Livia CORONA BENJAMIN, from the Series Two Million Homes for Mexico
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34 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 35 From the Series ... http://www. 44 University of Texas The World /07/201271 CIEPAC 562, 30 Livia Corona Benjamin as banks and grocery stores. Yet demand for bancomundial. See Sharon Press, 1998). Bank Group 1121224166933. May 2008, http:// org/es/news/fea- Bailey Blasco, (Washington: html. www.ciepac.org/ these low-income homes continues to increase ture/2012/11/13/ Constructing 51 FIAS, April 2008), boletines/chiapasal- and developers continue to provide them mexico-middle- Mexico City: See Ioan Grillo, El 26, https://www. 58 dia.php?id=562. class-grows-over- Colonial Narco: Inside wbginvestmentcli- José Steinsleger, From the with extreme efficiency. During Fox’s six-year past-decade. Conflicts over Mexico’s mate.org/uploads/ “Guatemala 64 presidency, 2,350,000 homes were built, at a Culture, Space Criminal SEZs - Performance, y Honduras: José Gil Olmos, “El 38 and Authority Insurgency (New Lessons Learned ¿Bantustanes despojo intermina- rate of 2,500 homes per day, and this trend is Aditya Nigam, (Basingstoke: York: Bloomsbury and Implications for para ricos?” La ble de los pueblos set to continue. Desire Named Palgrave Macmillan, Press, 2011), and Zone Development. Jornada, 23 indígenas, Proceso Series Two Development 2010). John Ross, “The pdf. January 2013, 1928, (12 October (New Delhi: Penguin Next Mexican http://www. 2013), http://www. Group, 2011), 3. 45 Revolution,” 56 jornada.unam. proceso.com. Maurizio Lazzarato, Counterpunch, Ed Vulliamy, mx/2013/01/23/ mx/?p=355293. Million 39 “De las sociedades 21 September “Ciudad Juárez is opinion/025a1pol. Ibid., 7. disciplinarias a 2010, http://www. All Our Futures,” 65 las sociedades de counterpunch. The Guardian, 20 59 Judith Butler and 40 control” Revista org/2010/09/21/ June 2011, http:// Alfonso Valenzuela, Athena Athanasiou, Isabel Turrent, “El Euphorion 5 the-next-mexican- www.theguardian. “Santa Fe (México): Dispossession: Homes for caracter nacional: (July–December revolution. com/commentis- Megaproyectos para The Reseña de Mañana 2009), 46, http:// free/2011/jun/20/ una ciudad divi- Performative o pasado: El revistaeuphorion. 52 war-capitalism-mex- dida”, Cuadernos in the Political misterio de files.wordpress. Neil Brenner and ico-drug-cartels. Geográficos 40, (Cambridge, UK: Mexico los mexica- com/2012/05/ Nik Theodore, no. 1 (2007): 53–66, Polity Press, 2013). nos de Jorge G. euphorion_5_ “Cities and the 57 http://www.ugr. Castañeda,” Letras cerebro_y_estetica_ Geographies of See Charles es/~cuadgeo/ 66 Libres, 11 August julio-dic_2009.pdf. ‘Actually Existing Bowden, Murder docs/articu- Ong, 2011, http://www. Neoliberalism,’” City: Ciudad los/040/040-003.pdf. Neoliberalism (2006– letraslibres.com/ 46 Antipode 34, no 3 Juárez and as Exception, 78. revista/libros/el- Maurizio Lazzarato, (July 2002): 370. the Global 60 caracter-nacional. The Making of Economy’s New Margarita Pérez the Indebted 53 Killing Fields Negrete, “Santa Fe: present) 41 Man (Cambridge, Ong, (New York: Nation A ‘Global Enclave’ Slavoj Žižek, Mass.: The MIT Neoliberalism Books, 2010), and in Mexico City,” “Capitalism with Press, 2012) as Exception, 77. Juárez (1998). Journal of Place In 2000, Mexican presidential candidate Vicente Asian Values,” Paul Romer’s model Management Fox Quesada proposed an unprecedented Aljazeera, 13 47 54 of Charter Cities and November 13, See: Ivonne Simón Levy, (http://urbaniza- Development 2 plan to build two million low-income homes 2011, http://www. Santoyo Orozco, “Nacionalidades tionproject.org) no. 1 (2009): 33–40. throughout the country during his six year term. aljazeera.com/ “The Apparatus creativas y capi- currently being con- Livia Corona Benjamin programmes/talkto- of Ownership,” talismo chilango,” sidered in Honduras 61 On the eve of his election, Fox proclaimed, “My jazeera/2011/10/ Scapegoat 06 Animal Politico, as a “solution to Patricia Muñoz Rios, presidency will be remembered as the era of 201110281336 (March 2014). 23 October 2012, poverty” could be “5 millones de ca- 0731764.html. http://www. considered a less sas abandonadas,” public housing.” To enact this initiative, the 48 animalpolitico.com/ costly alternative— La Jornada, 9 federal government agency INFONAVIT ceded 42 Jamie Peck and blogueros-el-chino- in social terms—to April 2013, See Lorenzo Meyer, Adam Tickell, taliban/2012/10/23/ the maquiladora http://www. the construction of low-income housing to a “Por sus frutos “Neoliberalizing nacionalidades- model epitomized jornada.unam. small group of private real estate investors. la conoceréis (a Space” Antipode creativas-y-neocapi- by Juárez. See mx/2013/04/09/ la economía),” 34, no. 3 (July 2002): talismo-chilango. Belén Fernández, sociedad/039n1soc. Then, almost overnight, grids 20 to 80,000 Reforma, 6 June 390. “Charter Cities: identical homes sprouted up, and they 2013, and Turrent, 55 Neoliberal Viagra,” 62 “El caracter nacio- 49 The difference be- Al Jazeera Mariela Zunino, continue to spread in remote agrarian territory nal.” Saskia Sassen, tween Mexican and English, 19 “Integración para throughout the country. To encounter these “Cities Today: Asian EPZs is that in February 2013, el despojo: Proyecto 43 A New Frontier Asia, EPZs in hybrid http://www. Mesoamérica, o developments by land, by air, or even via See Yevgeny for Major zones are required aljazeera.com/in- la nueva escalada satellite imagery, evokes a rare sensation. These Kuznetsov and Developments,” to be fenced in, depth/opinion/ de la apropiación Carl Dahlman, The ANNALS of while in Mexico EPZ 2013/02/2013 del territorio” are not the neighborhoods of a “Home Sweet Mexico’s the American companies are al- 2196563166201. CIEPAC 584, 8 Home” dream fulfilled, but are ubiquitous Transition to Academy of lowed to be located html, and Belén June 2010, http:// a Knowledge- Political and in the same areas as Fernández, www.ciepac.org/ grids of ecological and social intervention on Based Economy Social Science firms registered un- “Partitioning boletines/chiapasal- a scale and of consequences that are difficult (Washington: (November 2009): der other regimes. Honduras: The dia.php?id=584. The World Bank 53–71. See: “Special Advent of Charter to grasp. In these places, urbanization is Institute, 2008), and Economic Zones: Cities,” Al 63 reduced to the mere construction of housing. Kose, Meredith, and 50 Performance, Jazeera English, Japhy Wilson, “La Towe, “How Has Michael Johns, The Lessons Learned, 14 July 2012, http:// nueva fase del Plan There are nearly no public amenities—such as NAFTA Affected City of Mexico and Implications www.aljazeera. Puebla-Panamá schools, parks, and transportation systems. the Mexican in the Age of for Zone com/indepth/ en Chiapas”, Economy?”. Díaz (Austin: Development,” opinion/2012 Boletines del There are few commercial structures—such ... Two Million Homes for Mexico (2006–present) 36 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 37 from the series ... Livia Corona Benjamin French Pastry, Ixtapaluca, Edo. Mex., 2008 Living Room to Bedroom Conversion, Mérida, 2011 ... Two Million Homes for Mexico (2006–) 38 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 39 from the series ... Livia Corona Benjamin Moving in, Zumpango , 2009 Day Worker at Home Expansion Site, Cancún, 2010 ... Two Million Homes for Mexico (2006–) 40 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 41 from the series ... Livia Corona Benjamin Progressive Development, Los Héroes, Puebla, 2008 Homeowner Activism Center, Cuatro Vientos, Edo. Mex., 2011 ... Two Million Homes for Mexico (2006–) 42 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 43 Mexico City Modern: ... Raymond B. Craib and Frida Kahlo.”4 One suspects, by sheer virtue of its prominent absence in the text, that revolution is also part of that canon for Tenorio- Mexico City Trillo. Mexico’s social revolution of 1910-1920 has cast a long shadow over the country’s twentieth century history and historiography. Modern: Invocations and images of the agrarian leader Emiliano Zapata, the social bandit Pancho Villa, and a landscape of peasants and pueblos A Review dominate the historiography, overwhelming the radical Flores Magón brothers, industrial work- ers, urban anarchists, and Mexico City itself. This Essay is a revolution defined by pueblos and peasants rather than cities and communists—for compel- “Overcrowded, polluted, corrupted, Mexico ling reasons, as Alan Knight has demonstrated City offers the world a grim lesson.”1 Thus in his two-volume magnum opus.5 proclaimed Time Magazine in 1984. Never Mexico City was not, of course, removed mind that it could just as easily have been from the revolution: pitched battles unfolded describing any number of cities in the world, in its streets, plots were hatched behind its including a number of metropolises in the US, closed doors, varied armies occupied its plazas, as Mike Davis’s indictment of Los Angeles its hillsides, and its Sanborns.6 But Tenorio- (City of Quartz) showed six years later. But Trillo is interested in Mexico City not as a Mexico City—in theory so close to the US, so site of revolutionary history but as a capital far from modernity—was much easier fodder of modernity. The revolution perhaps serves for the progenitors of predictable caricatures up too many visions of peasants and pistols of elsewhere.2 Recent media obsessions with which, along with tropicality and indigeneity, narco-trafficking and its attendant violence are caciques and calaveras, have long haunted Raymond B. Craib only the latest instantiation of a long tradition the pages devoted to Mexico’s history.7 Thus, of casting Mexico