Chinampa Agricultural System of Mexico City Mexico

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chinampa Agricultural System of Mexico City Mexico CHINAMPA AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF MEXICO CITY MEXICO A PROPOSAL FOR DESIGNATION AS GLOBALLY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMS (GIAHS) GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO CITY AUTHORITY OF THE WORLD NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ZONE IN XOCHIMILCO, TLÁHUAC AND MILPA ALTA MEXICO CITY JULY 7th, 2017 A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION! 1! TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Information Summary 4 Description of the Globally Important Agricultural 11 Heritage Systems I. Characteristics of the GIAHS proposed 11 1. Food security and livelihoods. 19 2. Biodiversity and ecosystem functions 27 27 3. Knowledge systems and adapted technologies 34 4. Cultures, systems of values and social organizations 48 (agri-culture) 5. Remarkable landscapes, land and water resources 56 management features. II. Historical significance. 62 III. Contemporary relevance. 65 IV. Threats and challenges. 68 V. Practical considerations. 69 1. Ongoing efforts to promote GIAHS 69 2. Potentialities and opportunities for sustainability and 70 management of GIAHS. 3. Expected impacts of GIAHS on society and ecology. 70 4. Motivation of the local communities, the national/local 70 authorities and other relevant stakeholders. 5. References 72 VI. Dynamic Conservation Plan 77 1. General Action Plan 81 2. Dynamic Plan of Specific Actions (2017-2022) 89 • Data Sheet for the Supply and Marketing Center in 94 Xochimilco (Muyuguarda) • Data Sheet for the Supply and Marketing Center in 97 Tláhuac (Tlaltenco) • Data Sheet for the Research and Production Center 100 of seeds and planting material of Xochimilco. • Data sheet for the Chinampa Agricultural Park of 103 Mexico City VI. Complementary data 107 1. Evolution of the Mexico City’s lacustrine zone and its 107 chinampa system 2. Treated wastewater supply to the Lacustrine Zone of 137 Xochimilco and Tláhuac A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION"! 2! Annexes! ! Pages! Annex 1. Map of geographical location of Mexico in North America.! !!!!!161! Annex 2. Map of metropolitan area of Mexico City and neighboring !!!!!162! states.! Annex 3. Map of the chinampa agricultural system in the context of !!!!163! the ecological framework of Mexico City. ! Annex 4. Map of Heritage Zone in the context ofMunicipalities. 164! Annex 5. Map of the GIAHS site proposed with its five chinampa 165! zones. Annex 6. Chinampas zone in Xochimilco. 166! Annex 7. Chinampas zone in San Gregorio Atlapulco. 168! Annex 8. Chinampas zone in San Luis Tlaxialtemalco. 170! Annex 9. Chinampas zone in San Pedro Tláhuac. 172! Annex 10. Chinampas zone in San Andrés Mixquic. 174! Annex 11. Accessibility to the site and water network. 176! Annex 12. Building a chinampa. 177! Annex 13. Main plant species grown in the site 178! Annex 14. Species listed under a condition. 179! Annex 15. Ornitofauna identified on the site. 180! Annex 16. Tree species identified on the site. 181! Annex 17. Halophile identified species on the site. 182! Annex 18. Aquatic and underwater vegetation identified on the site 184! Annex 19. Example of a rehabilitation plan for the recovery of 186! potential chinampas. Case Study Xochimilco Annex 20. Example of a restoration plan to encourage the production 187! of active chinampas. Case Study San Gregorio Atlapulco Annex 21. Example of a rehabilitation plan for the recovery of 188! potential chinampas. Case Study San Luis Tlaxialtemalco Annex 22. Example of a rehabilitation plan for the recovery 130130!!!!!!!!!!189! of potential chinampas. Case Study San Pedro Tláhuac. Annex 23. Example of a restoration plan to encourage production of !190! active chinampas. Case Study San Andrés Mixquic. Annex 24. Distribution of expenditure for different flows from the !191! Cerro de La Estrella treatment plant. Annex 25. Local treatment plants that contribute to the Xochimilco !192! and Tláhuac area. Annex 26. Diagram of distribution of wastewater treated from the 193! plant Cerro de la Estrella. Annex 27. Integral Management Plant. 195! ! A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION! 3! Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)! Information Summary Name/title of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System Chinampa agricultural system in Mexico City, MEXICO Requesting Agency/Organization: Government of Mexico City/Authority on the World Natural and Cultural Zone of Heritage of Xochimilco, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta. Country/Location/Site1 In Mexico (Annex 1), in the capital Mexico City or formerly Federal District (150,000 ha in area composed of 16 delegations or municipalities) within the rural area of the city, classified as Area of soil Conservation (85,000 ha with 7 municipalities in southern Mexico City, with the presence of 36 rural villages that are over 500 years old) and within the Natural and Cultural World Heritage Area Site in Xochimilco, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta (7,534 ha with 3 municipalities and twelve rural villages); currently, there is a chinampa agricultural system that integrates five areas of active chinampas, three in the municipality of Xochimilco (Nahuatl: place of flowers) and two in the municipality of Tláhuac (Nahuatl: place of who takes care of the water), which cover a total of 2,215 ha in five rural villages (Figure 1). These areas correspond to the proposed GIAHS site. The geographical coordinates of the site are: 19º 19’ 13.52” y 19º 12’ 37.75” North, y 98º 56’ 25.76” y 99º 07’ 00.83” West. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!See!the!folowing!maps:! a) Map of Mexico (Annex 1). b) Map of Mexico City and neighboring states (Annex 2) c) Site Map in the context of Mexico City and its ecological framework (Annex 3) d) Map of the site (Annex 4). e) Maps of the five chinampas zones and its active chinampas (Annex 5 to 10). ! A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION"! 4! Figure 1. Map of the heritage zone with the location of chinampa agricultural system in Mexico City. Chinampa agricultural system Twelve rural towns Agricultural zone Wetlands A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION! 5! Attainability of the site to important cities: The site is located in the center of Mexico City, to 18 km south of his historic center, it can be reached by car (about 45 minutes) or from every place by the most used urban mains of transportation, which are varied and frequent to access the site (Annex 11). Approximate surface area: 75.34 square kilometers (7,534 ha). It corresponds to the declared by UNESCO as a World Natural and Cultural Heritage Zone in Xochimilco, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta, and it is also part of a Protected Natural Area, including 2,600 has. that has been declared as a Ramsar Site, Wetland of International Importance (Figure 2). According to the chinampas cataloging system in this heritage area, five chinampas zones are located with strictly rural characteristics, preserved around the still prevalent rural villages, covering an area of 2,215 ha: three in the municipality of Xochimilco (Xochimilco, San Gregorio Atlapulco y San Luis Tlaxialtemalco) and two in the municipality of Tláhuac (San Pedro Tláhuac y San Andrés Mixquic). Around this area still remains an extensive canal network covering more than 406 km long that provides water for chinampas agricultural activities (Gonzalez-Pozo, 2014). Agro-ecological zone: Tropical high, temperate with vegetables and ornamental. Topographical features: The land is predominately flat; due to it is located on an old lakebed into the endorheic Valley of Mexico closed basin. The site is part of the lake area and represents the last stronghold of the 5 lakes that formed this Cuenca. The elevation of this site is between 2,242 and 2,236 meters above sea level. Climate: Yearly rainfall is about 700 mm. having a sub humid weather. Average annual temperatures is of 16, 2º. Approximate population: The population living into the site is of 255,000 inhabitants (González- Pozo, 2014), distributed in twelve locations, which, since Aztec times, have been linked to the agricultural production on the chinampas2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2! Xochimilco," Santa" María" Nativitas," Santa" Cruz" Acalpixca," San" GrEgorio" Atlapulco," San" Luis" TlaxialtEmanco,"Santiago"TulyEhualco,"San"Francisco"TlaltEnco,"San"PEdro"Tláhuac,"San"Juan"Ixtayopan," San"Antonio"TEcomitl,"San"Nicolás"TEtElco"y"San"Andrés"Mixquic.! A"PROPOSAL"FOR"GIASH"DESIGNATION"! 6! Main source of livelihoods: Agriculture (vegetables and ornamentals) tourism and urban employment. Ethnicity/Indigenous Population A majority, about 60 % of farmers are descendants of the original indigenous inhabitants. Between 5 and 10% of them still understand or speak the language Nahuatl of the Aztec, which is one of the most researched ancient civilizations in the world (Rodríguez-Alegría y Nichols, 2016). Summary Information of Agricultural Heritage System: Chinampa is the Aztec name for an ancestral agro-productive system, which consists of plots of land in the middle of the lake. It is an island surrounded by three or four small channels, which work as a water body and drainage. It is a kind of agriculture that allows five crops per year. Also known as floating gardens, the chinampa agricultural system is nowadays used for floriculture and for vegetables planting, agroproductive systems comprising 36% (1,294) and 64% (2,292) of the total chinampas (3,586), respectively (González-Pozo, 2014) (Annex 5). The main features are: (I) Formed by a diversified agriculture, which includes horticulture, floriculture and the production of basic crops for its regional consumption as well as the consumption by many metropolitan residents. (II) Biodiversity,
Recommended publications
  • 2021 Plataforma Electoral Municipal Teoloyucan
    PLATAFORMA ELECTORAL MUNICIPAL TEOLOYUCAN 2019 - 2021 ÍNDICE 1. PRESENTACIÓN 2 2. MARCO CONCEPTUAL 3 3. DIAGNÓSTICO MUNICIPAL INTEGRAL 4 3.1 DIAGNÓSTICO SOCIAL 4 3.1.1 Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) 4 3.1.2 Pobreza 5 3.1.3 Programas Sociales Federales 7 3.1.4 Educación 9 3.1.5 Salud 10 3.1.6 Diagnóstico económico 11 4. EJES TEMÁTICOS 15 4.1 Gobernanza y participación ciudadana 15 4.2 Seguridad y justicia 20 4.3 Crecimiento económico y empleo de calidad 22 4.4 Desarrollo e inclusión social 25 4.5 Educación de calidad efectiva 28 4.6 Medio ambiente y sustentabilidad 32 4.7 Equidad de género e igualdad de oportunidades 35 4.8 Oportunidades y retos para la juventud 37 4.9 Sociedad digital para todos 41 5. OFERTA POLÍTICA POR EJE TEMÁTICO 44 5.1 Gobernanza y participación ciudadana 44 5.2 Seguridad y justicia 50 5.3 Crecimiento económico y empleo de calidad 54 5.4 Desarrollo e inclusión social 59 5.5 Educación de calidad efectiva 64 5.6 Medio ambiente y sustentabilidad 69 5.7 Equidad de género e igualdad de oportunidades 72 5.8 Oportunidades y retos para la juventud 76 5.9 Sociedad digital para todos 79 6. GLOSARIO 83 7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 86 1 1. PRESENTACIÓN El municipio de Teoloyucan se localiza al norte de la Ciudad de México y al noreste del Estado de México. La palabra Teoloyucan es una alteración del Tehuillocan que se deriva del náhuatl, de las voces: Tehuilotl, “cristal o cristal de roca”, yotl, “plenitud” o “lleno” y can, “lugar”.
    [Show full text]
  • MEXICO Tacubaya, a Traditional Area of Mexico City
    142 Mexico Heritage at Risk 2002/2003 MEXICO Tacubaya, a traditional area of Mexico City Introduction called Santa Fe and the other Chapultepec (of which several arch- es and a fountain called Salto del Agua remain today). Both were Within the most traditional areas of Mexico City is found the built to help irrigation and drinking water distribution among the ancient villa of Tacubaya, an important establishment with prehis- Aztecs established in the city of Tenochtitlan, surrounded by a panic origins, dating to before the Aztecs came to Lago de Texco- salted lake and harvest areas. Over the centuries, from 1449 to the co; a big area known as Atlacuihuayan, whose meaning gives us middle of the 19th Century, this water system worked perfectly - the idea of 'where water was taken from'; a valley surrounded by more than 900 arches connected and distributed potable water to rivers, generous in natural resources, where its population hunt the north and south of Mexico city. and trade a variety of products with their neighbours. Düring the colonial period, Spanish priests (dominicos) and Its most ancient structures include two important aqueducts, one other principal landlords worked toward the establishment of a variety of churches, water müls, haciendas and other buildings that formed Tacubaya's urban configuration, which was kept and recognised for many centuries. All of these were built over the ruins of prehispanic temples and other structures, located in the eleven districts named after saints and the corresponding church: San Juan Tlacateco, San Lorenzo Suchiguacan, Santa Maria n W Nonoalco, Santiago Tequisquinahuac, San Miguel Culhuacatzin- m go, Tlaxco, Xihuatecpa, Huitztlan, Texcoac and Coamalcatitlan.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Cruz Acalpixca's Sweet Tradition
    16 DEL CASTILLO.Santa Cruz Acalpixca:Layout 1 20/11/09 17:10 Page 76 Santa Cruz Acalpixca’s Sweet Tradition Raquel del Castillo* 76 16 DEL CASTILLO.Santa Cruz Acalpixca:Layout 1 20/11/09 17:10 Page 77 Santa Cruz Acalpixca is known for a very special craft: making candied fruit. A large number of residents, organized by family and specialty, make their livings this way. ochimilco is a town with character and X pride in itself. This lake region was populated in pre-Hispanic times by warriors from mythical Aztlán, amidst plentiful water, good fishing and generous harvests. Here, towns were founded that exist to this day, complete with their indigenous tra- ditions and customs. One of these is Acalpixca, known today for its multi-co- lored sweets, a delight to the palate. ORIGINS Seven tribes of Nahuatlacas (“people who speak clearly” in Náhuatl) left Aztlán on a pilgrimage to the Anáhuac Valley. The ones known as Xochimilcas were the first to leave, in the “year of the Lord 820” (the tenth century A.D.), and settled on the Cuahilama Hill in the old Xochimilco Lake area. They built their ceremonial center atop the hill, from where they could survey the movement of canoes, fend off attacks and care for their crops. Figures carved in stone represent- ing their gods in the form of animals and other symbols remain there, tracing the path to the top called the Great Boulevard. The cere- monial esplanade still shows vestiges of the Nahuatl conception of the universe: stones carved with the glyph of Nahui Ollin, who repre- sented the so-called fifth sun,1 and an ocelotl (jaguar) playing with flowers and butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Nezahualcóyotl, De Ciudad Dormitorio a Polo De Desarrollo De La Región Oriente Del Valle De México1
    Paradigma económico Año 5, No. 2 julio-diciembre 2013 Págs:117-144 Nezahualcóyotl, de ciudad dormitorio a polo de desarrollo de la región Oriente del Valle de México1 JAIME LINARES ZARCO* Resumen El origen de Nezahualcóyotl fue resultado de la crisis estructural del campo mexicano, de las migraciones campo-ciudad, del impul- so del modelo industrializador por sustitución de importaciones, además del creciente déficit de empleos bien remunerados de los que, desde mediados del siglo XX, ya carecía el país. A 50 años de su fundación, Nezahualcóyotl ha dejado de ser ciudad dormitorio para convertirse en un municipio consolidado en lo económico y en lo urbano, hasta constituirse en un polo de desarrollo de la zona oriente del Valle de México, cuya influencia socioeconómica se extiende hacia los municipios y delegaciones limítrofes a su terri- torio; situación que se ha confirmado con la puesta en marcha del parque comercial Ciudad Jardín Bicentenario, construido sobre un antiguo basurero, desarrollado con recursos del grupo Carso y el apoyo de los gobiernos estatal y municipal. Palabras clave: desarrollo urbano, evolución, crecimiento y con- solidación económica. Clasificación JEL: R11 Abstract Nezahualcóyotl, from a bedroom community to a development area of the East region of the Valle of México The origin of Nezahualcóyotl was the result of the structural 1. Síntesis de la investigación: “Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl de la pobreza en la globalización económica y saturación urbana”, coordinada por el autor, en proceso de publicación. * Profesor de tiempo completo de la FES Aragón-UNAM. RECEPCIÓN: 03/07/2013 ACEPTACIÓN:13/12/2013 [117] 118 Paradigma económico Año 5, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J
    Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J. Lange, SCSC 621, International Agricultural Research Centers- Mexico, Study Abroad, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University Introduction The term pre-Columbian refers to the cultures of the Americas in the time before significant European influence. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus, in practice the term usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus first landed in 1492. Pre-Columbian is used especially often in discussions of the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica. Pre-Columbian civilizations independently established during this era are characterized by hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late fifteenth-early sixteenth centuries), and are known only through archaeological evidence. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya, had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving us a mere glimpse of ancient culture and knowledge. Agricultural Development Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, breeding maize (corn) from ears 2-5 cm in length to perhaps 10-15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, and avocados were among other plants grown by natives.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge of Skull Base Anatomy and Surgical Implications of Human Sacrifice Among Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican Cultures
    See the corresponding retraction, DOI: 10.3171/2018.5.FOCUS12120r, for full details. Neurosurg Focus 33 (2):E1, 2012 Knowledge of skull base anatomy and surgical implications of human sacrifice among pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures RAUL LOPEZ-SERNA, M.D.,1 JUAN LUIS GOMEZ-AMADOR, M.D.,1 JUAN BArgES-COLL, M.D.,1 NICASIO ArrIADA-MENDICOA, M.D.,1 SAMUEL ROMERO-VArgAS, M.D., M.SC.,2 MIGUEL RAMOS-PEEK, M.D.,1 MIGUEL ANGEL CELIS-LOPEZ, M.D.,1 ROGELIO REVUELTA-GUTIErrEZ, M.D.,1 AND LESLY PORTOCArrERO-ORTIZ, M.D., M.SC.3 1Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia “Manuel Velasco Suárez;” 2Department of Spine Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación; and 3Department of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia “Manuel Velasco Suárez,” Mexico City, Mexico Human sacrifice became a common cultural trait during the advanced phases of Mesoamerican civilizations. This phenomenon, influenced by complex religious beliefs, included several practices such as decapitation, cranial deformation, and the use of human cranial bones for skull mask manufacturing. Archaeological evidence suggests that all of these practices required specialized knowledge of skull base and upper cervical anatomy. The authors con- ducted a systematic search for information on skull base anatomical and surgical knowledge among Mesoamerican civilizations. A detailed exposition of these results is presented, along with some interesting information extracted from historical documents and pictorial codices to provide a better understanding of skull base surgical practices among these cultures. Paleoforensic evidence from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan indicates that Aztec priests used a specialized decapitation technique, based on a deep anatomical knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Deposito Tetepilco. Mexico Av
    Deposito Tetepilco. Mexico Av. Municipio Libre 402, Colonia San Andrés Tetepilco 09440, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico The Depósito Tetepilco site is located in the mixed-used housing along the urban North-Eastern side of the Iztapalapa corridors. Parks and educational facilities municipality, one of the most emblematic, are adjacent to the site, providing dense, and culturally rich municipalities of opportunities for integrating the proposals the city. Its location offers easy access to to the surroundings. major roads and public transport. Bidders will have the opportunity to develop With an area of 166,120 sqm, the site mixed-use proposals that include retail, currently hosts several buildings including services, and educational and energy the main offices, workshops, and operation generation. yards of the Electric Transport Service (Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos - STE), In addition, as a legacy of a longstanding which is the agency in charge of managing history of electric mobility, STE and the city and operating electric transport in Mexico are looking forward to proposals that City. recognize its heritage and commitment to This site holds the extraordinary potential to connecting the residents across the city, reorganize and enhance STE’s current using clean energy, and promoting a more operational program, free up space, and efficient, innovative, and sustainable allow the integration of new uses. development, mainly water management Land uses in the proximity of the site are and energy generation. predominantly low-density housing and Expected program: Plot area: The site is currently used for administrative 166,120 sqm offices, storage, and operation of STE, the current property area will be subdivided to allow Type of property transfer intended: the introduction of new land uses while keeping Two possible scenarios: STE´s current operations.
    [Show full text]
  • La Marginación Y Exclusión Como Posibles Factores Socioeconómicos De La Violencia Urbana En El Estado De México
    Papeles de Población ISSN: 1405-7425 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México La marginación y exclusión como posibles factores socioeconómicos de la violencia urbana en el Estado de México López-Santiago, Marco Andrés; Hernández-Juárez, Martín; León-Merino, Aurelio La marginación y exclusión como posibles factores socioeconómicos de la violencia urbana en el Estado de México Papeles de Población, vol. 23, núm. 91, 2017 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=11250327013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2017.91.008 PDF generado a partir de XML-JATS4R por Redalyc Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Marco Andrés López-Santiago, et al. La marginación y exclusión como posibles factores socioeconómi... La marginación y exclusión como posibles factores socioeconómicos de la violencia urbana en el Estado de México Marginalization and exclusion as possible socio-economical factors of urban violence: e Valle de Chalco Solidaridad, State of México case Marco Andrés López-Santiago DOI: https://doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2017.91.008 Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, México Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=11250327013 Martín Hernández-Juárez Colegio de Postgraduados, México [email protected] Aurelio León-Merino Colegio de Postgraduados, México [email protected] Recepción: 03 Julio 2014 Aprobación: 20 Junio 2016 Resumen: En este artículo se muestran los resultados de la investigación relacionada con los factores socioeconómicos que influyen en la generación de las violencias en el municipio de Valle de Chalco Solidaridad, Estado de México.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to Promote Territorial
    30 September 2017 EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial Cohesion Task 2 : Value chain mapping in the México - Guatemala cross-border region EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial Cohesion Task 2: Value chain mapping in the México-Guatemala cross-border region 30 September 2017 For any information regarding this document please contact: Saskia Bonnefoi, Competitiveness [email protected] +52 1 55 4133 7086 Inés Sagrario, Task Leader for Task 2, Competitiveness [email protected] +34 626163032 Table of Contents 1 Summary in EN ................................................................................................................... 4 2 Resumen en ES .................................................................................................................... 5 3 The Context of the Border Area .......................................................................................... 6 3.1 Mexico – Guatemala ................................................................................................................................................. 6 4 National Level Priorities on each side of the Border........................................................... 7 4.1 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Guatemala ................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT for DISTRIBUTION Figure 0.3
    Contents Acknowledgments ix A Brief Note on Usage xiii Introduction: History and Tlaxilacalli 3 Chapter 1: The Rise of Tlaxilacalli, ca. 1272–1454 40 Chapter 2: Acolhua Imperialisms, ca. 1420s–1583 75 Chapter 3: Community and Change in Cuauhtepoztlan Tlaxilacalli, ca. 1544–1575 97 Chapter 4: Tlaxilacalli Religions, 1537–1587 123 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Chapter 5: TlaxilacalliNOT FOR Ascendant, DISTRIBUTION 1562–1613 151 Chapter 6: Communities Reborn, 1581–1692 174 Conclusion: Tlaxilacalli and Barrio 203 List of Acronyms Used Frequently in This Book 208 Bibliography 209 Index 247 vii introduction History and Tlaxilacalli This is the story of how poor, everyday central Mexicans built and rebuilt autono- mous communities over the course of four centuries and two empires. It is also the story of how these self-same commoners constructed the unequal bonds of compul- sion and difference that anchored these vigorous and often beloved communities. It is a story about certain face-to-face human networks, called tlaxilacalli in both singular and plural,1 and about how such networks molded the shape of both the Aztec and Spanish rule.2 Despite this influence, however, tlaxilacalli remain ignored, subordinated as they often were to wider political configurations and most often appearing unmarked—that is, noted by proper name only—in the sources. With care, however, COPYRIGHTEDthe deeper stories of tlaxilacalli canMATERIAL be uncovered. This, in turn, lays bare a root-level history of autonomy and colonialism in central Mexico, told through the powerfulNOT and transformative FOR DISTRIBUTION tlaxilacalli. The robustness of tlaxilacalli over thelongue durée casts new and surprising light on the structures of empire in central Mexico, revealing a counterpoint of weakness and fragmentation in the canonical histories of centralizing power in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Centros De Atención a Clientes Telcel
    Directorio de Centros de Atención a Clientes (CAC) de Telcel en la Ciudad de México ÁREA DE ESPERA POSICIÓN DE ATENCIÓN A SEÑALIZACIÓN ACCESO CON ANIMALES REGIÓN NOMBRE DEL CAC HORARIO Domicilio: Calle Domicilio: No. Exterior Domicilio: No. Interior Domicilio: Colonia Domicilio: Código Postal Domicilio: Municipio Domicilio: Entidad KIOSKO CAJERO ATM RAMPA RUTA ACCESIBLE RESERVADA PARA MENOR ALTURA ACCESIBILIDAD GUIA PERSONAS CON 9 LORETO LUNES A DOMINGO DE 9:00 A 19:00 HRS. ALTAMIRANO 46 PLAZA LORETO TIZAPAN 1090 ÁLVARO OBREGÓN CDMX X X 9 SAN ANGEL LUNES A DOMINGO 10:00 A 19:00 HRS. AVE. INSURGENTES SUR 2105 DENTRO DE TIENDA SANBORNS SAN ANGEL 1000 ÁLVARO OBREGÓN CDMX X X X 9 CAMARONES LUNES A VIERNES 09:00 A 18:00 HRS. CALLE NORTE 77 3331 OBRERO POPULAR 11560 AZCAPOTZALCO CDMX X X X CENTRO COMERCIAL PARQUE 9 PARQUE VÍA VALLEJO LUNES A DOMINGO 10:00 A 20:00 HRS. CALZADA VALLEJO 1090 SANTA CRUZ DE LAS SALINAS 2340 AZCAPOTZALCO CDMX X X X VIA VALLEJO 9 SERVICIO TÉCNICO TELCEL Y CENTRO ATENCIÓN ETRAM ROSARIO LUNES A DOMINGO 10:00 A 20:00 HRS. AVE. DEL ROSARIO 901 CETRAM EL ROSARIO EL ROSARIO 2100 AZCAPOTZALCO CDMX X X X X 9 AMORES LUNES A VIERNES 9:00 A 18:00 HRS. AMORES 26 DEL VALLE 3100 BENITO JUÁREZ CDMX X X X X X X 9 DEL VALLE LUNES A VIERNES 9:00 A 18:00 HRS. EJE 7 SUR FELIX CUEVAS 825 DEL VALLE 3100 BENITO JUÁREZ CDMX X X X X X X 9 EJE CENTRAL LÁZARO CÁRDENAS LUNES A DOMINGO 10:00 A 19:00 HRS.
    [Show full text]
  • EL CARNAVAL DE CULHUACAN: Expresiones De Identidad Barrial
    EL CARNAVAL DE CULHUACAN: expresiones de identidad barrial Cristina Oehmichen Introduccion La celebracion del carnaval en la ciudad de Mexico constituye hoy una rareza. Ello se debe entre otras cosas a su desarticulaci6n provo- cada desdu la epoea eolonial debido a la persecuci6n y sanciones de las que fue objeto. Sin embargo, aun es posible observar que en diversos barrios y pueblos antiguos de la capital la celebraci6n anual de esta fiesta con- tinua reaiizandose en fechas variables durante los primeros meses de cada ano, muchas veces con autonomia del calendario religioso. La sola existencia del carnaval constituye una viva expresi6n de la resistencia cultural de los barrios al paso de los siglos. Es a la vez Una actividad que permitc ratificar alianzas y dotar de significado al barrio como una unidad de residcncia distinla a otro tipo de asenta- mientos urbanos. En la ciudad dc Mexico existen una gran cantidad de barrios tradicionales. Bstos se eneuentran ubicados fundamentalmente en el sur y oricntc de la capital, aunque tambi6n se preservan algunos en el ponicntc, fundamentalmente en las regioncs menos afectadas por la urbanizacion y cl crecimiento industrial- Los barrios tradicionales corresponden especialmente a los lu- gares de ascntamicnto prchispanico de lo que fuera la cuenea de 163 Crisiina Oehmichen M6xico. En ello se puede observar que en mayor o en nienor medida sus habitantes poseen una riea memoria historiea que muehas veces se simboliza en lugares y objetos propios del espacio. Se tiene tam- bi6n una noei6n aeerca del origen que suele reivindicarse desde un pasado remoto o "tiempo base" [Gravano, 1989] sea mitico o real, que permite a los habitantes de la entidad barriai compartir un senti- do de autoadseripci6n y pertenencia ante una urbe an6nima y extra- na.^ Estos barrios en su origen formaron parte de las instituciones indias dotadas por los conquistadores.
    [Show full text]