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Desert Locust Technical Series

Desert Locust Technical Series

PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION DIVISION AND OTHER MIGRATORY PESTS GROUP No. AGP/DL/TS/35

DESERT TECHNICAL SERIES

Preparedness to prevent plagues in the Central Region an historical review

Part 2. Appendices

PREPAREDNESS TO PREVENT DESERT LOCUST PLAGUES

IN THE CENTRAL REGION, AN HISTORICAL REVIEW

Part 2. Appendices

J I Magor1, P Ceccato2, H M Dobson1, J Pender3 and L Ritchie4

1 Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 2 International Research Institute for Climatic Prediction The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA 3 7 Beverley Close, Rainham, Gillingham, Kent ME8 9HG, UK 4 The Old Cottage, Hollingbourne, Kent ME17 1UJ, UK

Prepared for EMPRES Central Region 2005

Revised for publication 2007

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This review was commissioned by the FAO EMPRES Central Region Programme. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed, however, are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to those of the funding agency.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Organization of the concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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© FAO 2007

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CONTENTS

Appendix 1. References

Appendix 2. Figures 1. Grid squares infested with hopper bands 1930-1964 (grey) and 1965-1999 (black) indicating results of plague prevention in the recession area from 1965 2. Territories reporting swarms in plagues & recessions 1860-2006 (after Waloff 1976) 3. Desert Locust, maximum invasion area (shaded), known and suspected outbreak areas (black) (after Uvarov, 1951) 4. Percentage variation in annual rainfall from the 1920-1990 mean 5. Plague prevention strategy and tactics 6a. A sequence of Desert Locust breeding (after Bennett, 1975, 1976) 6b. Approximate size (area and numbers) of population types in each generation and areas treated during the breeding sequence (after Bennett, 1975, 1976) 7. High density populations reported 1965-1969 (after Bennett, 1974, 1976) 8. Main Desert Locust populations 1976-1978 (after Roffey, 1982) 9. Desert Locust breeding and migration 1985-1989 (after Gruys, 1994) 10. Desert Locust upsurge 1992-1994 (after FAO, 1994c)

Appendix 3. Simulating pre-upsurge populations

Appendix 4. Acronyms and abbreviations

Appendix 6. Gazetteer of towns cited in chapter 2

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APPENDIX 1. REFERENCES

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2 References

REFERENCES

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Uvarov, B.P. & Bowman, B.M. 1938. The economic importance of the locust and grasshopper problem throughout the World. In Comptes rendus de la Vme conférence internationale pour les recherches antiacridiennes, Bruxelles, 1938. pp. 190-236. Royaume de Belgique, Ministère des Colonies. Van der Valk, H. 2006. Environmental impact of barrier treatments against locusts – a review of field studies. Plant Production and Protection Division, Desert Locust Technical Series, No. AGP/DL/TS/33. Rome, FAO. 73 pp. Van Huis, A. 1994a. Seminar findings. In A. van Huis, ed. Proceedings of the seminar on Desert Locust control with existing techniques, an evaluation of strategies, Wageningen, December 1993. pp. 1-7. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. Van Huis, A. 1994b. Can we combat the Desert Locust successfully? In A. van Huis, ed. Proceedings of the seminar on Desert Locust control with existing techniques, an evaluation of strategies, Wageningen, December 1993. pp. 11-17. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. Van Huis, A. 1994c. Seminar exercises. In A. van Huis, ed. Proceedings of the seminar on Desert Locust control with existing techniques, an evaluation of strategies, Wageningen, December 1993. pp. 89-114. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. Van Huis, A. 1997. Can we prevent Desert Locust plagues? In S. Krall, R. Peveling & D. Ba Diallo, eds. New strategies in locust control. pp. 453-459. Basel, Switzerland, Birkhäuser Verlag. Van Huis, A., Cressman, K & Magor, J.I. 2007. Preventing desert locust plagues: optimizing management decisions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 122: 191-214. Varma, B.K. & Sharma, T.R. 1966. Effect of cyclone on locusts. Indian Journal of Entomology, 28(1): 14-32. Venkatesh, M.V. 1971. A case study of the influence of a cyclone on the incursion of Desert Locusts into Rajasthan during June 1964. Indian Journal of Entomology, 33: 1-16. Venkatesh, M.V.R. 1975. A study of the Desert Locust upsurge in the Indo-Pakistan summer breeding areas during 1973-74 – possible causes and impact of control operations. Nineteenth session of the FAO Desert Locust Control Committee, Rome, 1975. Working paper No. AGP:LCC/75/4. Rome. 32 pp. 17 maps. Volkhonsky, M.A. & Volkhonsky, M.T. 1939. Rapport préliminaire sur une mission d’étude des acridiens dans le Mouydir et le Tademaït (mai-juillet 1939). Archives de l' Institute Pasteur d'Algérie, 17(4): 634-649. Waloff, Z. 1959. Notes on some geographical aspects of the Desert Locust problem. In Appendix. FAO Panel of experts on the on the strategy of Desert Locust plague control, Rome, April-May 1959. Report No 1959/5. 26 pp. Rome. Waloff, Z.V. 1960. The fluctuating distributions of the Desert Locust in relation to the strategy of control. In Report of the 7th Commonwealth Entomological. Conference, London, 1960. pp. 132-140. Waloff, Z. 1966. The upsurges and recessions of the Desert Locust plague: an historical survey. Anti-Locust Memoir, No. 8. 111 pp. Waloff, Z. 1976. Some temporal characteristics of Desert Locust plagues. Anti-Locust Memoir, No. 13. 36 pp. Waloff, Z. 1981. Forecasting outbreaks and plague upsurges. In D.E Pedgley, ed. Desert Locust forecasting manual. Vol. I. p. 244-247. London, Centre for Overseas Pest Research. Waloff Z. & Connors, J.M. 1964. The frequencies of infestation by the Desert Locust in different countries. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 12 (5): 3-11. Waloff, Z. & Roffey, J. 1981. The Desert Locust. In D.E Pedgley, ed. Desert Locust forecasting manual. Vol. I. pp. 4-53. London, Centre for Overseas Pest Research. Watts, W.S. 1969. Transmission of dieldrin from to their progeny. Nature, London, 221, 762- 763. Winstanley, D. 1973a. Recent rainfall trends in Africa, the Middle East and India. Nature, London, 243: 464-65. Winstanley, D. 1973b, Rainfall patterns and general atmospheric circulation. Nature, London, 245: 190-194. Winstanley, D. 1974. Seasonal rainfall forecasting in West Africa. Nature, London, 248: 464. Woldewahid, G. 2003. Habitats and spatial pattern of solitarious Desert Locusts (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) on the coastal plain of Sudan. Wageningen University. (PhD Thesis). Wright, D.E. 1986. Economic assessment of actual and potential damage to crops caused by the 1984 locust plague in southeastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 23: 293-308.

11 References

Wright, D.E. 1988. Crop loss assessment: the Desert Locust problem. In Report of a meeting on Desert Locust research, Rome, October 1988. Annex XIII. pp. 127-137. Rome, FAO. Yeo, D. 1979. The choice and management of research. In: D.L. Gunn & R.C. Rainey eds. Strategy and tactics of control of migrant pests: a Royal Society discussion, June 1977. pp. 223–225. London, Royal Society and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B, 287: 471-473.

12

APPENDIX 2. FIGURES

30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E 90°E 50°N 50°N

40°N !!!!! 40°N !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! ! !!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! 30°N ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! 30°N !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!!! !!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!! !! ! ! !!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !!!! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!! !!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !!!!!! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ! !! 20°N ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! 20°N !!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!! !! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !! ! !! !! !! !!!! ! !!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10°N !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10°N ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! 0° !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0° !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

10°S 10°S

20°S 20°S

30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E 90°E

Figure 1. Grid squares infested with hopper bands 1930-1964 (grey) and 1965-1999 (black) indicating results of plague prevention in the recession area from 1965 50

plague 45 recession inferred total 40

35

30

25 2 2

20

15 Number ofinfested territories

10

5

0 1860 70 80 90 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Years Figure 2. Territories reporting swarms during plagues and recessions 1860-2006 (after Waloff, 1976)

3 3

Figure 3. Desert Locust, maximum invasion area (shaded), known and suspected outbreak areas (black) (after Uvarov, 1951 100 a 50 Recession Area Regimes

0 (Bir Moghrein to Egypt) -50 a North of Recession Area b Algerian -100 c Sahel north of 15oN and west of Oo

5 0 5 0 20 23 26 29 32 3 38 41 44 47 5 53 56 59 62 6 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 1509 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 Year d Sahel south of 15oN and west of 0o 50 e Red Sea Coast, west 0 f Ethiopian highlands -50 -100 g Horn of Africa

5 0 5 0 h Oman 20 23 26 29 32 3 38 41 44 47 5 53 56 59 62 6 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 1009 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i Arabian Peninsular (not shown) 50 Year j Iran, Pakistan winter rainfall 0 k Indo-Pakistan summer rainfall -50 -100

5 0 5 0 20 23 26 29 32 3 38 41 44 47 5 53 56 59 62 6 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9czoom9 function9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 401 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 d Year Regime ------Contributing ------20 10 Stations Years Yrs/Station 0 a 15 875 58.3 -10 b 7 398 56.9 -20 -30 c 14 838 59.9 -40 d 7 416 59.4

5 0 5 0 20 23 26 29 32 3 38 41 44 47 5 53 56 59 62 6 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 e 5 277 55.4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1501 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 6 296 49.3 e 100 Year g 10 464 46.4 50 h 2 92 46 i 0 0 0 0 j 9 328 36.4 -50 k 12 444 37 -100

0 3 6 9 2 8 1 4 7 3 6 9 2 8 1 4 7 3 6 9 30 2 2 2 2 3 35 3 4 4 4 50 5 5 5 6 65 6 7 7 7 80 8 8 8 19 19 f19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 Year Figure 4. Percentage variation in annual rainfall 10 from mean, 1920-1990 0 -10 -20 -30

100 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 19 19 g 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 50 Year

0

-50

-100 1920 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 500 h Year 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 200 Year j 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 200 k 150 40 60 80 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1944 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1984 1988 100 Year 50 0 -50 -100 1920 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Year

4 Fig. 5. Plague prevention strategy and tactics

Outbreak Upsurge Upsurge Upsurge prevention prevention suppression elimination

Outbreak (local rain and gregarization ) Locusts not in Locusts in outbreaks, plagues upsurges Outbreaks Upsurge sequences occur as bands or plagues (widespread rains in successive and swarms, (widespread, noteworthy rains complementary breeding areas cause which breed where remain cause gregarization in may areas) increases in locust numbers, density and summer, winter solitary, scattered or gregarization) and spring rains in groups within the fall in both recession area and the recession and migrate between Plague the invasion areas summer, winter and Plague Plague Plague of at least one spring breeding onset Region areas declines peaks spreads

Plague suppression strategy

Fig 6a. A sequence of Desert Locust breeding. The first generation, F0, bred in early 1967, and the F6 generation in late 1968. There is no evidence of breeding by F7 adults. Arrows indicate direction of displacement between generations. Breeding areas are not drawn to scale (after Bennett, 1975, 1976).

500 35 Not all gregarious >100,000 km2 Not all gregarious, control ) 2 B ands 30 400 B ands, control

Swarms ) 9 x100km 25 ( Swarms, control x 10 300 ( Number of locusts 20

15 200

10 Locust numbers

100 5 Sizeof infested and treated areas ? ? 0 0 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 Generation

Fig. 6b. Approximate size (area and numbers) of population types in each generation and areas treated during the breeding sequence (after Bennett, 1975, 1976)

6

15° 10° 5° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90°

0 200 400 600 800 45°N 30°N 15°N Equator 40° Statute miles 40°

35° 35°

8 30° 30°

7,8 spring 1994 5 25° 25° 8 spring 1993 7 3,4 summer 1993 20° 20° 0,1, 2,3 7 6,7 6 15° 6 15° summer 1993 winter 1992 10° 10°

5°

0° Major swarm movement

5° Minor swarm movement

10° Breeding

1 Generation

15° 10° 5° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° kc Copyright © 1994 FAO/ECLO

Fig. 10. Desert Locust upsurge, 1992-1994 (after FAO, 1994c)

16

APPENDIX 3. SIMULATING PRE-UPSURGE POPULATIONS

Simulating pre-upsurge populations

SIMULATING PRE-UPSURGE POPULATIONS J I Magor Red Sea coastal populations, November 1992 1. In November 1992, survey teams found upsurge populations in Eritrea, the Sudan and Saudi Arabia. They recorded groups and bands at coastal sites, from south of Port Sudan (19N/37E) to just north of Massawa (15N/39E). In the Sudan, they reported bands of all and fledglings in November and reported six sightings of small (1-5 km2), maturing and laying swarms. In Eritrea, hopper groups and bands were 3rd to 5th in the first half of the month. From 19-21 November, they were late instar and teams reported 120 km2 of thin density laying swarms (FAO Bulletin 171). In contrast, Saudi teams reported no hoppers in mid-November when they found three, small (2 km2) swarms laying near Jeddah (23N/39E). 2. Did these large populations develop on the coastal plains of Eritrea and the Sudan and spread to Saudi Arabia or did developments in other areas contribute to them? Earlier upsurges and normal seasonal activities suggest that most of the population increase arose elsewhere. Normally, solitary locusts breed on the Red Sea coasts during the winter and spring. Subsequently, as the dry season begins, most of the progeny migrate to a summer breeding area in Arabia or in Africa. Small numbers, however, remain in valleys, where run-off from summer rains in the highlands, keeps habitat suitable for breeding. The population increase noted on the coast must have started with laying in October when invasions from summer breeding areas are expected. Subsequent sections attempt to recreate preceding stages of the upsurge using the assumptions listed below to examine likely population developments in areas that experienced heavier and more frequent rainfall than normal; a prerequisite for population increases.

20°W 0°E 20°E 40°E 60°E 80°E 100°E

40°N

30°N EASTERN REGION CENTRAL WESTERN REGION REGION 20°N NORTH

10°N

0 CENTRAL REGION Invasion area SOUTH Recession area

10°S

Figure 1. Desert Locust Regions, invasion and recession areas A method for simulating pre-upsurge populations 3. Did the swarms seen on the Red Sea coasts in November 1992 gregarize locally or arrive from spring and summer breeding elsewhere? The term local was applied to locusts that were present in the previous generation to distinguish them from newly arrived immigrants. Potential source areas were those that received heavy rains earlier in 1992 and developments in them were simulated using the following assumptions on the initiation and duration of life stages and of migration.

1 Appendix 3

• Recession and early upsurge populations are confined to the recession area (Fig. 1). • During plagues, swarms may move throughout the whole invasion area (Fig. 1). • Maturation and laying start among most solitary and gregarious populations within a week of widespread rains falling. Exceptions are Northwest Africa, the Middle East, Iran and Pakistan where low temperatures from October delay maturation until February and northern between June and October where the causes of the delay are uncertain. • The duration of breeding, from laying to fledging by solitary and gregarious populations can be estimated adequately from the monthly maps of incubation and hopper development periods constructed by Symmons et al. (1973). The development model (Reus and Symmons, 1992) gives very similar results. • Fledglings emigrate to a complementary breeding area from two weeks after fledging if the vegetation is beginning to dry out. Otherwise, they mature and lay in the same breeding area from three weeks after fledging. This occurs either because rains initiating earlier breeding were very heavy or because more fell while late instar hoppers were present. A tentative relationship between rainfall and breeding is given in Table 1. • Migration occurs more frequently within than between Desert Locust Regions (Fig. 1). • The destination and duration of locusts migrating from seasonal breeding areas can be inferred from those found in the Desert Locust Forecasting Manual (Pedgley, 1981a) providing that appropriate winds existed on some days during the migration period.

4. Simulating the numbers and phase of the locusts involved is problematic. The association between heavy and prolonged seasonal rains and outbreaks and upsurges is well documented but the exact relationships are unknown. The lag observed between the onset of heavy rains and the appearance of gregarious populations indicates that population increases preceding upsurges occur for two to three generations. Popov (1968) argued plausibly that the 1966/67 upsurge in Oman began after high levels of multiplication over four generations. He also suggested that initial upsurge generations were too sparse to be noticed but that the final process of gregarization was rapid and occurred within a single generation. Reports in the period preceding upsurges suggest that this is a general pattern. 5. Few examples of multiplication rates from egg laying to fledging exist and all are from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coasts. Consequently, reconstructions are based on a series of best guesses about the area of suitable habitat; the percentage of habitat infested; the density of initial populations and multiplication rates in the seasons involved. Roffey and Magor (in FAO, 2003b) suggested tentative values between multiplication rates and rain falling at the beginning of a breeding season and noted that rates vary between gregarization areas owing to differences in habitat and natural enemies. These values, however, lack field validation. 6. Multiplication rates among non-swarming populations estimated during four studies were associated with known rainfall values banded into the qualitative values used in locust reporting (Table 1). These show great variability; the low values being during the decline of a contemporaneous plague (Stower and Greathead, 1969; Roffey and Stower, 1983) and the high values to an upsurge in Somalia (Joyce 1962b) and another in and (Roffey and Popov, 1968). Initial population levels were obtained from surveys or were assumed to have a density of 100/ha. Best guess values in Table 4 cause numbers to fall or stay static in areas of light or moderate rains and to rise where rains are heavy. Values for the second and third generations assume that no more rain fell. If more rain fell, values are adjusted upwards according to the amount of rain recorded. The multiplication rate was adjusted downward if rainfall was localized within a breeding area. Multiplication rates used in the model are not only less variable but are higher for light and moderate rains and lie between the values suggested by Roffey and Magor (in FAO, 2003b) when rainfall is heavy. Table 1. Relationship between rainfall class values and multiplication rates RAINFALL Qualitative terms Light Moderate Heavy Heavy Very heavy/floods (abbreviations) (L) (M) (h) (H) (VH/F) Value (mm) <20 20-50 50-100 100-250 >250 Field multiplication rates Roffey & Magor, 2003 no data 0.01-0.5 0.01-10 0.3-16 no data MODEL Generation 1 0.5 1 2.5 5 8 Generation 2 emigrate 0.5 1 2.5 5 Generation 3 emigrate 0.5 1 2.5

7. Inferred seasonal populations are shown on a series of diagrams and sketch maps. The figures showing inferred breeding sequences give the date at the beginning of each week assuming that week 1 started on 1

2 Simulating pre-upsurge populations

January. Rainfall is summarized on the top line of these diagrams. The abbreviations shown in Table 1 indicate the approximate amounts of rain that fell. A question mark indicates the presence of potentially rain-bearing clouds when there was no indication in the FAO Desert Locust Bulletins of the quantity of rain that fell. These entries are interpreted as light rainfall. Dashed lines indicate the period within which rain fell. Inferred breeding on the western Red Sea coasts, October 1991-November 1992 8. This section estimates if local breeding could account for the populations reported in November 1992. Rainfall data for Red Sea coastal areas were sparse in 1991/92 and may be incomplete (Figs 2, 3 and 4). Winter rains began in October 1991 (Fig. 2) and were not typical of those that precede an upsurge. Moderate rains fell in the Tokar Delta in the first week of October and the associated clouds affected the coasts of southern Sudan and Eritrea then and during the following week. Clouds were more widespread later in the month when they extended to the Egyptian border. Rain and runoff occurred again in November at least in Tokar. The final report of potentially rain-bearing clouds was in late January 1992 and affected the coast of Egypt and northern Sudan. Key to inferred breeding figures ▼ laying  fledglings predicted to emigrate G hatching  fledglings predicted to mature I fledging  immigrants predicted to arrive F1,F2 generation number

October 1991 November December January 1992 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 Rainfall ----M---- ? ? ? M L ?

Locusts F1 ▼-12 d-GGG------33 days------III  F2MMM---15d---GGG------45 days---

February March April May Jun 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 No more rain until July

------III NNN F3MMM---15d---GGG------40 days ------III 

Figure 2. Inferred breeding in Eritrea and the Sudan, winter and spring 1991/92 9. Typical locust development periods indicate that there was time for three generations between October 1991 and May 1992 (Fig. 2). This diagram omits the spread of laying caused by females laying second and third egg-pods at approximately ten-day intervals. Nevertheless, the pattern of inferred breeding matches field observations reasonably well. Scattered adults were in the Tokar Delta in mid October 1991 when the model inferred laying. Teams saw low density hoppers, fledglings, immature and mature adults in December 1991 and January 1992, which, accords reasonably well with the simulated estimates. These suggest that early first generation fledglings would have matured and laid and second generation hoppers would have hatched and that fledging from late layings would still be in progress. The immature and mature adults seen in the Sudan in February and March accord with development period estimations that inferred populations were between the second and third generations. The quantity and distribution of early season rains generated three simulated generations. The lack of recorded rains and clouds from late January to July suggests that most locusts would have emigrated in May rather than continue to breed throughout the summer. 10. Unusually, summer rains fell on the coastal plains in 1992 as quite often occurs during the initiation of upsurges. In the second and third decads of July, rains fell over Eritrea and runoff probably reached the coastal plains. Light rain fell in Port Sudan in the second decad of August when rain bearing clouds affected the Red Sea coasts from southeastern Egypt to Eritrea as well as the Tihamas of Saudi Arabia and Yemen. These clouds also moved across the interior of southwestern Arabia. No further rains or rain-bearing clouds were reported until winter rains fell in early October and in November 1992 (Fig. 3). 11. The antecedents of the locusts seen in the Sudan and Eritrea in November 1992 were backtracked (Fig. 3). This diagram shows the spread of laying caused by females laying more than once and the arrival of more immigrants that were omitted from earlier figures. These estimations suggest that the November hoppers came from eggs laid in October when laying groups were seen in the Sudan near the Eritrean border. The laying swarms, if not immigrants, would have come from eggs laid in mid-September. The parent generation would have been laid between mid-July and mid-August. This generation could have bred on a small scale during the summer where there was runoff into wadis from the July rains. Breeding could have been more widespread after the rains in mid-August. These generations are labelled F4 and F5 in Figure 3 because the reconstruction (Fig. 2)

3 Appendix 3

allowed three generations to breed between October 1991 and May 1992 and because it is normal for some locusts to stay in the wadis during the summer. July 1992 August September October November 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 Rainfall ------M/h------L------L--- Eritrea ------M/h------L------L-- ---L--- Sudan A. November laying swarms F4▼-12 d-------30 days------III  F5MMM-12 d-------30 days------III  ▼ July August September October November Dec 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 B. November hoppers F4▼-12 d-------30 days------III  F5▼-12 d-------30 days------III ▼-12 d-------30 days------III  ▼-12 d-------30 days------III ▼-12 d-------30 days------III  ▼-12 d-------30 days------III Figure 3. Inferred local breeding in coastal Eritrea and Sudan, July to December 1992 12. The best guess estimates for numbers of locally bred locusts on the Red Sea coasts in November are very much smaller than the numbers reported. This suggests that locusts arrived from other breeding areas. Two potential sources in Africa were examined. One was the summer breeding area in the interior of the Sudan that extends in some years into western Eritrea and eastern . The other was the Railway Area of Ethiopia and northern Somalia. Both had experienced above average rains in 1992 (Fig. 4). Potential locust movements from these areas to the Red Sea coasts of Eritrea and the Sudan are considered below. A later section indicates that potential sources in Arabia were not involved. Locust developments in the Railway area of Ethiopia and in northern Somalia are traced from the heavy rains and floods in January 1992 (Figs 4 and 5). Those in the interior of the Sudan are traced from the beginning of summer rains in May that were followed by unusually widespread rains in June 1992 (Figs 4 and 6). Origins of swarms in the Sudan, November 1992 Inferred breeding in Ethiopia and northern Somalia, January to October 1992

20 W 0 20 E 40 E 60 E 80 E 100 E

40 N

30 N M 1-15 Feb

L 25-28Jan, M/h Jan L/h 4, 11 Feb, Mar 20 N M begJune M/H 1-6 Apr

M/H 1-6 April; Cyclone clouds - 6-12 June 10 N F end Jan M/h end Jan KEY (mm) 0 L <20 M 21- 50 h 51-100 H 100-250 10 S F floods

Figure 4. Areas of widespread rains, January to June 1992.

13. Simulated breeding was started in early February in the Railway area of Ethiopia and northern Somalia following heavy rains and some flooding in late January (Figs 4 and 5). The model assumptions are that this rain would support three generations. The first generation fledglings are likely to have matured and laid within the

4 Simulating pre-upsurge populations

same breeding area, since the initiating rains were heavy and light rains fell during the hopper stage. Light rains probably fell from clouds seen on imagery in May during the second generation hopper stage. This further suggests that a third generation probably bred in the area from early July. Moderate rains fell sometime in July.

January February March April 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 Rain --hF- L Locusts F1▼--15-20 d--GGG------40 days------III 

April May June July August 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 Rain --?------M------Locusts F2▼--15 d--GGG------30 days------III  F3 ▼ 12 d-GGG------30 days------III 

Figure 5. Inferred breeding in Ethiopia (Railway Area) and northern Somalia, January to August 1992 14. Heavier rain had fallen in northern Somalia and the adjacent parts of Ethiopia than along the Red Sea coasts and so population growth was assumed to be greater. Regular movements of summer swarms from this area are northward on southerly winds through the Danakil to the Eritrean coast or across the Red Sea to Arabia and southwestwards when northeast trades replace the monsoon. Between May and October, a convergence zone forms and traps swarms and presumably non-swarming adults along the escarpment where daytime northerly upslope winds meet the southwest monsoon winds. Consequently, locusts are unlikely to have emigrated until October. In 1992, southerlies blew on several days between 8 and 27 October, before the northeasterlies became established, and again in some days during November. No survey data exist to test the destination of these simulated populations and it is just possible that scattered locusts and some groups moved northwards to the Red Sea Coast. Inferred breeding in the Sudan and western Eritrea, June to December 1992 15. This section concentrates on events in the Sudan because virtually no data exist for eastern Chad and western Eritrea to assess their role. Summer rainfall started early in the interior of the Sudan. Widespread, above average rains fell in June, July and August suggesting that three generations were able to breed in some areas from early June until December (Fig. 6). Survey teams saw very few locusts between June and September. The copulating and laying groups that they saw at Derudeb (1703N/3605E) from the first week of October and at Shendi (1642N/3326E) later in the month accord well with the inferred laying by F3 (Fig. 6). Locust maturing on the early July rains and laying in mid July would have emigrated in November and could have provided the swarms that laid eggs on the Red Sea in mid November. This presumed 30 day spread of laying shown in Figure 6 is about ten days longer than that assumed to occur between the first and third egg pods being laid.

May June July August September 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24

-M- ---H-- -L/M----|------H------|------L------|

F1▼-12 d-GGG------30days------III  F2▼-12 d-GGG------30days------III F1▼-12 d-GGG------30days------III  F2▼-12 d-GGG---- -

October November December 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 no further rains

F3▼-12 d-GGG------40 days------III  ------III 

Figure 6. Inferred breeding in the Sudan, June to December 1992 16. Model assumptions gave high multiplication rates in the Sudan particularly during the second generation and suggest that some small swarms would have formed. Some of the second generation progeny would have migrated to the western Red Sea coast in October and November as is normal. Others were assumed to continue a high rate of multiplication in the interior and to emigrate to the coast in mid December. Reports of groups

5 Appendix 3

breeding at Derudeb and Shendi confirm population increases in the first generation and that a second generation bred in the interior. The sighting of swarms laying in December near Suakin and the Eritrean border possibly indicates emigration of the second summer generation from the interior. Origins of swarms in Saudi Arabia, November 1992 17. This next two sections follow population developments in Arabia away from the Red Sea coast where widespread rains were recorded in spring and early summer 1992 (Fig. 4). It suggests that these populations did not contribute to summer breeding on the Tihama or to the populations seen near Jeddah in November 1992. Inferred breeding in Oman and southern Yemen, spring 1992 18. Rain fell frequently in Oman along the Batinah coast from late January to early April. In April, rain also fell the southern part of Oman and Yemen (Fig. 4). The model interprets this as indicating that two generations would breed along the Batinah coast and that there would be a single generation after the April rains in southern Oman and Yemen (Fig. 8). Only scattered locusts were predicted to emigrate in June. This is greater than the level of populations seen during survey in Oman, for only a single locust was seen on the Batinah coast in January and none in subsequent surveys between March and May. No survey reports are available for southeastern Yemen.

January February March April 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26 2 9

-L- L/h L/F L -M/H --?

Batinah coast F1▼---20 days--GGG------37 days------III

April May June July 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16

 F2MMM-12 d-GGG------30 days------III  Batinah coast

F1▼---15 d--GGG------30 days------III  S Yemen, S Oman

Figure 8. Inferred breeding in Oman and southern Yemen, February to June 1992 19. Clouds, likely to produce rain, were observed in Hadhramaut and neighbouring parts of the Rub al Khali, Saudi Arabia in three periods. No confirmatory rainfall totals exist for the first two periods; 6-10 June and the last decad of July and the model assumes that these areas experienced light falls. Heavy falls were measured during the third period, the first two decads of August. Any immigrants from Oman and from southern Yemen were assumed to augment local locusts in the Hadhramaut and neighbouring areas of the Rub al Khali from early to mid July. This simulation assumes that areas wetted in early June may have begun to dry out, so that few of the early immigrants would have bred in mid-July. Consequently, maturation and laying were started in late July after further rainfall.

June July August September 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24

--?- ---?---|------h------|

  F1 ▼-12 d-GGG------32 days------III  F2

October November December 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10

M/h

▼-12 d-GGG------40 days------III 

Figure 10. Inferred breeding in the Hadhramaut and neighbouring Saudi Arabia, July to November 1992 20. The July and August rains were assumed to be heavy enough to prevent most of the progeny emigrating in late September (Fig. 10). The population would have increased in both generations but would have remained too small for widespread gregarization to be likely. In addition, the second generation fledged too late to have

6 Simulating pre-upsurge populations

contributed to the original sighting of laying swarms in Saudi Arabia in mid-November. No survey data exists to test these model outputs. Inferred breeding on the Saudi and Yemen Tihamas, January to November 1992 21. This section suggests that Saudi Arabia was probably invaded from Eritrea and, or the Sudan in November 1992 because populations on the Tihama were too small to have produced the swarms seen. Winter rains on the Tihamas of Saudi Arabia and Yemen were insignificant until January 1992 when moderate to heavy rains fell (Fig. 11). Then light rain fell on 3 February and 16 March, but no more significant rain fell until the unusual rains in July and August, that affected both sides of the Red Sea. January February March April 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30

------M/h ------L L

F1▼---20 days--GGG------46 days------III  F2▼--15 d- GGG---

May June July August Sep 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3

------?------|-----M/h-----

---30 days------III  F3▼-12 d-GGG------30 days

September October November Dec 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3

---L------L------

------III  F4▼-12 d-GGG------30 days------III 

Figure 11. Inferred breeding on the Saudi and Yemen Tihamas, January to November 1992

22. Rainfall in January was sufficient to promote moderate population growth. Model assumptions are that the light rain in March ensured that breeding continued in the same general area but that numbers would have fallen. Most F2 fledglings were assumed to emigrate to summer breeding areas leaving a minimal recession population to breed on the unusual summer rains. In this simulation, summer breeding began in early August. The resulting population would have been too small in November 1992 to account for the swarms seen laying. Populations in summer breeding areas of the Yemen were too small and fledged too late and so the most likely source of these mid-November swarms was the Sudan or Eritrea (Fig. 3). Their maturity suggests that some of the F5 parent generation (Fig.3) crossed the Red Sea.

7

APPENDIX 5. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronyms and abbreviations

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ALRC Anti-Locust Research Centre, UK (now part of NRI) ARTEMIS Advanced Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Information System BHC Benzene hexachloride CD Compact disk CET Commission d’étude de la toxicité des produits antiparasitaires à usage agricole CILSS Comité Inter-états pour la Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel COPR Centre for Overseas Pest Research DLC see DLS DLCC Desert Locust Control Committee DLCO.EA Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa DLIS Desert Locust Information Service DLS & DLC Desert Locust Survey and Control ECLO Emergency Centre for Locust Operations at FAO EMPRES Emergency Prevention System [for Transboundary and Plant Pests and Diseases] ENS Exhaust Nozzle Sprayer EPTA Expanded Program of Technical Assistance at FAO ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute EVI Enhanced Vegetation Index FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fig. / Figs Figure / figures FTP File Transfer Protocol GDP Gross domestic product GIS Geographical Information System GPS Global Positionaing System IGR Insect Growth Regulator IPM Integrated pest management IRI International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, USA ITCZ Inter-tropical frontal system NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NOAA-AVHRR National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced very High Resolution Radiometer NRI Natural Resources Institute, UK (formerly ALRC and COPR) OCLA Organisation Commune de Lutte Antiacridien OCLALAV Organisation Commune de Lutte antiacridien et de Lutte antiaviaire ONAA French Office National antiacridien Para. / paras Paragraph / paragraphs PC Personal computer PRG Pesticide Referee Group RAMSES Reconnaissance and Management System of the Environment of Schistocerca SWIR short-wave infrared channel SWARMS Schistocerca WARning and Management System TAC Technical Advisory Committee UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ULV Ultra low volume spraying UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization UNSF United Nations Special Fund (later UNDP) US[A] United States of America UTC Coordinated Universal Time WHO World Health Organization

APPENDIX 5. GAZETTEER

Gazetteer

GAZETTEER The gazetteer contains the latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes of towns mentioned in Chapter 2.

Abu Dhabi 24o27N 54o23E Ma’an 30o11N 35o43E Abu Shaddad 18o30N 46o50E Mait 10o58N 47o05E Aden 12o50N 45o03E Marib 15o33N 45o21E Agadez 17o00N 07o56E Massawa 15o37N 39o28E Ahwar 13o25N 46o45E Mecca 21o26N 39o49E Akjoujt 19o44N 14o20W Mersa Teclai 17o45N 38o40E Al Bayda 13o58N 45o43E Midi 16o19N 42o48E Al Hadd 14o49N 46o59E Mukalla 14o34N 49o09E Aqiq 18o12N 38o12E Mugshin 19o40N 54o57E Atbara 17o42N 34o00E Musmar 18o06N 35o40E Bajil 14o58N 43o14E Nacfa 16o40N 38o30E Beihan 14o48N/45o44E Najran 17o30N 44o10E Benghazi 32o02N 20o05E Nisab 14o31N 46o30E Beni Abbès 30o08N 02o10W Nuqub 14o59N 45o37E Bir Moghrein 25o10N 11o35W Ok 08o55N 46o37E Boroma 09o56N 43o11E Ouargla 31o57N 05o20E Buraimi 24o15N 55o45E Oyo 21o55N 36o06E Derudeb 17o31N 36o07E Port Sudan 19o38N 37o07E Dhahran 26o18N 50o05E Qunfidah 19o09N 41o07E Dire Dawa 09o35N 41o50E Rabigh 22o48N 39o02E Duba 27o19N 35o46E Ras el Khaima 25o48N 55o56E Dubai 25o14N 55o17E Riyadh 24o39N 46o46E El Abr 16o08N 47o14E Riyan 14o40N 49o20E Elayu 11o15N 48o54E Sada’a 16o57N 43o46E El Wajh 26o14N 36o28E Sana'a 15o21N 44o12E Garoe 08o24N 48o29E Salalah 17o00N 54o04E Geneina 13o27N 22o30E Shabwah 15o22N 47o05E Halaib 22o16N 36o35E Shamli 26o48N 40o14E Hali 18o38N 41o22E Shendi 16o41N 33o22E Harar 09o20N 42o10E Shuqra 13o21N 45o42E Hargeisa 09o31N 44o02E Sirakoro 12o40N 09o10W Heis 25o20N 49o34E Sohar 24o48N 56o06E Hodeidah 14o48N 42o57E Suakin 19o08N 37o17E Hofuf 13o58N 44o12E Sulaiyil 20o27N 45o35E Ibb 10o53N 46o54E Sur 22o34N 59o32E Iferouane 19o04N 08o20E Tabelbala 29o23N 03o15W In Abangarit 17o54N 06o03E Taif 21o15N 40o21E In Salah 27o12N 02o29E Taiz 13o33N 44o03E Jeddah 21o30N 39o10E Tamanrasset 22o50N 05o58E Jizan 16o56N 42o33E Thiès 14o49N 16o52W Kaolack 14o09N 16o08W Tokar 18o27N 37o41E Karrin 10o49N 45o47E Tripoli 32o58N 13o12E Kassala 15o24N 36o30E Umm Lajj 25o03N 37o17E Khabb Oasis 16o43N 45o44E Wadi Halfa 21o55N 31o20E Kuwait 29o20N 48o00E Wad Medani 14o24N 33o29E Las Dureh 10o10N. 45o00E Wakiro 15o40N 39o15E) Las Khoreh (11o10N/48o13E Yanbo 24o07N 38o04E Lodar 13o53N 45o52E Zouerate 22o44N 12o21W Lith 20o10N 40o20E

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