its bite', I April 1944 F0954/26B; WM(44)63rdCA II May 1944 CAB65/46; Gilbert, Rom/to Victory, 754. 67 Eden found Churchill 's interventions in foreign policy to be 'romantic improvisations', and blamed Beaverbrook and Cherwell, Charmley, Churcllill, 605; Lockhart diary 10 November 1944; Eden to Cadogan 5 January 1945 F0954/22B; Churchill to Eden S February 1945 F0371/ 50826/U 1900. 68 Warner to llalfour 25 January 1944 F0800/302; for Churchill's mood Notes (/lid References 20 I

swings, see for instance his comments at WM(44)63rdCA I J May 1944 compared to those at WM(44)47thCA II April 1944 CAB65/46. Churchill noted the Soviet leaders' own swings; after a rude message they often did what had been asked, to Roosevelt 19 May 1944 F0954/26B. 69 Fo r an example of how historians have had to resort to speculation on this, see 1'.0. Burridge, Clemi'll/ Attire: A Political Biosraphy (London, 1985), 172~3. 70 Lee, Cllurcilill Coa/ition, 142-3; Sa insbury, 'British', 788; Dalton diary 19 july 1944. 71 Dalton diary 1 November 1943. Attlee did give some support to the two schools argument, Attlee to Churchill 25 August 1943 CABI20/ 113. Dalton had in 1939 seen the Soviets to have passed from being Communists to Nationalists then Imperialists, diary 18 October 1939. 72 'Notes on Post-War Problems' ud 1944- 45 Attlee papers, Churchill Col­ lege ATLEl /24; [ de diary 10 April 1945, in K. jeffreys, ed., Labour and lilt' Wartime Coa/i/iml. From IIII' Diaries o( /til/II'S Cllula Etll', 194 1-45 (London, 1987). 73 Dalton diary 5 january 1943. 74 Harris, AttieI', 213, Burridge, British LahaM, 169. 75 Attlee minute 26 January 1944 PREM3/197/2; Harris, Alllee, 210, 213; Bevin to Cranborne I February 1945 Bevin papers, Churchill College BE V3/l; Rothwell, Britain, 225-6, 228; Bevin at WM(45)7thCA 22 Janu· ary 1945 CA B65/51, for a bizarre 'therapeutic trust' suggestion about Lvov. 76 Dalton diary 5 january 1943, 5 May 1944; Pimiott, D(l/lolI, 389; j.T. Grantham, 'Hugh Dalton and the International Postwar Settlement: Labour Party Foreign Policy ]:ormulation, 1943-44' IOl/fII111 of COlilelllpOf(lry His­ tory, 14 (1979), 715. 77 WM (45)10thCA 26 january 1945 CAB65/51; F. Harbutt, Till' lroll Cllr­ lIIill. CIII/rcilil/. Amer;m alllltlll' Or;g;/Is of tile Cold Wllr (New York, 1986), 122-3; Dalton diary 13 july 1944; Burridge, Uri/isll Labour, 149. 78 jones, Rllssia Complex, 89: Burridge, Alllee, 168. 79 CM(47)15th 3 1:ebruary 1947 CABI28/9; Altlee to Bevin 5 January 1947 F0800/502; Bevin minute 5 March 1948 F0800/452; R. Smith, 'A Climate of Opinion: British Officials and the Development of British Soviet Policy, 1945- 7', 1,lIema/iol/a/ Affairs, 64 (1988), 646- 7; Zametica, 'Three 1.etters', 90. Even in the changed atmosphere of 1947, in a paper wherein he described the objective of the Soviet leaders as the organisation of World Revolution, Jebb saw them having earlier been groping for a policy of cooperation, which was then impeded by the Atomic Bomb, jebb paper 'Stocktaking II ' 19 March 1947 F0371/67587C/UN2622. 80 R. Smith and J. Zametica, 'The Cold Warrior: Clement Attlee Reconsid­ ered', flltematiOlwi Affairs, 61 (1985), 248-9.

Chapter 6

I Gi lbert, Rom/lo Victory, 1350. 2 Cadogan to Mrs Cadogan 20 February 1945 in Dilks, ed., Diaries; Dalton 202 Notes ami ReferellCes

diary 23 February 1945, 12 March 1945; British Yalta Conference Records 9 Fe bruary 1945 CA B99/31; Dixon diary 6 February 1945, 13 February 1945, in 1'. Dixon. ed., DOl/ble Diplollla. Tile Life of Sir Pirrsoll Dixon (London, 1968); Ha rvey diary 14 l:ebruary 1945. Portal wrote, 'U.j . is the goods - sincere, simple and big .. .', Richards, Portal, 289. 3 Dalton diary 23 February 1945; Colville diary 23 February 1945; Moran diary 6 February 1945, 9 February 1945, 19 july 1945, 6 September 1945; WM(45)22ndCA 19 February 1945 CA B65/51; Kitchen, British I'olicy, 243,248,250-1 , 267; Gilbert, Road 10 Viclory, 1231, 1254, 1261. 4 Balfour to Warner 16 January 1945, JI C(44)467(O) 18 December 1944 F0371/47860/N3013, N678. 5 Balfour to Warner 30 May 1945 I'037l/47862/N6417; Macmillan to FO 2 1 March 1945 1'0371/47941/N3097; I'.K. Roberts, Deuling willI Dicla­ lors (London, 199 1),90. 6 Clark Kerr to Warner 21 June 1945 F0371/47862/N6417. 7 Sargent to Churchill 2 Ma y 1945 PREM3/396/12. 8 Roberts to Wa rner 25 Ap ril 1945 1'0 371/47854/N8096, 9 Kennan paper, 'Ru ssia Seve n Years t ater' ud September 1944 1'0800/ 302; Yergin, Sll(IlIered J>('(la, 78; Russell note 19 June 19451'0371 /47883/ N79Q9. 10 Roberts to Warner 25 April 1945 F0371{47882/N4919. II Galsworthy minute 4 july 1945, Brimelow minute 5 july 1945 1'0371/ 47883/N7909; V. Mastny, RI/SSitl'S Rr1{l1l to liI(' Cold War. Dip/rJ//wcy, Warrlre (!Iul/iI(' J>olilics of Co 11111 11m ism, 194 1- 45 (New York, 1979),260. 12 Sargent paper, 'Stocktaking after VE [)

]945 F0954/26C; Sargent minute 2 June 1945 F0371/47882/N6141. 27 Williams minute 28 April 1945 F0371/48192/R7333; Boswal\ to FO 29 June 1945 F0371/48219/RII159; Kitchen, Brilisll PIJlicy, 255-7; Mclynn, Mlle/eml, 203; Churchill told the Commons on 18 January 1945 that an understanding had been reached with Stalin on joint wartime policy, Hansard, Df'bales, 407/398-9. 28 Warner note on Lockhart memorandum II April 1945 1=0371/47860/ N4 \02; Sa rgent memorandum 'Policy Towards the Soviet Union' 2 April 1945 F0371/47881/N4281. 29 Ga lsworthy minute 4 July 1945, Stewa rt minute 12 July 1945 1'0371/ 47883/N7909. 30 Sargent paper, 'Stocktaking' revise 31 July 1945 1'0371/50912/U5471. 31 Sargent memorandum 13 March 1945 F0371/48192/R7333. 32 Roberts to Harvey 24 July 1945 F0371/50826/U5786; Roberts despatch 24 May 1945 F0371/47923/N6582. 33 Clark Kerr to FO 7 June 1945, Stewart minute 9 June 1945 F0371/ 48192/R9818. 34 Sargent paper, 'Stocktaking' revise 31 July 1945 1'037I/50912/U5471. 35 Cranborne to Eden 26 March 1945, Eden to Cranborne 28 March 1945 1'0954/2211 ; [den to Churchill 24 March 1945 ]:Q954/26C. 36 W. Miscarnble, 'Anthony Eden and the Truman-Molotov Conversations, April 1945' Diplomatic His/ory 2 (1978), 169-76, 37 Eden to Churchill 17 July 1945 F0954/26C. 38 Clark Kerr to 1'0 6 April 1945 \'0371/47881/N3745. 39 1'0 to Clark Kerr 8 April 1945 F0371/47881/N3745. 40 Roberts to Warner 30 June t945, Warner minute 17 July 1945 1'0371/ 47855/N94 16. 41 Clark Kerr despatch 27 March 1945 F0371147941/N3934. 42 Clark Kerr despatch \0 July 1945 F037I/47883/N8674. 43 Clark Kerr despatch 27 March 1945 F0371/47941/N3934. 44 Roberts to 1'0 21 April 1945 F0371/48928/R7704; Lockhart memoran­ dum J J April 1945 F0371/47860/N4102. 45 Clark Kerr despatch 27 March 1945 F0371/47941/N3934. 46 Roberts to Warner 25 April 1945 F0371/47882/N4919, 24 May 1945 F0371/47923/N6582. 47 Sa rgent memorandum 13 March 1945 F0371/48192/R7333. 48 Lockhart diary 1 April 1945. 49 Lockhart diary 18 March 1945,31 March 1945; lockhart's views reflected those of the Czechs; Benes was at this time also advocating plain and honest speaking, Lockhart diary 17 February 1945, 6 April 1945. 50 Lockhart diary 1 April 1945, memorandum 11 April 1945 1'0371/47860/ N4102. 51 Sargent papers 2 April 1945 F0371/47881/N4281, 17 April 1945 1'03711 48192/R2956. 52 O'Malley to Sargent 22 May 1945, Sargent minute 31 May 1945 1'03711 47882/N6645_ 53 Sargent paper 11 July 1945: Jebb thought 'crude bargains' could not be avoided - and Britain after all wa!lted to keep the Soviets fro m meddling in \'rance, Belgium and Holland, minute 20 July 1945 F0371/50912/U5471. 204 Noles ami ReferellCes

54 Wilson minute 18 April 1945 F0371/47853/N4044. 55 Howard minute 30 April 1945 F0371/48192/R7333. 56 Churchill to Roosevelt 5 April 1945 ]'"0954/26C. 57 Churchill to Roosevelt 8 April 1945, Churchill to Truman 12 May 1945 F0954/26C. 58 Churchill conversation with TUC delegation 16 March 1945 F0371/ 47881/N3039. 59 Churchill to Truman 12 May 1945 F0954/26C. 60 Gilbert, Road 10 Victory, 1306, 1330. 61 Gilbert, Road 10 Victory, 1329, 1332, 1350. 62 Gilbert, Roml 10 Victory, 1276, 1280, 1303; Churchill to Roosevelt 5 April 1945 F0954/26C; Churchill to Eden 4 May 1945 F0954/20; Ad­ miral Cunningham noted that Churchill was now optimistically placing great faith in the bomb, and that he thought Soviet knowledge of the bomb's existence would make them more humble, M. Gilbert. Never Despair (London, 1988), 90; also Brooke dia ry 23 July 1945. 63 Gilbert, Neva Despair, 75. 64 Gilbert, Road 10 Vicillry, 1350. 65 Churchill conversation with Gusev 18 May 1945 I'R EM3/396/l2. 66 Eden diary 17 july 1945, R. Rhodes james, AliI/lOllY Eilell (London, 1987), 307; Gilbert, Never Despnir, 75. 67 Gilbert, Rond 10 Victory, 1349; W. Kimball, Forgcd ill War. Roosewlf, C/llIrchill, (/lid the Second World War (New York, 1997), 322. 68 Kitchen, Brilish Policy, 262. 69 PHP(45)29(O) 29 June 1945 CAB81/46. 70 COS(45)116th 3 May 1945, j lC(45)163(O) 'Relations with the Russians' 23 May 1945, COS(45)134th 23 May 1945 CAB79/33; Sargent minute 17 May 1945, Eden to Churchill I June 1945 F0371 /48192/R9256, R9257; d. Kimba!l, lllgsler, 173- 6, 181 -2. 71 Lockhart diary 6 April 1945. 72 D. Cameron Watt points out the difference between seeing the Soviets as difficult and seeing them as impossible, an important distinction that those who see any sign of disagreement as a proto-Cold War atti­ tude tend to miss, 'Britain, the United States and the Opening of the Cold War', in R. Oven dale, ed., Tllc Foreigll Policy of Ihc British La/JOllr Govcmmellts 1945-51 (Leicester, 1984), SO.

Chapter 7

Overy, RIISsi(I 's W(/(, 202-5, 272, 348, 389-91; B.F. Smith, Till' Wtlr's Lons Slim/ow. The Second World War miff ils A(/emwllI. Cllilla, RIfSSifl, Brill/ill, A I I/(~r i({/ (New York, 1986), 93, 95-6. 2 Thurston (Mo.scow) to Hull 20 March 1942, Atherton memo 9 Decem­ ber 1942 FRUSI942:11 I, 421, 205; Harriman to Roosevelt 5 July 1943 FRU51943: 1ll, 581n; memo by Division of Far Eastern Affairs 17 August 1943 FR WaS/lillSloll & Quebec, 627; Harriman to Hull 29 September 1944 RG59 71\.61/9-2444. 3 Berle to Welles 3 April 1942, Welles to Berle 4 April 1942 RGS9 741.611 Noles (lIId References 205

98 1-2; Standley to Hull 10 March 1943 FRUSI943:1lI, 510; Durbrow memo 3 February 1944, Stettinius memo 8 November 1944 FRUSI944:IV, 816, \025; Hull to Roosevelt 17 June 1944, Roosevelt to Churchill 22 June 1944 FRUSI944:V, 124-5. 4 Welles memo 16 March 1943 FRUS1943:1J[, 22. and comments 25 June 1942 RG 59 733.61/57; Hamilton to Hull 8 August 1944 FRUSI944:I1, 347; Kekich memo 27 November 1944 RG59 741.6011/1 1-2744. 5 j. Kent, 'The British Empire and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944-49', in Deighton, ed., Bri/(Iill, 166-7. 6 WP(42)5 16 8 November 1942 CAB66/30; Duff Cooper to Eden 30 May 1944 F0371/40696/U5407; Achilles memo of British attitudes to the USA and USSR 3 April 1943 RG59 740.00 11 /29067; Ross, 'Foreign Of· fice Attitudes', 532, 538; A. Resis, review of Kit chen, BritisJJ Policy in Slllvic Re view 47 (1988), 743. 7 A. Bullock, introduction to Rzheshevsky, Wllr ami Diplomacy, xix. 8 R. Overy, Wily till' Allies Wall (London, 1995), 3, 254. 9 The wartime, as opposed to Cold War, mindset is illustrated in Strang's minute: ' It is better that Russia should dominate Eastern Europe than that Germany should dominate Western Europe. Nor would the domi­ nation of Eastern Europe by Russ ia be as easy as all that. And however strong Russia may become she is unlikely ever to be so grim a menace to us as Germany could be again within a few years .. .' 29 May 1943 1'0371/35261/UZO II. \0 D. Dilks, 'British Political Aims in Central, Eastern and Southern Eu­ rope, 1944', in Deakin, Barker and Chadwick, eds, Brilisll l'oliliCiJI, 23-5. II Eden to Churchill 5 January 1942 F0371 /32874/N\08; Eden conversa­ tion with Roosevelt, Welles memorandum 16 March 1943 FRUSI943:1II, 22. Kimball ascribes a similar sentiment to Roosevelt, Jllsskr, 183. 12 Clark Kerr despatch 31 August 1944 1'0371/43336/N5598. 13 On 21 September 1943 Churchill said in the House of Commons: 'without the close, cordial and laS\lng association between Soviet Russia and the other great Allies, we might find ourselves at the end of the war only 10 have entered upon a period of deepening confusion', Hansard, Debates, 392/100. 14 Titkov, 'Soyuzniki-soperniki', 310-11. Titkov suggests the PHPS papers se nt on by Maclean had the effect of a bombshell in Moscow at the end of 1944. I' hilby also fed such suspicions, Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 239. IS Roberts to Warner 30 June 1945 F0371/478S5/N9416. Bibliography

Primary sources

1. Official documents a) At tile Public Record Office, KelV, LOlldoll ADM!99 Naval Missions ADM223 Naval Intelligence Division A IRS Chief of the Air Staff Papers A1R40 Air Intelligence AIR46 Air Missions CAB21/l614 Cabinet Offices; UNO/Western Bloc papers CAB6S War Cabinet Minutes CAB66 War Cabinet Memoranda CAB69 Defence Committee (OperationS) Minutes CAB79 Chiefs of Staff Committee Minutes CABSO Chiefs of Staff Committee Memoranda CABSI Joint Intelligence Committee Papers and Memoranda, I'osl Hostilities Planning Staff Minutes and Memoranda CAB8 4 Joint ['lanning Staff Minutes and Memoranda CAB8712 Cabinet Committee on Reconstruction Problems 1942 CAU9S/IS Committee on Communist Activities CAB99 Papers from International Conferences CABl18 Lord President Files (Attlee) CAB119 Joint f>fanning Staff: vari ous papers, including MilitiHy Sub­ Committee CAB1Z0 Cabinet Secretariat CABI22 British Joint Staff Mission, Washington CARl27 Private Office Papers; Cripps, Ismay, Bridges FOISI Moscow{Kuibyshev Embassy F037l Political Departments; General Correspondence F0418 FO Confidential Print: Russia and Soviet Union to 1941 1'0490 1:0 Confidential Print: Soviet Union 1942-45 F0800 Private Papers: Clark Ke rr, Halifax, Sargent F0954 Avon Papers F0837 Ministry of Economic Warfare F0898 Political Warfare Executive HS4 Special Operations Executive: USSR Section [NF l Ministry of Information: Home [>olicy Committee, Soviet Relations Di vision, Home Intelligence Reports l'ItEM3 Prime Minister I'apers: Operational Papers I'R EM4 l'rime Minister Papers: Confidential Papers n8S Leith-Ross Papers WOl7S War Diaries, Military Missions

206 Hibli08raplly 207

W0202 Military Missio ns; Russian Lia ison Group W0204 Allied Fo rces Headquarters W0208 Directorate of Military 1ntelligence W0216 Chief of the Imperial Genera! Staff rapers b) At US National Archives, College Park, Mary/a nd Reco rd Group 59, State Department Papers 711 USA-USSR Relations 740 Eu ropean War, 1939-45 741 Anglo-Soviet Relati ons 761 Ang lo-American-Soviet Relations 861 USSH - Internal Affairs

2. Private papers Alanbrooke (Imperial War Museum and Li ddell Hart Centre) A.v. Alexander (Churchill College) Archer (Imperial War Museum) Attlee (C hurchill College) Avon (Birmingham University) Balfour of lnchrye (House of l.ords) Beaverbrook (House of Lords) Bevin (Churchill College) Brabawn of Tara (RA I; Museu m) Dalton (British Ubrary of Political and Economic Science) Davidson (Liddell Hart Centre) Gammell (Imperial War Museum) Gedye (Imperial War Museum) P.J. Grigg (C hurchill ColJege) Hankey (C hurchill College) Harriman (Li brary of Congress) Harvey (British Library) Inverchapel (Bodleian Library) Ismay (Li ddelJ Hart Centre) Knatchbull-Hugessen (Church ill College) Uddell Hart (Li ddell Hart Centre) l.yttelton (C hurchill Coll ege) Margesson (Churchill College) Martel (Imperial Wa r Museum) Mason-Macfarlane (Imperial Wa r Muse um) Page Croft (Churchill College) Sinclair (Church ill College)

3. Pub lished collections British Documents of Foreign Affai rs: Reports and Papers from the FO Con­ fidential Print Part II Se ries A The Soviet Union 1919-39 Fordgl1 Re/a/iol1s or I/Ie UI/ired Slales, 1940-45 (Washington DC, 1957- 69) 208 BibliograpllY

W. Kimball, I'd., CIII/rellill ami Roosevell: IIII' Complele Correspomlellce, 3 vols (Princeton, 1984) A. Polonsky, I'd., Thl! Greilt POWrfS (llid Ihe Polish Question, 194 1-45 (Lon~ don, 1976) K.G. Ross, The Foreign Office and till' Kremlill (Cambridge, 1984) O.A. Rzheshevsky, War tII,,1 Diplonwcy. Tile M(Ikillg of Ihe GWllii AI/iallce. From Stalill'S Archives (trans. T. Sorokina, Amsterdam, 1996)

4. Published diaries B. Bond. I'd., ellief of SltIn: Tile Diaries of LielllelUI/II·Gel/('fal Sir Hellry 1'0wI/al/ (London, 19 74) A. Bryant, I'd., Tlmr of til(' Tide (London, 1957) A. Bryant, I'd., Triumph ill tile West (London, 1959) j. Colville, The Fritlges of Power. Dowllillg SIreI'I Diaries, 2 vols (London, 1985) D. Dilks, I'd., TIl(' Diaries of Sir A/examl"r Cat/ogall, 1938-46 (London, 1971) P. Dixon, I'd., DOl/ble Diploma. The Life of Sir Piersall Dixoll (London, 1968) j. Harvey, cd., Tile Diplolllalic Diaries of Oliver H(IfI'e,' (London, 1970) j. Harvey, I'd., The War Dillfies r'fO/ivl'r Harvey (London, 1978) K. Jeffreys, ed., L(lbour (llid tile Warlime Coalilioll. From Ihe Diary of I{lmes Clmler Ede, /94/-45 (London, 1987) H. Macmillan, War Diaries. Tile Mrt/ilerrat1e{I/1, 1943-45 (London, 1984) Lord Moran, Winstoll CIII/fellil/. The Slmggle for SrlTvival 1940-65 (London, 1966) N. Nicolson, I'd., Hllfold Nicolsoll. Diaries (lml Leiters, vol. 2 1939-4S (London, 1967) B. I'imlott, I'd., Tire I'oliliwl Diary of HI/gil Dalloll /918-40, 1945-60 (London, 1986) B. Pimlotl, I'd., TIll! Second World War Diary of HI/gil Oil/tOil, 1940-45 (London, 1986) R. Rhodes James, I'd., 'C/rips': Tile Diaries of Sir Hellry CIIaIllIOII (London, 1967) K. Young, ed., The J)i(1fies of Sir Robal 8mce Lockhart 1939-65 (London, 1980)

5. Memoirs and autobiographies Lord Attlee, As 11 Happened (London, 1964) Lord AttIeI', Grlllwr/(1 Historical Rl'Coriis 1ntr(view (Manches ter, 1965) Lord Avon. Tile Reckoning (London, 1965) H. Balfour, Wings over Westminster (London, 1973) j. Balfour, Nol Too Corrrct all AI/reo/e (Salisbury, 1983) T. Barman, Diplomalic Corresponr/enl (London, 1968) E. Berthoud, An Unexpected Lifr (Tiptree, 1980) A. Birse, Mrmoirs of (In lllterpreler (London, 1967) R. Bruce Lockhart, Comes tile Reckonillg (London, 1947) R.A. Butler, Tilt' Arl of lite Possible (London, 1971) R.A. Butler, Tile Arl of Memory (London, 1982) W.S. Churchill, Till! SI'COIlt! WClfid W(IT, 6 vols (London, 1948-54) 8ibllogmphy 209

Lo rd Cunningham, A S(li lor's Odyssey: TI,r AlltoblograpllY o( Ar/mlral o( /llf Flret Vlscoullt Cmmingl1ll111 o( Hywl/wpe (London, 1951) H. Dalton, Tile Fale{i,' Years: Memoirs 1931-45 (London, 1957) J.R. Deane, The Strange Alliallce. Till' Story 0( 01l( Efforts at Wartime Co-opera- tiOIl witll Russia (London. 1947) M. Djilas, COllversations witll Stalill (New Yo rk, 1962) D. Farrer, G (or GOi/ Allllighty (London. 1969) Lord Gladwyn, The Mellloirs o( Lord Gladwyn (I.ondon, 1972) L. Gourlay, ed., The Beaverbrook I Kllew (London, 1984) P.]. Grigg, Prejudice and IlIIlgellll'lII (London, 1948) Lord Halifax, F/lllIl'sS o( Days (London, 1957) A. Harriman and E. Abel, Special Em'Oy to C/II/rchill al/d SWlil1 (London, 19 76) Lord Ismay, Memoirs o( General the Lord Ismay (London, 1960) ] . Kennedy, Till' Business o( War (London, 1957) l. Kirkpatrick, Tile Inner Circle (London, 1959) J. Leasor, War (lIllie TOp . The Experiences o(Genera/ Sir Leslie Hollis (London, 1959) F. Maclean, Eastem A{lproacl1es (London, 1949) H. Macmillan, The BIasI o( War (London, 1967) l. Maisky, Memoirs o( a Soviet Ambassador (London, 1967) G. Martel, All Outspoken Soldier (London, 1949) H. M orrison, AlItobiogf(Iphy (London, 1960) G. Pawle, Tile War aI/(/ Colollel Wardell (London, 1963) F.K. Roberts, Dealillg willi DicWtors (London, 1991) W. Strang, HOllie a//(/ Abroad (London, 1956) K. W.O. St rong, IlIlflllgellct' at tile Top: TI1/;~ Recollections o( WI Illtelligence Officer (London, 1968) Lord Tedder, Witll Preirlllice: The War Memoirs o( Marshal o( Ihe Air Force Lo,,/ Tedder (London, 1966) G.M. Thomson, Vole o(Cl'I1slIre (London, 1968) F. Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers: The War mul Post· War Memoirs o( tire RI HOIl Earl Alllee (London, 1961) J. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Actioll lilis Day. Workins wltll C/Jurc/Jill (London, 1968)

Secondary sources

1. Biographies S. Aster, Allfho/ly E(/m (London, 1976) R. Barclay, Ernest Bevin alld IIle Foreigll Office (London, 1975) Lord Birkenhead, Hali(ax (London, 1965) A. Bullock, Tile Li(e ,md Til/i es o( Ernest Bevill vol. 2, Minisler o( Labour (Lon- don, 1967) A. Bullock. Emest Bevill Foreigll Secretary (London, 1983) T.D. Burridge, C/emelll AIII,te: A I'olillml Biography (London, 1985) E. Butler, MaSOIl M(lc (London, 1972) D. Carlton, Ali/hOlly Edell (London, 1982) J. Charm ley, CllI/rcllil/. Tile Eml o( Glory (London, 1993) 210 Bibliograplw

A. Chisholm and M. Davie, Be(ll'erbrook. A Life (london, 1992) R. Churchill, Tile Rise (1/1(/ Fall of Sir AllthollY Edell (London, 1959) C. Cooke, Tile Life of Riclwrd Stafford Cripps (London, 1957) 1'. Cosgrave, R.A. BI/tler: All English Life (London, 1981) B. Donoghue and W. Jones, Hf'rbert MorriSOIl, Portrait of a Po/itici",! (Lon- don, 1973) E. Estorick, Stafford Cripps. A Biogmphy (London, 1949) K. Feiling, The Life of Neville Ch ambalaill (London, 1970) D. Fraser, AlaI/brooke (London, 1982) M. Gilbert, WillstOIl S. C/I!/rcllill, vol. 5 1922-39 (London, 1976) M. Gilbert, Finest HUllr. Willstoll S. Clmrc/!iII 1939-41 (London, 1983) M. Gilbert, Road 10 Victory (London, 1986) M. Gilbert, Newr Despair (London, 1988) D. Gillies, Radical Dip/oliwl. The Life of Arcllib(l/d Clark Kerr, Lord /Ilverd/(/pel, 1882-19SI (London, 1999) 1<. Harris, AttieI' (London, 1982) 1'. Howarth, /1I1 /' lIig/'lIet Chief Ex/mordil/ary. Till.' Life of the Nillth DI/ke of I'orll(///(/ (London, 1986) G. MacDermott, Tile Edell Legacy ali(I tilt' Dec/illt' of Urilisll Diplomacy (Lon- don, 1969) 1. Macleod, Nevilll' Chamberlain (London, 1961) F. McLynn, Fitzroy Maclellll (l.ondon, 1992) B. Pimlott, Hllgh Da/1011 (London, 1985) R. Rhodes James, Alit/lOlly Edel/ (London, 1987) E. Radzinsky, Sla/ill (London, 1996) D. Richards, Lord /'orl(11 of HlIlIgaford (London, 1977) C. Richardson, From Clwrclliil's Secret Circle 10 IIII' BBC. The Biography of Lieu/emili/-Genera/ Si r lall /(lcIJb (London, 1991) A.J.P. Taylor, Ikaverhrook (London, 1972) A.J.P. Taylor et aI., Churchill. Four FIKes al/d Ihe M(III (London, 1979) D. Volkogonov, Sflllil!, Triumph (11111 Tragedy (ed. & trans. H. Shukman, Lon­ don, 1991 ) F. Williams, Ernest Bevin (London, 1952) R. Wingate, Lord fsm(lY (London, 1970)

2. Monographs and General Historical Studies

T.H. Anderson, The Ulliled Stales, Greal Briwin (/lid Ihe Cold War, 1944-47 (Columbia, Missouri, 1981) L. Aronsen and M. Ki tchen, TIle Origins of tI!t' Cold War in ComparatiVl' Per­ speclh'e (London, 1988) M. Balfour, Prop(lg(mda in War, 1939-4S: Orgtll!il.Mions, Policies and Politics ill Britaill (Illd GermlillY (London, 1979) J. Barber and M. Harrison, The SOl'iel Home Front /941~194S. A Social IIml Ecollomic History of the USSR ill World Wllr H (Harlow, 1991 ) E. Barker, TIlt' Britis/! hetween Ih e Superpowers (London, 1983) E. Barker, Britisll Policy in SQutll-Ellsl EUrilpe ill the Se(()n(/ World W(lr (Lon­ don, 1976) E. Barker, Cllnrcllillaml Eti!'ll III Wllr (London, 1978) J. E. Beaumont, Comr(l(les ill Arms (London, 1980) Bibliography 211

I1.M .H. Bell, 101m Ill/II (111(1 1/11.' 8ellr. British Public OpilliQlI, Fordgll Policy (wd IIleSoviel Union, 1941-45 (London, 1990) N. Bethell, The La st SeaI'I (London, 1974) C. G. Bold', The Sovif'l Question in Britisll Politics (New York, 1989) A. Boyle, Climate of TrmSO /1 (revised edition. London, 1980) T.D. Burridge, British Labollr al1(l Hitler's War (London, 1976) D. Caute, Tile Fellow-Travellers (London, 1973) J. Charmley, Clmrc/lill's Grand AllirlllCl' (London, 1996) W. and Z. Coates, Tile History of Allglo-Soviet RelatiOI1S, 1917- 1950, 2 vols (Lo ndon, 1943 and 19S8) R. Deacon, Th e Brifisil CO/lllec/ io/1 (London, 1979) W. Deakin, E. Barker and J. Chadwick, eds, British Political (IIul Military S/m/egy i/1 Cemral, Eastem alld SOli/hem Europe i/1 1944 (London, 1988) A. Deighton, ed., Britaill fill/II/,e First Co ld W(/f (London, 1990) D. Dilks, ed., RI'trellt from Power: S/m/ies ill Britaill'S Foreign Policy ill tile TWl'lJIieti1 Cmlllry', vol. 2 (London, 1981 ) R. Douglas, From War 10 Cold War, 1942- 48 (London. 1981 ) R. Edmonds, Tile Big Tllree (London, 1991 ) J. E.rickson, Tile Soviet High COI11I11(l11d. A Military-Polilictl/ Hislory, 1918-41 (London, 1962) J. Eri ckson and D. Dilks, eds, /j(lfbarass(l. The Axis alll/ tile Allies (Edinburgh, 1994) H. Feis, Cll1Ircilill, Roosevell, Stali,,: The Wllr Tiley Wtlged (IIulllll' Pellce Tiley SOllg111 (Princeton. 1957) A. Glees, Till' Seaels of IIII' S!'fvice; British Illtelligi'llce (/1/(1 COll1l11l1l/isl Subver­ SiOll, 1939-5 1 (London, 1987) J. Golley, HlIrri((IIII'S over MlIfllulllsk (London , 1987) M.R. Gordon, COl/flict allil COl/sel/slIs ill L(/bollr's Foreigll Policy, 1914-65 (Stanford. 1969) G. Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps Missioll 10 "'fosco w 1940-42 (Cambridge, 1984) L Grigg, British Foreign I'olicy (London. 1944) F. Harbutt. Tilt' Iro/1 Cllrtain; C/lJlrciljl/, America (1m/ IIII' Ori:siJ1s of IIII' Cold W(lr (New York, 1986) F.H. Hinsley et al.. Till' History of British Intelligence ill World War Two. 5 vol s (1979-90) M. Howard, TI,e Meditermlleall Stmlrgy ill Ihe Secoll d World War (London, 1968) W. Jones, Tile Russ ia COl/lpkx (Manchester, 1977) G. Kacewicz, Great Bril(lill, The Sovirt Union alld IIII' Polish Gowmlllwi ill Exile (The Ha gue, 1979) C. Keeble, Britaill alld 1/11' Savil.'l Unioll, 1917-1989 (London. 1990) C. Kennedy-Pipe, Sialin's Cold War. Soviet Stratl'gies ill Ellrope, 1943- 1956 (Manchester, 1995) L. Kettenacker and W. Mommsen, eds, The F(lscis/ C/Jalltmge (1/11/ IIII.' Policy of AppI'asemel/l (London, 1983) W. I:. Kimball, Forged ill War. Roosevell, Clwrchill (lml 1111' Second World Wilr (New York, 1997) W. E Kimball, The Iliggier. Fr(wkliJ1 Roosevelt as Wartillle SW!esmilJ1 (Princeton, 1991 ) 212 BibliograpllY

M. Kitchen, Brilisll Policy Towards IIII' Sovirt Union During tile Secollli World Wllr (London, 1986) A. Lane and H. Temperley, eds, The Rise IIIld Foil of Ihe Gralld Alliallce (Basingstoke, 1995) j.M. Lee, Tile CIII/rellill CoaliliOl1 (London, 1980) j.M. Lew is, ClwlIginS Direction: Brilish Military Plmmins for Post-war Stralegic Defelice 1942-47 (London, 1988) 5.]. Linz, ed., The Impoet of World War II 011 the Soviet Ullioll (New Jersey, 1985) 1. McLaine, Ministry of Moraie: HOllie Fro/JI Morale oml the Ministry of Illfor. IIwtioll ill World War II (London, 1979) W. H . McNeill, Allleriw, Britaill allil Rllss ia: Tlleir Coopewtioll mul C(mlliet, 1941-46 (Lonlion, 1953) V. Mastny, TIll' Cold War and SOI'iet IlISewr;ty. The Stan" Years (New York, 1996) V. Mastny, Russia's RO(J(I to tht' Cold War. Diploll/acy, Warfare ami tile Polilics of Comlllllllism, /941-45 (New York, 1979) S.M. Miner, Betwee" CIII/rellill ami Stal;" (Chapel Hill, 1988) F.S. Northedge and A. Wells, Brilaill IlIId SOI'iel COllllllllllislll. The IlIIpacl of A Revollitio/1 (London, 1982) R.j. Overy, Rllssia's War. Blood llpon the Snow (New York, 1997) R.j . Overy, Wily the Allies Won (London, 1995) K. Pilarski, ed ., S(lvlet-US Relali(lllS, 1933-45 (M oscow, 1989) C. Porter and M. Jones, Moscow III World War /1 (London, 1987) V. Rothwell, Brilaill (///(1 Ihe Cold War, 1941-47 (London, 1982) K. Sainsbury, Chllrchill ami Roosevelt fI t War: tile Wur Illey FOIISIII mul the PetieI' tlley Hoped to Mf1ke (London, 1994) K. Sainsbury, TII(~ TumillS 1'01111. RO(lsevell, Sill/III, Churchill am/ CllhlllS KlIi­ Shek, 1943 - /Ill;> Moscow, Ca iro l/lld TeIJf(/J1 COllferellces (Oxford, 1985) C.S. Sa mra, I"dia a/J{I Allglo-Soviel Rellliiolls (New York, 1959) T. Sharp, Tire Wartime Allilillce {llId tire ZOIwl DiI'ision of Gemumy (London, 19 75) V.A. Sipols, Tile Road 10 Greal Victory, /941-45 (M oscow, 1985) B.F. Smit h, Sharing Secrets wilh 51111111. How tile Allies Tmdelllllielligellce, 1941- 1945 (Ka nsas, 1996) N. Tolstoy, Stillin'j Secrel War (London, 1983) N. Tolstoy, Victims of Ytll/a (London, 1977) D. Cameron Watt, PasO/wlilies amI Policies (London, 1965) A. Werth, Russia al Wllr 194/-45 (New York, 1964) P. Winterton, Reporl a /I Russia (I.ondon, 1945) N. Wood, COlllllllmism al1d British Imelleell/als (London, 1959) E.1.. Woodward, Brilisll Foreigll Policy ill World IV{/( Two,S vols ( 19 7 0~ 76) D. Yergin, SlIallered Peace. Tile OrigillS of IIII' Cold War lIlId tile Natiollal Se­ emity Stale (Boston, 1977) K. Young, Beaverbrook tII,,1 Clwrcllill. A St udy ill Friemlsllip alld Politics (Lon­ don, 1966) j. Zametica, ed., British Officials a/1(1 Foreigll I'D/icy, /945~50 (Leicester, 1990) V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Illside the Kremlill's CO/fl War. From Stalin to Kllfllsllehev (Harvard, 1996) 8ihllagmphy 213

3. Articles and essays C.J . Bartlett, 'Inter·Allied Relations in the Second World War', History, 63 (1978),390-95 j. Baylis, 'British Wartime Thinking About a Postwar European Security Group', Rel'iew af III/ematiollnl Stlldies, 9 (1983), 265-81 j.E. Beaumont, 'A Question of Diplomacy: Military Missions to the U55R 1941-45', larmrnl af IIII' Royal Ullited Serl'ices Illstitutr for Drft'llcl' Studies, 118/3 (1973), 74-7 j.E. Beaumont, 'Great Britain and the Rights of Neutral Countries: the case of Iran 1941 ', 10llmal of CO lltell1pomry History, 16 (1981 ), 2 \3-28 R. Beaumont, 'The Bomber Offensive as a Second Front', lOllfllal of COII/(>m­ por(lfY History, 22 (1987), 3-19 P.G. Boyle, 'The British roreign Office View of 50viet·American Relations, 1945-46', Diplolllatic Hislory, 3 (1979), 307-20 T.O. Burridge, 'Barnacles and Troublemakers: Labour's Left Wing and Brit· ish I:oreign Policy', Cal/at/iall /Ollf/W/ of History, 16/2, (1981 ), 1-25 T,O. Burridge, 'Great Britain and the Dismemberment of Germany at the end of the Second World War', IlIlema/iollal History Rel'iew, 3 (1981), 565-79 F.M. Carroll, 'A nglo.American Relations and the Origins of the Cold War: The New Perspective', Cmlmliml ImlT/wl of HiSlOry, 24/3 (1989), 191-208 D, Childs, 'The British Communist rarty and the War, 1939-4 1: Old Slo· gans Revived', IUllmal ofCUI//(>lIIprJT(IrY History, 12 (1977), 237-53 A.M. Cienciala, 'The Activities of Polish Communists as a Source for Stalin's Policy Towards Poland in the Second World War', IlItrmaliollol His/ory Review, 7 (1985), 129-45 R. Edmonds, 'Churchill and Stalin', in R. Blake and W. R. t au is, eds, CllljT(l,ill (Oxford, 1993), 309-26 R. Edmonds, 'Yalta and Potsdam: I:orty Years Afterwards', II/Iemaliollnl Af­ fairs, 62 (1986), 197-216 A. Filitov, 'The Soviet Union and the Grand Alliance: The Internal Dimen· sion of Foreign Policy', in G. Gorodetsky, ed., Soviel Foreigll Policy, 1917-199/. A Retrospectil'/' (London, 1994), 97-101 A.J. roster, 'Thr Times and Appeasement: The Second Phase', Immllli of COli" /empomry His/ory, 16 ( 1981), 441-65 A.j. Foster, 'The Politicians, Public Opinion and the Press. The Storm over Brit ish Military Intervention in Greece in December 1944', Journal of Cmrtell1powry His/ory, 19 (1984), 453- 94 A.j. Foster, 'The Beaverbrook Press and Appeasement: The Second Phase', Erjroprnll History Quar/aly, 21 (1991), 5-38 R. Garson, 'The Atlantic Alliance, Eastern Europe and the Origins of the Cold War: From Pearl Harbor to Yalta ', in H. C. Allen and R. Thompson, eds, Contrast and COI II/retion; Bicentennial Essays III Allglo·Amrricmj His/ory (London, 1976), 296-320 R. Garson, 'Churchill's "Spheres of Influence": Rumania and Bulgaria', 511r­ wy, 24 ( 1979), 143-58 T. Garton Ash, 'I'rom World War to Cold War', The New York RrvirlY, (1 1 June 1987), 44-50 214 BibliograpllY

M. Gat, 'The Soviet Fa ctor in Br itish Policy Towards Italy, 1943-1945', Tile His/oriall, 50 (1987), 535-57 G, Gorocletsky, 'Churchill's Warning to Stalin: A Reappraisal', His/oricaijollrlllll, 29 (1986), 979-90 G. GorodelSky, 'The Hess Affair and Anglo-Soviet Rel ations on the Eve of Barbarossa', English His/orical Review 101 (1986), 405-20 G. Gorodetsky, 'The Origins of the Cold War: Stal in, Churchill and the Fo rmation of the Grand Alliance', The Rllssiall Review, 47 (1988), 145-70 J.1: Grantham, 'Hugh Dalton and the In ternational Postwar Settlement: Labour Party Foreign Policy Formulation, 1943-44', 10llmlll orColltewporary His· tory, 14 ( 1979), 713-29 H. Hanak, 'Sir Stafford Cripps as British Ambassador in Moscow, May 1940- June 1941', Englisl1 His/orical Review, 94 (1979), 48- 70 H. Hanak, 'Sir Stafford Cripps as British Ambassador in Moscow, June 1941- January 1942', EIIglisl1 His/oriclll Review, 97 (1982), 332-44 E Harbutt, 'Cold War Origins: An Anglo.European Perspective', Diplowlltic His/ory, 13 (1989), 123-33 T. Harrisson, 'Public Opinion and Russia', Political QUlIrterly, 12 (1941), 353-66 J. Haslam, 'Stalin's Fears of a Separate Peace, 1942', Jlltd/igellce IIml NlltiOllal SeCliri/y, 8 (1993), 97-9 P.G. H. Holdich, 'A Policy of Percentages? British Policy and the Balkans after the Moscow Conference of October 1944', [lltema/iollill History Re­ view, 9 (1987), 28-47 S. Kerr, 'Roger Hollis and the Dangers of the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of \942', [II/l'ilig('/JC(' IImi NaIiO/Jili SeCliri/y, 5 (1990), 148-57 L. Kettenacker, 'The Anglo-Soviet Alliance and the Problem of Germany, 194 1-1945', IOllm1l1 or COll/elllpomry History, 17 (1982), 435-58 R.H. Keyserlingk, 'Arnold Toynbee's Foreign Research and Press Service and [IS Post-war Plans for South-East Europe, 1939-45', !osmJilI or COlltempor­ afy His/ory, 21 (1986),539-58 W.E Kimball, 'Stalingrad: A Chance for Choices', 101lma/ or Military History, 60 (1996), 89-114 M. Kitchen, 'Wi nston Churchill and the Soviet Union During the Second World War', His/orictll/ollmal, 30 (1987), 415-36 F. King, 'Allied Negotiations and the Dismemberment of Germany', 10llmal or CO/ltemporary History, 16 (1981), 585-95 H.W. Koch, 'The Spectre of a Separate Peace in the East: Russo-German Peace Feelers, 1942-44', loumal OrCm1telllPOrary History, 10 (1975), 531-49 A.J . Kochavi, 'Anglo-Soviet Differences over a Policy towards War Crimi­ nals, 1942-43' Siavollic 1111(/ Eas/ Erlrope(1/J Rel'iew, 69 (1991), 458-77 B. Kuklick, 'The GenesiS of the European Advisory Commission', jOl/mal of COlltemporary History, 4/4 (1969), 189-201 D. t ammers, 'Britain, Russia and the Revival of "Entente Diplomacy": \ 934', lormllll or Britislr Studies, 6/2 (1966-67), 99- 123 D. Lammers, 'Fascism, Communism and the Foreign Office 1937-39', IUllr­ /lal or COlltemporary Hi5tory, 6/3 (1971 ), 66--86 J.D. tanger, 'The Harriman-Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Un­ conditional Aid for the Soviel Union, 1941', journal of COIl/emporary His/ory, 14 (1979), 463-82 Bibliography 215

S. Lawlor, 'Britain and the Russian Entry in to the War', in R. Langhorne, ed., Diplomacy ami fll/elligellce during till' Secol1d World War (Cambridge, 1985), 168- 83 P. l.owe, 'The Soviet Union in Britain's Far Eastern Policy, 1941' in I. Nish ed., TII~ Rllssian Problem ill East Asia (London, 1981 ), 27-46 R. Manne, 'The British Decision for Alliance with Russia', IOllmal of COI1- temfJOrary History, 9/2 ( 1974), 3-26 R. Manne, 'Free Hand in the East? Hritish Policy towards East-Central Eu­ rope, between" Rhineland ff and the Al1scl1luss', Aus/m/hlll loumal of Politics miff HislOry, 32 (1986), 245-62 R. Manne, 'Some Ilritish Light on the Nazi-Soviet Pact ', Ellropean Studies Review, II ( 1981), 83-\02 R. Manne, 'The roreign Office and the railure of Anglo-Soviet Rapproche. ment', loumal ofCol1temporary History, 16 (1981),725-55 V. Mastny, 'Post· Revisionist Cold War', Slavic Review, 42 (1983), 662-68 V. Mastny, 'Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate ['eace', American His/ori­ ml Review, 72 (1972), 1365- 88 V. Mastny, 'Soviet War Aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943', IOl/mal of Modem History, 47 (1975), 481 - 504 D. Mayers, 'Soviet War Aims and the Grand Alliance: Ge orge Ken nan's Views, 1944--1946', IOllmal orColltcmpomry History, 21 (1986),57-79 W.O. Miscamble, 'Anthony Eden and the Truman- Molotov Conversatio ns, April 1945', Diplomalic History, 2 (1978), 167-80 S. de Mowbray, 'Soviet Deception and the Onset of the Cold War. The Brit­ ish Documents for 1943 - A Lesson in Manipulation', Ellcol1l11er, 63 (1984), 16-24 R. Munting, 'Lend-Lease and the Soviet War Effort ', IOl/mal or COl1t empvmry History, 19 (1984), 495-510 K. Neilson, "'Pursued by a Bear": British Estimates of Soviet-Military Strength and Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1922- 1939', Cmuu/ian IOl/m1l1 of His/ory, 28 (1993), 189-221 A. Resis , 'The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentage" Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944', Alllf'rican Historical Review, 83 (1978), 368-87 A. Re sis, 'Spheres of Influence in Ru ssian Wartime Diplomacy', IOl/fIIal of Modem H istory, 53 (1981), 417- 39 D. Reynolds, ' Eden the Diplomatist, 1931 -56: Suezide of a Statesman?', His/ory, 74 ( 1989), 64-84 K.G. Ross, 'roreign Office Altitudes to the Soviet Union 1941-45', /orj(/wl of COlllelllpowry History, 16 (1981 ), 521--40 H.B. Ryan, 'Anglo-American Relations During the Polish Crisis in 1945; A Study of British Effort s to Shape American Policy toward the Soviet Union', AI/stm/illll 100",wl of Politics (lIId History, 30 (1984), 69-84 K. Sainsbury, 'British Policy and German Unity at the End of the Second World War', Englis/I Historical R~view , 94 ( 1979), 786-804 K. Sainsbury, '''Second Front in 1942" - A Strategic Controversy Revisited', Britislt 101",/(11 of IlItefl/atiollalStutiies, 4 (1978), 47-58 T. Sharp, 'The Origins of the Tehran Formula on Polish Frontiers', 10ufluII of CO llt('mpOrtl ry History, 12 (1977), 381 -93 j.M. Siracusa, 'The Meaning of Tolstoy: Churchill, Stalin and the Balkans, 216 8ib/iograplw

Moscow October 1944', Diplomatic His/ory, 3 (1979), 443-63 R. Smith and J. Zametica, 'The Cold Warrior: Clement AttIeI' Reconsidered 1945-7', IlIlema/iollal Affairs, 61 (1985), 237-52 R. Smith, 'A Climate of Opinion: British Officials and the Development of British Soviet Policy, 1945-7', /IJtemaIiO lw/ Affairs, 64 (1988), 631 -47 E. Thomas, 'The Evolution of the JIC System', in CM. Andrew and R. Noakes, eds, Intelligf'IJct' !/Iullntematiolw/ RelatiOIlS, 1940-45 (Exeter, 1985), 219-34 P. Tsakaloyannis, 'The Moscow Puzzle', /Ollr/Idl of COlltemporary History, 21 (1986), 37-55 D. Cameron Watt, 'Britain and the Historiogra phy of the Yalta Conference and the Cold War', Diplomatic His/ory, 13 (1989), 67-98 D. Cameron Wall, 'Britain, the United States and the Opening of the Cold War', ill R. Qvendale, I'd., Tilt.' Foreign Policy of Ille Bri/ish Labour Govern­ mell/s, /945- 5/ (Leicester, 1984), 43-60 R.B. Woods, 'The Politics of Diplomacy: Winston S. Churchill and the Sec­ ond Quebec Conference', Cal/adian JOllmal of History, 2Z ( 1987), 367-82 £'D. Wynot. 'The Damned Inheritance: The Warsaw Uprising of 1944 Re­ conSidered'. Reviews ill Ellmpea ll HiS/ory, (December 1974), 413- 16 Index

Adriatic Sea, Soviet designs in, 88 Army, British, see mili tary, British Afghanistan, 17,36 Army, German, srI' ~Vel"'lIaclll aid, British to Soviet Union; forces, Army, Soviet, see Red Army 33,34,35,90; supplies, 31, Atlantic Charter, 35, ! 13 50,52,91, 127, ISO atomic bomb, 115, 163,201 n79, Air Force, German, 127 204 n62 Air Force, Royal, 127 attaches, British Military and Naval Air Force, Soviet, set' Red Air Force in Soviet Un ion, 10, II, 35 aircraft, Soviet, 12, 127 Attlee, Clement, 16,24, 135 138-40, Albania, 121 141, 189 nl3 Allen, Captain C.C.A., 197 n19 and Soviet frontiers, 91, 191 - 2 Andreyev, A.A., 145 n59 Anglo-American relations, 34, 76, 90, and 'two schools' theory, 201 107, 114, 130, 132, 134, \70 nn Anglo-Soviet alliance, 33, 38, 94, as Prime Minister, 140, 160 97, 118, 119, 129, 148, 156, on Soviet imperialism, 139 158, 170, srI' (I/so Anglo-Soviet on Soviet sensitivities, 108 Treaty Archer, Rear-Admiral Ernest, 182 Anglo-Soviet-American relations, nl4 37, 84, 109-10, 130, 140, Asia, 26 ]60-2, srI' (ilso Grand Alliance Austria, 151, 160, 163 Anglo-Soviet cooperation, 37-8, 72, Axis satellites, 15\-4, 164 74-5, 77, 82, 85, \04-5, 107, Azeris, s('e Soviet Union, ethnicily 109, 110-15, 117, 131, 137, 140, 159, 163-6, 168- 70 Babington, Air Marshal Sir john, 53 expected to have difficulties, but Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 98 not be impossible, 131 , 140, Baedeker Guide /0 Russia (1914), 47 142, 147, 156, 158, 161, 167, Baggallay, Lacy, 41, 45, 46, 51, 57, 170 70, 78, 101, 106, 108 nature of, 110-12, liS, 165 Balfour, john ('jock'), 41, 58, 60, Anglo-Soviet re lations, 61, 67, 71, 74, 144 92, \09, 151 , 154 Balkans, 37 historiography of, 2-3, 170 crisis in (March-April 1941), 19-21 Anglo-Soviet Treaty, I. 87, 101, SOviet influence in, 120-1, 153 103,108-9,114,120,194 War Cabinet paper on nl11 (WI'(44)304), 120- I Anti-God Society, 62 Baltic Sea, 36, 133, 163 appeasement. 2, 107 Baltic states, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18,20, Ardennes, 142 21,30,36,37,62,94 Armenians, srI' Soviet Union, BARBAR055A, Operation, 4, 12, 19, ethnicity 23,31,46,53,62,67,79,81, Armistice and Postwar Committee 82, 90, 103, \06, see (Ilso (AI' WCj, 139 Soviet-German War

217 218 IIJI/ex

Barclay, Roderick, 173 n3 Bolsover, George, 41 Barman, Thomas, 41 Bomber Command, 143 Beaverbrook, Lord, 2, 26-31, 32, Bonaparte, Napoleon, 58, lIS 33, 78, 92, lOS, 200 n67 Brabazon, J,T.C. Moore, 180 nl12 and supply to USSR, 27, 29 ' Bracelet', see Conference, Moscow, attitude to USSR, 26-7, 28 1942 criticisms of military, 30-1 Brimelow, Thomas, 41, 146 favours political concessions, 30, BrUal/ski Soyuz/!ik ('British Ally'), 72 91, 106 British Naval Liaison Officers imperialist isolationism of, 26, (BN LOs), 127 178 nn, n93 Brooke, General (later Field influences on, 26-7 Marshal) Sir Alan, 31, 112 mission to USSR, 1941,28-30, Bruce Lockhart, Robert, 5, 42, 60, 33, 83, 9 1, 112 87,92,94, 100-I, 148, 149-50, on Soviet morale, 27-9, 34 159-60,166, 194 nl06, n108, on Soviet sensitivity, 27, 30, 91, 203 n49 107 advocates 'frankness', 107-8, 113 political ambitions of, 26, 28 as expert on USS R, 5 pre-war views, 26 'dinner jacket' argument, 78, 187 relations with Churchill, 28 n 113 resignation from War Cabinet, influence on Beaverbrook, 26-7 1942, 91 influence on Sargent, 160 response to RARRARQSSA, 27-8 on ethnicity, 45, 94 tactics of handling Soviets, 29, on Soviet sensitivity, 27, 94, 107, 83, 179 nlOO 113 views on Soviet frontiers, 30, 91 on Soviet xenophobia, 107 Belgium, see Low Countries on 'therapeutic trust', 107 Belgrade, anti-Nazi coup in, 19, 20 sees Soviets as over-confident, Bellairs, Rear-Admiral Roger, 193 131, 159 n96 Rukovina, Northern, 13 Bend, Eduard, 203 n49 Bulgaria, 9, 132, 135, 151, 154, Beria, l.avrenti, 81, 83, 14S 15S-9, 160 Berlin, 37, 163 Bullock, Lord, 170 Molotov trip to, 1940, 9 Burrows, Major-General Montague Berthoud, Eric, 49 Brocas, 51, 99 Bessarabia, 13, 37 Butler, Richard A., 18, 21-2, 46-7 Bevin, Ernest, 16, 138-40, 141,201 Byelorussia (Belarus), 43 n7S Be:t.bozI1l1ik, 62 Cabinet, see War Cabinet Black Sea, 36, S4, 163 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 7, 13, 17, Blitzkrieg, 47 32,35,63,66,78,81,84,88, blockade, 18, 20, 31 92, 105, 110, 121, 143, 149-50, Bohlen, Charles, 146 173 n3, 180 nIII , 194 n108, Bolshevik Revolution, see Revolution, 195 nl14 Russian Carpathian Mountains, 153 Bolshevism (and Bolsheviks), 46, Catherine the Great, Tsar, 146 57, 58, 61, 65, 74, 90, 138, Caucasian peoples, 46-7 143 Caucasus region, 18,33,35,81 , ' Bolshevik bogey', lIS 109, 126 1m/ex 219

Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor, 31-2, acid tests of Soviet policy, 138 92, 110, 128 against discussions of postwar Ceci l, Robert, 3 issues, In, 134 Central Department, FO, 88, 101 ambivalence of, 163- 4 central Europe, 129, 134, 149, 153 and atomic bomb, 163, 204 n62 Chamberlain, Neville, 144 and Poland, 135-7 Cherwell, Lord (I'rederick appOintment of Cripps, 13 Li ndemann), 200 n67 at Potsdam, 163- 4 Chief of the Air Staff, see Portal becomes Prime Minister, 4 Chief of the Imperial General Staff broadcast 22 June 1941 ,48 (C IGS), 34; s('e a/so Brooke, Dill correspondence with Stalin, 19, Chiefs of Staff, British (COS), 5, 20, 34,97, 131, \37-8, 180 22,27,30,69,85, 133, 141, n20 169 ex pects Soviet- German interests and I'our Power Plan, 130 to clash, 7, 8, 20 and Beaverbrook, 30-1 compla int to Gusev, 164 and information exchange, 35 geopolitical approach of, 138, and PH PS, 104- 5, 128, 124 143 and Soviet sensiti vit y, 123, 128, in Commons, 203 n27, 205 nl 3 129-30 inconsistency of, 138, 201 n68 and suppl y to USS R, 3 1 memoi rs, 2 and 30 Mission, 22, 112 Moscow Conference ('Bracelet ') and USS R as potential enemy, (1942), 83 103-5, 123, 129-30 Moscow Conference ('Tolstoy') and wartime cooperation with (1944), 86, 134, 13 7 USSR, 103, 112, 128 not yet a Cold Warrior, 163 assessments of Red Army, I 1,51 on Allied strength, 1945, 16J dispute with Fa, 118, 123, 128-30, on Anglo-US united action, 134, 132, 154 161 - 2 meeting with Eden, October on Rea verbrook mission, 28 1944 , 129-30 on behaviour as guide to Soviet on Warsaw ri si ng (1944), 200 aims, 114, 162, 200 n66, 201 n59 n68 pessimism about Soviet resistance, on hold ing position in w nes, 25 162-3 place of USSR in strategy of, 31 -2 0 11 Mol otov, 81 see (1/50 Brooke, Dill, Ismay, on nature of cooperation, 111, Portal 11 3, 115 China, 40, 130, 132 on reconstruction, 70 cil;11Y (rank), 58-9 on repatriation of So vi et Cholerton, A.T., 41 prisoners-of-war, 220 n64 churches in the USSR , 62, see also on reserve policy, 21 Orthodox Church, Ru ssia n on Soviet Union: aims and Church of England, 63 ambitions. 24 , 120; bullies, Church ill Coalition, 4-5, 39, 103, 162; capabilities, 24-5; 146,148, 165, 167,171 freedom of action, 134, 143, Churchill, Winston, 5, 9, 17,30, 162; frontiers, 91 -2, lOti; 33, 41 ,50,98, 112, 141 , 142, internal affairs, 39, 44, 55, 166, 180 n119, n120, 188 nl M - 5, 75; morale, 48; ZZO Inllex.

Churchill, Winston - con/hwell Collier, Sir Laurence, 7-10, 17, 18, 'oriental'; 45, realism, 134; 46-7, 94 sensitivity, 94, 134; 'two Colville, John (,Jock'), 24-S, 134, schools' theory, 83, 85, 86, 144, 162 135, 138, 145 Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), on US attitudes, 16Z-3 130 percentages agreement with Com intern, 24, 65-7, 139 Stalin, 1944, 134-7, lSI, 199 commissars, military, see polilruki n53 Commissars, Soviet People's, 83, 98 pessimism of, 162, 171 Commons, House of, 6, 24, 154, qualified optimism of, 137 203 n27, 205 n13 reaction to BARBA RO SSA, Z3-5, Z7 Commonwealth, British 126-7, see view in May 1940, 13 illso Dominions view of Stalin, ZO, 78-80, 82, 95, Communism, in Eu rope, 67, 88, 86, 134-8, 143-4, 146, 162, 15Z, 161 164, 180 nIZO, 190 n30, 190 Communism, in Britain, 6, 24, 65, n36, 203 n27, 205 n13 66, 139, 162 views on handling Soviets: Spri nghall and Uren espionage bargaining, 163; conceSSio ns, case (1943), 186 n88 91; firmness, 137, 161-4; Communism in USS Il, 10, 1Z, 47, need for firm agreements, 55, 60-1, 66 134-5; showdown, 157, lS9, Communist Party (CPSU), 80, 163; trust, 138, 144 130, 147: relations with Clanchy, Captain Henry, 187 nl12 Army, 48, 52-3, 56, 190 n30; Clark Kerr, Sir Archibald, 40-1, 42, and the Comintern, 66, 67 44, 65, 66, 79, 80, 83, 144, confederations, in eastern and 146, 147, 154, 159, 166 south-eastern Europe, 37 down plays Soviet bad behaviour, Conferences 155-6 Moscow Supply (October 1941), on Army-I'arty relations, 5Z-3 28-30, 83, 91 on cooperation with Soviets 76, Moscow ('Bracelet') (August 131, 155- 6, 158, 170 1942), 83 on 'frankness', 113, 157- 8 Moscow Foreign Ministers on Molotov, 190 n36 (October 1943), 96, 99, 104, on religion, 62, 64 II, 114, 135 response to WI'(44)436, 130-1 Moscow (,Tolstoy') (October views of Soviets: as immature, 1944), 96, 134, 137, 153 ISS, 157; as over-confident, Potsdam UUly- August 1945), 154, 155; desire to be in 'club', 163-4 93, 95; ethnicity, 4S; 5an I:rancisco (May 1945), 139 inferiority complex and Teheran (November 1943),97, sensitivity, 96, 98-9, 154-5; 104, 114, 118, 134, 135 on 'two schools' theory, 85, Yalta (February 1945), 78, 133, 190 n35 134, 137, 14Z-3, 144-5, lSI, talks with Sta lin, February 1943, 152, 153, 160, 163, 166 84-5, 88, 111 , 113 Conservati ve Party, 184 n55 'Cliveden set', 90 COJlvoys, Arctic, 109, 112, 195 nl12 Cold War, I, 4, 77, 80, 86, 148, Cooper, Alfred Duff, see Du ff 158, 160, 164-5, 166, 171 Cooper Imlex 221

'cordOll s(mi/(lire', 90, 100, 117, 153 Czechoslovakia, 18, J19, 132, 153, Cossacks, 56 160 Cranborne, Viscount, 24, 121 Czechs as sources of information, Cripps, Sir Stafford, 16-17, 30, 40, 42, 51 44, 45, 79, 82-3, 85 advocates Balti c states concession, D(lily Herald, 16 18-19 D(lily Te/esrapll, 41 and Ba lkans crisis (March-April Dalton, Hu gh, 16, 79, 91, 140, 1941), 19-20 143, 201 n71 and Beaverbrook mission, 29 Dardanelles Straits, 36, 88, 132 and Churchill message to Stalin Declaration on liberated Emope, (A pril 1941),20 152-3, 164 appointment as Ambassador to Defence Committee, 32, 91 USS R, 4, 13 'deputy captain' (political o ffi cers approach to Soviets (October on warships), 53 1940), 19 Dew, Arm ine,S, 32-3, 37, 43, 45, criticism of British policy, 13-15, 55, 66, 84, 95, 96, 100, 120, 18, 90, 92 146 Crippsians in 1'0, 33, 44, 92 on changes in USSR, 57-8, 60, expelled from labour I'arty, 13 61, 147 interview with Sta lin (1 July on religion, 62, 63 1940), 15 Dill, General Sir John, 23 negotiates mutual assistance diplomatic communit y, in USSR, agreement, 25 42 on Molotov, 14, 19, 82 dismemberment of Germany, 128-9, o n need to treat Soviets as see (1150 Ge rmany, postwar equals, 34, 94, 106, 180 treatment of n118 Dnepropetrovsk dam, 126 on Soviet policy: commitment to Dominions, British, 26, 28 collective security, 13- 14; Donbas, 69, 126 realism, 14; sensitivity, 14-15, Donetz, 69 29, 33 Driberg, Tom, 27 on Soviet- German reJa ti ons, II, Duff Cooper, Alfred, 24, 118-19, 121 14,21, 174 nlO on postwar cooperation, 14, 29, EAM (ElI1I1ikul1 Apele(JllerolikQI1 34 Me/o{JfJ11 - Greek Communist· led reaction to Nazi-Soviet r act, reSistance), 135, 151 , 199 n54 13-14 Eastern Department, ro, 41 recommends bargaining, 29 eastern f.mo pe, 26, 30, 45, 63, 76, recommends reserve policy, 79,87,101, III, 11 7, 119, 18- 19 133, 134, 140, 148-9, 150, tactics of handling Soviets, 15, 159, 161 29, 34, 36, 105-6 Eastern Front, 32, 34, 42-3, see Cromwell, Oliver, ISS (1/50 Soviet- German War Cunningham, Admi ral Sir Andrew, Economic and Reconstruction 204 n62 Department, FO, 73, 92, 109 Curtis, Brigadier EC., \97 nl9 Economic Warfare, Mi nistry of Curzon line, 136, see also Poland, (MEW), 41-3, 48, 54, 67, 91, frontiers 12S 222 Index

Economic Warfare - collli/wed tactics of handling Soviets: advocate concessio!l5, 17 bargaining, 112; 'belling the and Cripps mission, 13 cat' 113; concessions, 32, on intern al developments in I U5-6; no concessions, 21; USSR, 57 reserve, 18; showdowns, 157, on reconstruction, 70-2 159; Treaty as basis for supports Cripps' views, 16-17, 18 policy, 138 USSR section (German Europe takes up idea of alliance in and Russia Department, Cabinet, 33 Enemy Branch), 4, 43, 68-9, Egypt, British position in, 133 187 n107 Ekaterinberg, 46 Eden, Anthony, 2, 36, 38, 75, 95, Embassies 110,116,121, 134, 141 , 149- 50, Australian, in Moscow, 42 169 British, in Moscow and and Balkans crisis (March-April Kuibyshev, 4, 38, 40, 49, 5 1, 1941), 19-21 58, 59, 60-1, 65, 69, 72, 85, and Soviet frontier question, 86, 88, 99, 106, 113, 146, 90- 1, 92, 105 153, 157-8, 168, 171: believes Soviets think he wants press-reading bureau in, 41, good relations 19,32, 177 68 n64 Canadian, in Moscow, 42 cooperation as cornerstone of Soviet, in London, 15 British policy, I, 119 United States, in Moscow, 42, criticism of Churchill, 200 n67 144, 168 in Moscow (October 1943), 96 Empire, British, 26, 124, 165, 169 meeting with COS (4 October Engels, Friedrich, 79 1944), 129-30 Estonia, see Baltic states meetings with Stalin (December Eton, 97 1941 ),30,37,83,90, 105, Europe, 37,101,107,110,117, 119 122, 139 on Italy, 98, 120 Axis, 69 011 Molotov, 83 postwar division of, 95, 115, on religion in USSR, 63 119, l S I, 158, 165, see also on Soviet aims and ambitions, spheres of influence, western 98, 118, 120 European bloc on Soviets feeling excluded, 96 reconstruction of, 66, 101, 161 011 Soviet options, 195 n118 Soviet influence in, 65, 67, 118, on Soviet suspicion, 32, 34, 91, 121- 3, 132, 135, 139, 161 92-3, 106, 107 US withdrawal from, 157 on Stalin, 79, 189 n8 victory in, 157 on 'two schools' theory, 82 European Adv isory Commission pessimism in 1945, 151 , 154, (EAC), III 163-4 Evening Sial/dard, 27 probability of sovietisation poli cy, 88 Far East, 132 reaction to BARBAliOSSA, 24-5 Fierlinger, Zdenek, 42 sees British policy as drifting, 34 Finland, 36, 160 sees Soviets as cooperative, 98, declaration of war on, 30, 33, \08 115 Soviet invaSion (1939), 7, 14, 16 /m/ex 223

First World War, 35, 109 undecided, 96, 114, 11 8, Foot, Mi chael, 27 130; behaviour as guide to, Foreign Office (FO), 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 114; cooperativeness, 74, 92, 15, 16, 17,4 1,42,44, 48,51, 105,110-11,114- 15,117, 54, 67, 69, 80, 139, 150 122-3, 128, 130, 140-1, 164; advocate reserve, 19, 33, 36 expansionism, 11 7, 122; against concessions, 18 inferiority complex, 11 7; and Cripps mission, 13 isolationism, 109, 117, 120; cooperation with PH PS/c, 116 lim ited objectives, ISO, 161 ; dispute with COS, 123-30, 132, 'probable tendencies', 116, 154 121. 126; realism, 11 7-18, d ivisions in, 92 120, 123; securit y, 36, I 17, directions on Churchill message 120, 121, 122, 161 ; (April 1941),20 sensitivit y, 103, 11 7, 123, junio r officials, 4-5 158; suspicion, 33, 35, 90, meetings on USS R (November 92,99, 11 7-18, 138; 'two 1941 ),35-8 schools' theory, 83- 4, 86, on dismemberment of Germany, 120, 145; war aims, 88 129 want agreements with USS R, 37, o n 'ganging up', 134 113, 120, 11 8 o n PHI'S papers, 125-6, 128-9, srI' also I/m!rr sepamtr departments 197 11 21 am/ O{fici(I/S o n Poland, 136 Foreign Office Research Department on postwar cooperation, 34, 37, (FORD), 35, 44 111 , 11 5,181 n130 Foreign Resea rch and Press Service o n Soviet influence in Eu rope, (FRI'S - part of IUJA), 44 118- 19, 205 n9 Foreign Secretary, British, 34, 136, on Soviets as potential enemy, see a/so Eden, Ha lifax 103-4, 117, 123 France (a nd French), 14, 47, 82, o n USS R: internal changes, 57, 11 9, 170 60, 61, 65, 147; religion, fall of, 9, 13 62-5; reconstruction, 117, French National Committee, 11 8 122, 127 Free German Committee, 189 nIl o n western European group, fr ontiers, Soviet, 30, 36, 37, 90, 94, 118- 9, 129 96, 101, 117, 122, 138- 9, 194 papers; APW (44)90, 129; n111 WP(44)304, 120, 133: Four Power Plan, 109-10 WP(44)436, 120, 121-3, 128, 129, 130, 133, 140, 149 Ga lsworth y, Jo hn, 146, 152 qualified opt im is m in, 121 -2, Georgians, Sl't' Soviet Union, 130-1, 137 ethnicity reactions to BARBAROSSA, 22-6, Germany, 1, 3, 8- 9, 11 , 14, 24, 34, 178 n88 36, 55, 62, 66, 74, 81-2, 84, shift in attitudes, end of 1941 , 85, 87, 90, 91, 96, 101-2, 103, 32-4 11 7, 119, 120, 123, 126, 12 7, tactics of handling Soviets, 63, 128, 153- 4 92, 105-8, 112-3, 11 8, 122, bombing of, 159 138, 158- 9, 161, 169 ethnic stereotypes of Germans, views of Sov iet policy: as 45 224 /IJI/ex.

Germany - conlinued aid for Soviet reconstruction German-Soviet separate peace considered, 73-4 possibilities, 100-1 contacts in USSR, 40, 41 , 95, 98, ' Hitlerite' regime in, 102 III occupation zones in, 157 ethnic stereotypes of Soviets, 16, postwar control of, 119, 133 44-7, 75 postwar resurgence of, 76, 88-9, fea rs of Soviet influence in 102,110,1 17,123,170 E.urope, 118-Z0, IZI-3, 135, postwar treatment of, 98, 139, 161 99-100,110,117,119, inter-departmental committee on 122, 124, 139-40, 165 postwar trade, 73 pressure on Soviets (1941 ), 21 perceptions of Soviet foreign proposed dismemberment of, 128-9 policy: acid tests of Soviet prospect of Communist Germany, policy, SO, 150, 15Z, I 71; 88-9, 119, 161 aims 36, 100, 10Z, 104, 113, prospect of postwar Soviet-German 12Z, IZ4; annexation of rapprochement, 123, 131 Balt ic states, 9, 14; reasons for Soviet success appeasement of Germany, against, 49, 51, 5Z, 54 9- 11; arrogance, 158-60; as relations with USSR (1940), 7-8 anti-British, 17; cooperation reparations (including labour), as favoured option, 1, 3, 36,70- 1, 73, 133, 187 nl16 16-17,40,66,74,76,80, Soviets no m,Ltch ror, 47 84-5,87,89, 90, 9Z, 96-7, Gifford, Charles, 41 IOO-Z, 104, 105- 6, 109- 11, Gilbert , Martin, 142, 162 114, 116-18, 122-3, 124, GKO (Soviet State Defence 128, 129-30, 131 , 135, 137- 8, Council), 81, 84 140-1 , 148, 150- 2, 155-7, Gorodetsky, Gabriel, Z 167- 71; desire to be treated GI'U, 85, see also NKVD as equals, 93-9, 100- 1, 140, Grand Alliance (UK-USA-USSR), I, 168; expansionism, 87, 89, 2,37, 100, III , 170 102,117, 119,122,124, 132, Great Britain, 1, 63, 82, 84, 85, 96, 152-3; fear of Germany, 9-10, 100, 118, 127, 135 12, 17, 19,21, 103, 110, defence of, 103, lZ0, IZ4-5, IZZ, 130, 152, 153-4, 156; IZ 7-8, lZ9 freedom of action, \68; domestic dimensions of relations inexperience in world affairs, with USSR, 50, 173 n 13 93, 95, 97-8, 133; influence left-wing opinion in, 13, 16, 27, of Soviet perceptions of 28, 92, 191 nS4 British public opinion, 6, military strength of (194S), 157, 106; inferiority complex in, 159, 160 95,97, 98,99,117,154,179 public opinion on USSR, 5-6, 24, nI OO; ideology, role of, 8, 36, 62-3, 65, 109, ISS, 157, 16,17, 111 , 117, 146, 147-8; 158, 173 n13, 185 n75 influence of Soviet public Great Britain, Government of, 4, 6, opinion, 48-50, 71; 7, 47,61,67,79, 87,92, 108, isolationism in, 76, 82, 85, 116,135,140,142, 144,148, 100,101,103,109,110, 11 7, ISS, 163, 165, 171, see (1150 119,131 , 133,148, sl'e also Whitehall ' lone wolf'; limited /m/ex 225 objectives, 79, 89, 102, 123, Soviets building a bloc, 133,143, ISO, 161, 168; 15 1- 2, 153, 154; Soviets methods as guide to aims, difficult, but not impossible, 77,92,97,102,114,117, 167; Soviet sense of strength, 122, 130-1 , 140--1, 142, 146, ISS, 161, 163; suspicion in, 147, IS2, ISS-6, 16S-6; 30,33, 36,84-5,88, 90,91, motivations, 87, 117, IS2; 93,96,98-101, 107-8, mutual exhaustion theory, 8, 112- 13,117- 18,129, 131, 11,14,102; options in, I, 134, 139, 155; undiplomatic 100, 102- 3, 110, 134, 19S methods, 8, 170; unilateralism, n118: opportunism, 8, 16, 96,97-8, 101-2, 103, 141, 17; postwar policy, I, 3S, 159-60, 169; use of 36-7; as potential enemy, 76, subversion in Britain, 2-3, 102- S, 118- 19, 123- 30, 16S, 65; use of Communism, 89, 193 n9S; qualified optimism, 130, 141 , 161 76, 121 - 2, 130--2, 134; perceptions of Soviet internal realism, 14, 17,89,92,94, affairs, general, 39- 75, 98, 112, liS, 117, 120, 137, 139, 139, 144- 6 147, IS7, IS8, 166; perceptions of Soviet internal reconstruction and Soviet affairs, specific features o f: foreign policy, 35, 70-5, 116, aims of regime, 49; abolition 122, 124, 126, 133, 140-1, of po/ilmki, 52- 3; class 148- 50, 156, 168- 9; system, 57- 61, 64, 168; reinsurance policy, 79, 88, ineflkiency in, 45- 8; 100, 102, 138, 142, 152; liberalisation, 49, 55, 57, relatiOn to British interests, 59- 60, 61, 62, 64, 75, 147; 121, 147, 150, 156, 168; military capabilities, 10-12, relations with Germany, I, 7, 21, 22, 124-7; politics, 85- 6, 9, 14, 16-17, 18, 19,26,77, 109; postwar reconstruction, 89,91 - 2,99, 118, 174- 5 35,67- 75, 117, 123- 4, 128, n16; respect for strength, 133, 166, 168, 187 n107, 106; response to external 188 n120; reaction to stimuli, 17, 18,26,77,89, dissolution of the 91 - 2, 99, 118; security Comintem, 65- 7; regime obsession, 8, 9, 36, 74 , 76, undogmatic, 55- 6, 64, 102; 87- 9, 92, 99, 100, 101 - 2, religion, 61 - 5, 168; revival 110,115,117,119, 120, of Tsarist practices and 122, 133, 135, 140--1, 147, tradition, 54-7, 58, 61; role 150, 152, 163-4, 159, 161 , of ideology, 55, 57-8, 61, 169; sense of exclusion, 117; sources of information 93- 6, 106, 107, III; on, 40-4, 68; strength of sensitivities, 14- 15, 29, 76, USSR, 116-17; transport, 68, 89-95, 98-9, 102, 103, 106, 69; 'two schoolS' theory, 66, 107, 108, 112, 113-14,117, 81-6, 146; weaknesses, 8, 123,129,130-1, 139, 141, 10-13, 21, 22, 27-8, 45-8, 67 154, 158, 166, 168-9, 192 perceptions of Soviet leaders, n69; Soviet acid tests of 80- 6,117 British policy, 92, 171 ; perceptions of Soviet military, sovietisation in, 159, 161, 10- 12, 21 , 22, 50, 125- 7 226 Illdex

Great Britain, Government - cOlltilllled Soviets; mentioned, 17, 94, perceptions of Stalin, 9-10, 12, 100, 104, 165, 167; nature of 77- 81, 83- 6, 134-7, 143-5, cooperat ion with Sov iet s, see also Stalin 11 1-12, 115, 165; reluctance policy formation in, 4-5 to form alliance, 22-5 policy to Europe, 12 1 Greece (a nd Greeks), 34,121,135, postwar aims, 11 3 136, 137, 158, 161, 164, 199 n54 post·Yalta disillusionment, 14 2 Gree nwood, Arthur, 16 pre-war vi ews of USSR as Greer, Colonel Eri c, II peripheral, 7-8, 17-18,26, Grigg, Sir Edward. 23 174 n7 Grove-White, Major-General reactions to BARBAROSSA, 22-5, Maurice, 193 n97 \08 Gulf, Persia n, 36 representatives in south·east Gusev, Fyodor, 164 Emope, 152 Soviet sympat hisers in, 2 Ha ig h, Anthony, 44 tactics of handling Soviets; avoid Halifax, Viscount, 7, 16, 18, 20, 'ganging up', 100, 107, 110, 21 -2, 94, 101, 180 nl1 2 114, 134, 169; behaviour Harriman, W, Ave rell , 83, 107, 134, modification, 159, 162, 165, 144, 145 166, 169-70; concessions, 15, Harrow, 9 7 17- 18, 19,20,27,29, 34, Harvey, Oliver, 26, 32, 119, 181 91 -2, 10 1, 105-8, 164; n 130 debate, 77, 111 -14, 158-7; Harris, Air Marshal Si r Arthur, 143 firm and frank, 35, 106-8, Hess, Rud olf, 78 112- 14,122,129,131,136, Hill, Brigadier George, 42, 43, 55, 138, 157-65, 169; 1'0- 61, 74 military dispute on, 123-30; Hitler, Adolf, 8-9, 22, 23, 24, 34, hard bargaining, 29, 63, 107, 78, 101 , 113, 118, 144, 170 112; passive hostility, 17; Hoare, Sir Sa muel, 13 possibility of goodwill, 15, Hopkins, Harry L. , 27 18,169; reciprocity, 112, Houstoun-Boswall, William, 152 156, 157; reserve, 17-1 9,21, Hull , Cordell, 96, 135 22, 25, 32-3; showdowns, Hungary, 132, 135, 151, 153, 154, 157, 159; therapeutic trust, 160 107, 138,201 n7; tough but declaration of war on, 30, 33 friendly, 158, 165; use of force, 8, 18; 'Volga Charter' India, 11, 26, 65, 78 idea, 36-7 inferiority complex, in Soviet ten·year threat-free peri od policy, 45-6, 95, 97-9, 11 7, expected by, 197 nl8 154, 179 nloo, see (1/50 Sov iet wartime policy towards USSR: lid Union, foreign poli cy (ll1d IIOC nature of, 106, 109, Great Br itain, perceptions of 111 - 12, 11 3-1 4; Anglo-S oviet Soviet foreign policy alliance as overarching link, Information, Ministry of, 43, 57, 119-20; as pragmatic, 2, 173 n13, 178 n88 169-70; criticised for excluding In telligence, British Mil itary, 4, 57, Soviets, 94- 5, 106; debate 86, 124 on, 5('(' tactics of handling Director of (OM I), 4, 11 tilt/ex 227

material for Soviets, 82 Kit chen, Martin, 39 sections: M12b, 11 - 12,31; M13c, Kolklwli (collective farms), 68, 72 31-2,42,43,51,53,66; MIS, Kollontai, Alexandra, 82, 155 173 n13; MI14, 186 n98 Korea, 132 Intelligence, British Naval. 85, 186 Kovno, 46 n88 Kremlin, 13, 18, 62, 68, 79, 8 1-3, Director of, (ON I), 85 96, 110, 129, 144, 170, see also N1D 16, 43, 53, 187 nl12 Soviet Government intelligence, signals, see signals Kuibyshev, 42, 58 intelligence Kutusov, Marshal, 55, 79 tll/emotiollllle, the, 56 Intervention, Brit ish, against Labour Party, 16 Bolshevik Revolution, II, 26, leaders' views of USSR, 16, 139-40 42 leaders' views on Poland, 135- 7 han (Persia ), 17,36, 132, 136, 161 ministers, 33, 66, 91 - 2, 138- 40 Ireland, western ports in, 30 see II/SO AttIeI', Bevin, Dalton, Ismay, Major-General Sir Hastings, Greenwood, Morrison 29, 34, 35 Lambert, jim, 41, 46, 47, 184 n57 It aly, 54, 95, 98, 120. 122- 3, 132, Laskey, Denis, 199 n53 136, 161 Latvia, Sfe Baltic states Ivan the Terrible, Tsar, 146 lebmsfI/!IIIJ, 153 Leningrad, 33, 43, 55, 81 jacob, Lieutenant-Colonel lan, 83 Lermontov, Mikhail, 47 japan, II, 14,36,103. 11 7,122, Lewis, julien, 129 124, 126, 133 Li thuania, see Baltic states Jebb, Gl adwyn, 3, 73, 88, 92, 102, Utvinov, Maxim, 82, 155 104, 119, 124, 128, 130, 132, Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce, see 161, 173 n3, 193 n97, 201 Bruce Lockhart n79, 203 n53 ' lone wolf', as tendency in Soviet joint Intelligence Committee OIC), foreign policy, 100-2, \03, 109, 12,23,31,43,49,51- 2,71, I 10, 117, 120, Sfe (liso Soviet 85, 104, 123-4, 125, 141 , ISO Union, foreign policy papers: jIC(44)366(O), 125-7, Longmore, Air Vice-Marshal Sir 150; JI C(44)467(O), 132-3, Arthur, 193 n97 198 n46 l.othian, Marquis of, 174 n 10 jo int Planning Staff (11'5), 12, 22, Low Countries, 119 23, 124 l.Obeck, 163 journalists, British, in USS R, 41 LII(IIV(ltre (German Air Force), 127 J.vov, 201 n7S Ka ganovich, Lazar, 81 Kalinin, President Mikhail, 63 Ma clean, Donald, 171,205 nl4 Katyn Forest massacre, 114 Maclean, Fitzroy, S, 7-8, 10, 16, Kennan, George E, 145 17,32, 102, 152, 165 Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark, sel! Cla rk Ma cmillan, Haro!d, 81 Kerr Madrid, 13 Khan, Genghiz, 79, 189 n8 Maisky, Ivan, 16, 20, 25, 27- 8, 33, Khar'kov, second battle of, 109 61, 82, 94, 86, 90 Ki ev, Metropolitan of, 62- 3 asserts Soviet sensitivity, 27, 93, Kimball, Warren F., 199 n53 95- 6, 154-5 228 IIJI/ex

Malenkov, Georgi, 81, 83, 145 postwar development of, 124, Manchester University, 41 126-7, 149 Manchuria, 132 tactics of, 54 Mark, Eduard, 199 n53 weak staffwork of, 51 Martel, Lieutenant- General Giffard see also Red Army, Red Air Force, Le Q., 10, 45, 112, 198-9 n47 Red Navy Marx, Karl, 79 Mil itary Sub-Committee (MSC), Marxism, in Soviet Union, 78, 103 144, 146, 148 membership, 193 n96 Mason-Macfarlane, lieutenant- Minsk, 10 General Noel, 25, 81 - 3, 188 n5 Miscamble, Wilson, 154 Middle East, 9, 31, 104, 127, 132 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, Mikoyan, Anastas, 46 14, 19,81,82-3,96,97, 130, Military MisSion, British, in 136, 143, 145, 154, 155, 189 Moscow (30 Mission), 25, 43, n13, 190 n36 51, 82, 112 as anti-British, 82-3, 190 n35 Air Section, 53 dichtomy with Stalln, 146 military, British (all services), 13, in Berlin (1940), 9 54, 68, 74, 166 Moran, Lord, 83, 138 dispute with 1'0, 123-30 Morrison, Herben, 24, 139, 140 distaste towards USSR, 3, 11 , 22, Monon, Desmond, 83 32 Moscow, 13, 20, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, ethniC stereotypes of Soviets of, 40,41,42, 47,61,65,83,95, 51, 112 96, 97, 99, 105- 6, 123, 134, favour reciprocity, 112 135, 136, 137 personnel in USSR, 41 - 2, see (1/50 defence of, 48 Military Mission University of, faculty of reJect sensitivity theory, 112 International Relations, 59 Soviet strength in numbers, 125 see also Embassies, Conferences Soviet Union as potential enemy, Munich, 15 103-5, 164 Mussolini, Benito, 78 views of Soviet capabiliti es pre-war, 10-11 , 175 n20 Navy, Soviet, see Red Navy views of Soviet capabilities, Navy, Royal: Intelligence, 43, 53, wartime, 12, 23, 50-4, 124-7 85; personnel in USS R, 43, 54 see also Intelligence, British Nazism, 14, 69 Military, post-hostilities Nazi- Soviet l'act (1939), 7, 13, 82 planning, Chiefs of Staff Near East (south-east Europe), 9 military, Soviet (all se rvices) Netherlands, see Low Countries defensive strength, 10, 11, 12, Nevski, AleksandeT, 55 51,54, 133 Nicolson, Harold, 23, 25 equipment: aircraft, 52, 12 7; Niedhardt, Gottfried, [74 n 7 motor transport, 126-7, 150; NKVD (Soviet Commissa riat for tanks, 12; warships, 52, 127; Internal Affairs), 41, 42, 66, 80, winter clothing, 52 81, 85, 188 n121 organisational weakness of, 10-12, Noble, Sir Arthur, 132 51 Normandy, Allied landings in Qune poor technology of, 51 - 2, 54, 1944), 136 127, 133 North Atlantic security, 36 1m/ex 229

North Russia, 53, 54 and Anglo-Soviet re lations, 137 Northern Department, FO, 5, 7-8, as test-case, 135, 159 13,21,32,38,41,43, 49,53, Br itish wan t concession from, 59, 60-1, 62, 66, 70, 84, 85, 135-6 88, 92, 105, 110, 1l3, 123, frontiers, 88, 135-7, 164 131, 146, 14 7, 149, 152, 193 Government of, 136 n95 pessimism regarding SOviet Norway, 36, 119 resistance, 32, 42, 181 n9 Polish views on scorched earth, 67 October Revolution, see Revolution, relations with USSR, 132, 135, Russian 156, 163 oil, 18, 126 Union of I'olish Patriots, 137 O'Malley, Owen, 44-5, 118, 121, Yalta agreement on, 13 7 160, 189 n12 Politburo, 81 , 84, 85, 130, 144-6, Order of Lenin, 55 200 n56 Order of the Red Banner, 55 Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 'Orientals', Soviets viewed as, 16, 41, 43 44-5, 112, 139, 192 n77 politmki (Soviet political Orthodox Church, Russian, 61, 63, commissars in military units), 64 11 ,52-4, 56 Pa triarchate of Moscow, 64 Polyarnoe, 53 Sobor' (Holy Sy nod), 64 Portal, Ai r Marshal Sir Charl es, 22, supports Soviet war effort, 62, 64 12 7, 128, 133, 143, 201 n2 !'raining of priests, 63, 64 post-hostilities planning see also Religion by Fe, 109 regional surveys fo r, 125 Page Croft, Henry, (Lord Croft), Soviet Union in, 103, 123-30 180 nl12 Staff (P HI'S), 71, 120, 124-6, 133, Pam ir Mountains 25 148, 171 , 197 n19, 205 n14 pan-Slavism, 63 Sub-Committee (PHPS/c), 103- 4, Paris, 32 116, 123- 4, 193 n97 Parker, Ralph, 41 see a/so Military Sub-Committee Parliament, see Commons, House Postan, Mi chael, 16-17 of Potsdam Conference (July-August partisans, 62 1945), 154, 163-4 Patriarchate of Moscow, 64, set' also Pownall, Li eutenant-General Henry Orthodox Church, Russian (VClGS), 23, 192 n77 percentages agreement, Churchill­ PQI7 (convoy), 109 Stalin (1944), 134- 6, lSI, 152, Prague, 163 164, 199 n53, n54 Pwwfa, 56-7, 114 Persia, st'e Iran press, British, 15,4 1,53,55,61, Peter the Great, Tsar, 79, 146 65, 90 Philby, HAR. 'Kim', 205 nl4 ad miration of Red Army, 50, 51, Pika, Colonel M., 42, 181 n9 155, 158 pogO/Ii (e paulettes), 56, see a/so suggests that USSR no longer Soviet Un ion, revival of Tsarist Communist, 55, 61, 147 practices Sl't (liso V(lily Herald, Vaily Po land, II, 12, 18,37,114,119, TdegmpJJ, journali sts, The 122, 130, 142, 151, 160, 162 Times, Tribllll1' 230 IIJI/ex press Soviet, 41 , 52, 48, 68, 86, 90, religion, in Soviet Union, 6 1-5, 75, 96, see (I/SO Pravda 168, 185 n 75, n 77, n78, n84 Preston, Thomas, 46 reparations, 36, 71 , 73, 133 priests, in Soviet Union, 62, 63 Revolution, Russian (1917), 56- 7, prisoners of war, repatriation of, 62 200 n64 ideology of, 56,58,59,61,63, public opinion, British, 5-6, 24, 65 36, 65 Roberts, Frank, 41 , 101 , 128, 144, excessive adulation of USS R by, 145-6, 14 7-8, 149, 153, 17 1 109, ISS, 157, 158 on division of Europe, 158, 161 on religion in USS R, 62-3,185 n75 on Soviet 'dog·in.the.manger' 'steal ing the thunder' (from attitude, 156 British Communists) sees Soviet defensive motives, ca mpaign, 173 nl3 148, 154 public opinion, Soviet, 48-50, rodilla ('motherland'), 49 71-2,73,80, 130, 187 n112 see a/so Soviet Union : patriotism Pu bli c Record Office, British, 43 Romania, 9, 88, 136, 142, l SI, 153, 154, 158-9, 160, 199 nS4 railways, Soviet, 69, 73, 186 n98 declara ti on of war on, 30, 33 Rapa1!o, Soviet-German Treaty of Ronald, Nigel, 92, III (1922), 82, 101 , 110 Roosevelt, !'resldent Franklin D., Red Air Force, 12, 51, 54, 127 23, 78, 161, 162 bomber fo rce in, 124, 127 Rostov·on·Don, 52, 70 Red Army, 50, 62, 63, 66, 69, 78, Rothwell, Victor, 39, 139 80,81, 101 Royal Ai r Force (RA I:), 127 advances of, 70, 134, 135, 142, Bomber Command, 143 161 Royal In stitute of International as an unc\!rtain force, II Affairs (RIl A), 35 attitude to Germany, II, 100 Ru shbrooke, Commodore Edmund defensive abilities of, 51-2, 54 (DN]), 85 efficiency of, 56 Russell, John, 41 equipment of, 12 Russia, 32, 46 la ck of sophisticat ion of, 125, Arm y (Tsarist), 56 127 Briti sh intervention in, (19 19), marshals, 144-5 II, 26, 32, 90 morale in, 48, 51, 52, 53, 58 North Russia, 53, 54 political interference in, 52-3 pre· Revolutionary practices in, relations with CI'SU, 48, 52-3, 56, 58, 64, 72 56, 190 n30 revolutions in (1917), 56-7, 62 reforms in, after Ru sso·Finnish set' also Soviet Union war, ! I , 12 Russia Committee ( 1946), 68 revival of officer corps 56, 58 Russo·r:innish War (1939-40), 7,8, suspicion of West in, 84, 144-5 11, 17,27,52 tactics, 54 see also military, Soviet San Fran cisco Conference (l945), Red Navy, 43, 52, 53, 54, 124, 139 126-7 Sargent, Sir Orme, 7, 38, 44, 75, club (a t !'olyarnoe), 53 92, 106, 117, 131, lSI , 173 n3 warships of, 127 and Bal kans crisis (A pril 1941 ),20 Illdex 231

and reserve policy, 18-19 on reconstruction, 34-5, 67, briefs Ed en on COS dispute, 129 72- 4 changing views on eastern Sloan, R.K.W., 125-6 Europe, 159, 161 Smolensk, 70 comparison with Cadogan, 194 Socialism, 55, 168, 171 n108 'Socialism in one country', 60, 66, on German-Soviet rel ations 78, 100, 147 (1940), 8-9 Sofia, 152 on religion in USSR, 63 south-eastern Europe, 45, 88, 121, on sepa rate peace, 101 149, 153 on Soviet expansionism, 153-4 Southern Department, FO, 9, 88, on Soviet marshalS, 145 120, 151, 152, 153 on Soviet security, 159-60 Southern r ront, Soviet, 48 on Soviet sensitivity, 99, 129 Soviet-German war (1941-45), 24- 5, on western bloc, 119, 129, 161 28, 33, 42-3, 47-8, 49, 52, 55, prefers to avoid contention, 18, 62,68,92, 101 , 108, 168 131, 153, 159 Soviet Un ion recommends showdown, 159, agriculture in, 67, 70-1, 133 160-1 Allied aid to: demands for, 33, relations with Bruce Lockhart, offers of (June 1941 ), 22, of 160 material, 3 1, 50, 52, 91, 127, sees cooperation possible, 98, 150; of troops, 33, 34, 35, 105, 110, 161 90; postwar, 70, 160; Supply sees Stalin as realist, 35 Protocol (1941), 30, 31 'Stocktaking' paper (1945), 146, Army, see Red Army and military, 148 Soviet wants clearing committee, 186 atrocities by Germans in, 39 n92 attitudes to foreigners, 46, 85, School of Slavonic and East 89, sa a/sQ xenophobia Eu ropean Studies, London, 41 bureaucracy, obstructiveness of, schools, Suvrorov, 58, ami see 86, 93, 97 Soviet Union, education casualties in, 69 scientifiC materialism, 64 class system in, 57-61, 64 scorched earth, effects of, 48, 67, coercion in , 60, 69, 74, 149 69- 70 communications in, II, 126 second front, 33, :H, 48, 111 - 12 Communism in, 10, 12, 47, 55, Second World War, 7, 167, 170 60-1, 66 self-denying ordinance, III, 191 Communist Party (CrSU), 48, n44 52-3, 56, 66, 67, 80, 130, separate peace, S0, 100-1 147, 190 n30 Services Liaison Department, FO, confident mood in, 48, 106 31, 125, 132 conservative values in, 59, 63, 74 Shcherbakov, A.S., 81 Constitution (,S talin 5hv('rnik, Nikolai, 145 Constitution', 1936), 50, 62, Siberia, 2S 74 signal s intelligence, 20, 42-3, 68 economy of: cash economy, 72; Sillem, Captain ItO., 31 consumer demand in, 7\-3, Skaife, Br igadier Edward, 44, 45, \49; data on, 68; focus on 49-50, 55, 58, 60, 64, 87, 165 arms production in, 71, 87, 232 IIJI/ex.

Soviet Union - conlilllleil 117,146; immaturity in, 139; 126; fragility of, 8, 10, II, imperialism in, 139-40; 67; fully mobilised, 54; inferiority complex in, 45-6, postwar recovery of, 71, 14U; 95,97-9, 117, 154, 179 problems of conquered n 100; isolationism ('lone territories and, 148-9; wolf'), 37, 82, 85, 100-2, productivity in, ISO; self­ 103,109,110,117,119,120, sufficiency policy, 187 n105; 131, 133, 148; limited standard of living in, 71-3, objectives in, 79, 89, 100, 148; wartime destruction of, 102, 123, 133, 143, 150, 161, 68-70; 51'1' nlso reconstruction 168; minimum aims of, 100; economic aid to Germany (\ 940- mutual exhaustion policy, 8, 41 ), 8- 10, 18, 19 102; over-confidence in, 156, education in, 58, 59, 127, 146 166; pan-5lavism in, 63; efficiency in, 53-4, 56, 57-8, 59, postwar aims, 35-7, 87, 113, 122 117,121,133; postwar policy ethnicity in: AzeriS, 46; to Germany, 6, 88-9, 123; Armenians, 46-7; Georgians, potential cooperation with 16,46-7; general, 44-7, 51, B rit~in, 9, 73, 75, 89, 90, 92, 75, 89, 94, 98, 127; Jews, 16; 96-7, 100-2, 104, 105-6, Slavs, 45-6, 49, 131; 109- 11 , 114, 116-18, 122-3, stereotype as 'Orientals', 16, 124, 128, 129-3U, 131 , 135, 44-5, 112, 139, 192 n77 137- 8, 140- 1, 148, 150-2, food supply, 47, 67, 68-70, 126, 155-7, 167-71; pre-war ISO, 183 n30, 186 n98 debate on, 81-2; 'puppet' foreign policy of; Com intern in, governments in liberated 65-6, 89; concern about Europe, 152-3; reactions to Anglo-American postwar 1l ~lkans crisis (March-April aims, 35-7, 86, 90, 98, 1941), 19; realism in, 15-17, 99- 100, 114, 128, 140; desire 88, 89, 92, 94, l12, 115, for friendly governments in 117,120,137,139,147,157, eastern Europe, 88, 117, 133, 158, 166; reconstruction and, 141, 151, 161; desire to be 35,70-5,116,122,124,126, treated as equals, IS, 37, 93, 133, 140-1, 148-50, 156, 78, 91, 93-9, 100-1, 140, 168-9; reinsurance policy in, 168; eastern bloc in, 133, 79, 85, 88, 100, 171; 'robust 139, lSI, 153, 154; methods' in, 97; security expansionism, 8-9, 36, 87, motivation in, 6, 9, 36, 87-9, 89, 102, 117, 119, 122, 124, 92,99, 100, 101 - 2, 110, liS, 132, 152-3; fear of Germany, 117, 119, 120,122,133, 135, 6, 55, 88-9, 103, 110, 122, 140-1, 147, 150, 152, 163-4, 130, 152, 153-4, 156; fear of 159, 161 , 169; sensitivities, vacu um in Europe, 119, 132, 15, 45, 89-95, 98-9, 102, 134, 139; fears of western 103, 106, 107, 108, 112, bloc, 154; feeling of 113- 14,117,123,129, 130- exclusion, 93-6, 100, 106, I, 139, 141, 154, 158, 166, 107, 110, 111, 114, 134, 169; 168-9; separate peace with freedom of action, 168; Germany, 50, 100-1; ideology in, 8,16,17, Ill, sovietisa!ion in, 37, 87, 88, Illdex 233

122, 132, ]4], 152-3, ]59, perception of British strength 161; suspicion in, 6, 35, 88, (1940), 8; perception of 90,91,93,96,98-101, British strength (1945), 156, 107-8, 112-13, 117-18, 129, 159, 160, 166; superiority 131, 134, 139, 155; towards complex, 95; suspicions, 15 , Germany: in 1939-41. 7-11, 30, 33, 35, 85, 88, 90, 95, 14-15; unilateralism in, 96, 129, 131 , 171; two schools 97-8, 101-2, 103, 141, in Britain, 90, 95, 180 n 112, 159-60, 169; see also Great 205 n14; views of British Britain: perceptions of Soviet interests, 158 foreign policy polities in: British 'two schools' frontiers, 30, 36, 37, 90, 94, 96, theory of, 66, 81 - 6, J09, 101, 117, 122, 138--9, 194 114,118,120,122,144,146; nil I flexibility of regime, 53-4, Government of, 46, 48, 57, 59, 55, 62, 64; 'Georgian­ 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 73, 80, Armenian' ruling clique, 47, 84, 94, 98, 107, liS, 122, 81; 'Kremlin gang', 82; 129, ISS, 159, see also managers, not Kremlin revolutionaries, 117, 168; housing, 70, 73 maturity of regime, 61, 95, improvisation in, 45, 46, 69-70 155; nature of autocracy, industry, 70-2, 126, 133 46-7, 74, 80-2, 84, 86, 145; inefficiency of, 45-7, 48, 75 Party-Army relations, 48, in Grand Alliance, I 52-3, 82; popularit y of intelligentsia, 67 regime, 10, 48, 58, 59, 117, General Staff (Stal'ka), 12, 52-3 147; pragmatism of regime, labour camps, 74, 188 n121 49, 55, 62; pro-German livestock losses, 67, 70 faction in, 81 ; purges, 49, manpower reserves, 54, 125-6, 52, 77,85; role of Politburo 148 and epsu, 81 -2, 84, 86, 145; militarisation of Soviet society, status of individual leaders, 58, 60, 61 81, 83 military capabilities, Bri tish private property in, 57, 60 perceptions of, 10-12, 50-4 populati on losses, 69, 126 morale in, 10, 26, 27, 34, 47-50, postwar rearmament of, 124-5, 51, 52, 53, 75 126-7 national anthem, change of. propaganda in: absence of 56-7, 184 n55 Socialism in, 55, 57; anti­ nationalism in, 24, 49, 55, 56-7, German, 101; anti-religious, 74,117-18,147,168 62-3; use of history in, SS oil, 18, 126 public opinion, 48-50, 71-2, 73, patriotism in, 12, 45-6, 47-50, 80,130,187 nl12 52, 55, 59, 61 railways, 69, 73 peasantry, 72, 73 rationing, 49, 69, 183 n30 penal system, 49, 74, 188 n121 reconstruction, postwar, 6, 34, perceptions of British policy: acid 3S, 37, 40, 46, 60, 67-72, tests, 92, 105, 115, 117, 118, 123-4, 12K, 133, 166, 18 7 171; concern about policy to n107, 188 nI20, see also Germany, 99-100, 122; scorched earth 234 IIJI/ex

Soviet Union - colllillller! and a Communist Ge rmany, religion in, 61-5, 75, 168, 185 88-9,189 nIl n75, n77, n78, n84, see (1/50 and Churchill, 83, 113, 134-5, Orthodox Church, Hussia n 143-4, 164 relocation of industry, 46, 48, and internal development of 69, 126 USS R, 58, 59, 72, 75, 78, 79, resistance, against Germans, 23, 87, 168 25, 28, 3 1, 34, 52, 67, 182 and percentages agreement, n24 134-5, lSI, 164, 199 n53, revival of Tsarist practices, 54-7, n54 58, 184 n53, 184 n57 and prO-German sc hool, 82, secrecy in, 46, 68 189-90 n25 secret police system, 60, 74, 189 and separat e peace, 100- 1 n12, see (1/50 NKVD and 'Socialism in one country', se nse of strength (1945); 155, 66, 78 161, 163 and the Comin lern, 65-6 separate peace possibilities, 34 and western bloc, I 19 show-trials (19305), 7, 85 Anglophobia of, 8, 79, 102-3 soldiers, abilities of, 5 1- 2, 53-4 appeals for second front, 48 subversion in Br itain, 2-3, 65 appeasement of Hiller, 8-10, 20, supply of war material to 2 1 Ge rmany (1939-41),7-9, 18 as Grea t Ru ssian nationalist, 16 traditio ns in, 61, 63, 64, 74,1 17 as a negotiator, 143, 146 transport, 47, 68, 69, 125, 126, as a peasanl, 78, 80 183 n30 aspirations of, 72, 78 war with !'inland, see Russo-Finnish assumption of PresIde ncy of War Council of People's war with Germany, see Soviet­ Commissa rs, 21 Ge rman War awa re of Allied strength, 160 wartime reforms in, 59-61, 64, correspondence with Churchill, 147 19, 20, 34, 37, 136, 180 weaponry, 12, sei' also military, n1 20 Soviet charm of, 79 xenophobia in, 45, 94, 107, 146 Cold War images of, 3, 86 see a/so Stalin cult of, 79, 146 Spaight, Jam es, 193 n96 desi re for cooperation with SpecIal Branch, Scotland Yard, 173 Britain, 14, 33, 36, 79, 82, n13 83-5,86, 92, lOS, 109, 110, Special Operati ons Executive (SO E), liS, 122-3, 130, 135, 140-1, 42, 46, 90, 112, In n69 143-4, 145, 155-6, 166, 168, 'special rel ationship' (Anglo­ 190 1135 Ameri ca n), 162 egotism of, 78 spheres of influence, 95, 132, 148, fea r of Germany, 8, 12, 17,79, 15 1, 163, 199 n53, 203 n53 88-9, 103 Spitfire, Supermarine, 78 frontier demands of, 30, 37, 90, Stalin, Marshal Josef Vissarionovich, 105,109,194 nlll 2, 23, 28, 35, 45, 55, 77-86, 93, interview with Cripps Uuly 97, ISS, 159, 169 1940), IS acid tests of, 92, 105, 109, l IS, In Labour leaders' views of, 139 1m/ex 235

Marxism of, 78, 144 'stealing the thunder', 173 n13, meeting with Beaverbrook see (l/SO public opinion, (October 1941 ), 33, 78 British military prowess, 78, 146, 171, SterndaJe-Bennett, J.C., 197 n21 188 n5 Stewart, Duggald, 151-2 nationalistic policy of, 66 Slormovik, Ilyushin 11 -2, 52 not a world revolutionary, 79, Strang, William, 205 n9 117, 168 strategiC bombing, 54, 124, 126, on Free German Committee 189 127, 143, 159 n1l Sumner, Humphrey, 35, 182 n24 on roland, 135-7, 143 supply, Allied to the Soviet Union, opportunism of, 160 31, SO, 52, 91, 12 7, 150 Order of the Day, February 1942 Supply Protocol (1941 ) 30, 31 (Red Army Day), 48, 100-1 Supreme Soviet, 145 Order 227 'Not A Step Back', 48 Suvorov, Marshal, 55, 79 plans for eastern Europe, 88, 102 'Suvorov spirit', 182 n24 popularity of, \0, 48 Suvorov schools, 58 rationality and intelligence of, 6, 77, 78, 80, 83, 86, 143- 4, Tamplin, Major C.H., II, 31 146, 168 Tanks realism of ('realpolitik'), 38, 65, 'Tanks for Russia' (publicity 78, SO, 105, 122, \34, 13S, campaign), 28 164 , 166 Soviet, 12 refusal to aid Warsaw, 136 supply of, to USSR, 31 reinsurance policy of, \02, 163 30 Mission, see Military Missioll, relations with Politburo, 85, British 144-6, 200 n56 Teheran Conference (November rudeness of, SO, 145 1943),97, 104, 114, 118, 134, security obsession, 12, 86, S7, m 110, 144, 168 10 Downing Street, 5 seen as man-monster, 77, 79 Teutons, 45, 55 seen as st atesmanlike, 4S, 143, Tillles, Thl', 41 146, 202 n2 Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon,12 sense of humour, 79, 80, 189 Titkov, A.E., 205 nl4 n13 'Tolstoy', see Conference, Moscow, sensitivity of status, 78,91, 98, 1944 140 Trade, Anglo-Soviet, 73 speeches, 35, 79-80, 84, 109 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 66 suggests postwar alliance, 33 Treasury, British, 63 support for leftist regimes, 67, 88 Tribune, 13, 191 n54 suspicion of, 36, 78, 88, 91, 160 Trotsky, Leon, 55, 81 truculence of, 162 Trotskyites, 6S visits to front-line, 183 n28 Truman, President Harry S., 154, wants concrete agreements, III 161 , 162 Stalingrad, battle of, 48, 88, 109 Tsakaloyannis, Peter, 199 n54 Stalinism, 148 Turkey, 34, IS8, 161 State Department, US, 102, 145 S/ilvk(l (Soviet High Command), 12, Ukraine, II, 67, 69-70 52-3 United Nations, 99 Z36 /1U!e:<.

United Sta tes, Z6, 34, 35, 37, 61 , and post-hostilities planning, 63, 90, 96, 101 , 10Z, 104, 109, 104, 127 110, III, 113, 114, 127, 132, favours frankness, 36, 106, 108, 134, 138, 139, 149, 154, 157, 112-13, 195 nl25 159-60 on Soviet potential for mischief­ avoid 'ganging up', 134 making, 110 Churchill view of US policy, sees cooperation 'on test', 104, 161-2, 170 lIS in British post·!lOstilities War Office, British, 4, 10,23,31, planning, 124, 128 37, 51 relations with Britain, 34, 76, 90, Ru ssian-speaking officers In, 32, 107, 114, 130, 13Z, 134, 170 179 n108 relations within Grand Alliance, Warsaw, 135 I, 84, 109-10, 130, 140, Rising (1944), \36, ZOO n59 160-2 Watt, D. Cameron, 204 n72 State Department, 102, 14S Wave II, General Archibald, 10 views of British policy, 19, 21 Webster, Charles, 173 n3 views of Soviet policy Weekly Political Intelligence views of Stal in, 80 Su mmaries (WI'IS) (FO), \47 and see Harriman, Hull, Roosevelt , Wellrmllcllt (German military forces Truman (land)), 12, 75 Ural Mountains, 23 'West', the, 71, 72, 79, 86, 89, 94, USSR, see Soviet Union 98,99, 101, 133, 137, 140, 145, 158 van Culsem, Brigadier W.E., 193 western European bloc, 118-20, n96 123, 128, 129, 139, 151 , 154, Vansittart, Sir Robert, 173 n3 161 Vickers, Colonel Geoffrey, 72 Western Front, 142 'Volga Charter', 36-7 Allied advances on, 157, 163 Vys hinsky, Andrei, 19,81 Wheeler-Bennett, John, 61 Whitehall, 2, 13, IS, 21, 4Z, 43, Warburton, Air-Commodore P., 197 48, SO, 53, 54, 57, 61, 68, 96, n19 99, 107, 110, 144, 152 Waldock, C.H.M., 193 n97 WilgTlm, Dan

agreement o n r oland, 13 7, 143 Yugoslavia, 121, \32, 135, 137, Declaratio n on Li berated Europe, l SI , 152, 160 I.S2-3, 164 'Yalta axioms', 6 Zhdanov, Andrei, 81 , 145 Yergin, Daniel. 6 lones, occupation, in Germany: York. Archbishop of. 64 withdrawal to at end of war, 162-3