DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Steam, Cannon and Wires The Royal Navy and British Imperialism in Northeastern Africa, 1799-1899 Fargher, James Andrew Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Steam, Cannon, and Wires: The Royal Navy and British Imperialism in Northeastern Africa, 1799-1899 James A. Fargher Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in War Studies King’s College London, University of London September 2018 Word Count: 93,848 Table of Contents Steam, Cannon, and Wires: .................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Charts & Figures........................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Historiography ................................................................................................................................... 14 Studies and Theories of Imperialism ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Study of Imperial Defence ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 Red Sea & Gulf of Aden ........................................................................................................................................................... 28 Scholarship on the Royal Navy and Military Campaigns in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden .................................................... 31 Research Challenges & Outlook ......................................................................................................... 35 Chapter I ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Napoleon ........................................................................................................................................... 46 The Salt Expedition .................................................................................................................................................................. 53 Diplomatic Efforts in the Gulf ............................................................................................................. 56 Aden .................................................................................................................................................. 59 Abyssinia ............................................................................................................................................ 61 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter II .............................................................................................................................................. 68 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 68 France and the Origins of Imperial Defence ....................................................................................... 70 Fortifications At Home ....................................................................................................................... 73 Maritime Defences Abroad ................................................................................................................ 78 Intellectual Anxiety and the Philosophy of Decline ............................................................................. 80 Colomb and Imperial Defence ............................................................................................................ 82 Froude, Seeley and the Strategic Culture of Empire ........................................................................... 93 Sea Lines .......................................................................................................................................... 105 The Carnarvon Commission of 1879 ................................................................................................ 108 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 111 Chapter III ........................................................................................................................................... 113 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 113 Shipping & Lights ............................................................................................................................. 115 The Opening of the Suez Canal ........................................................................................................ 123 Undersea Telegraph Cables .............................................................................................................. 134 The mid-Victorian Royal Navy in the Red Sea ................................................................................... 140 Perim & Socotra ............................................................................................................................... 150 Egypt’s African Empire and Indirect British Control .......................................................................... 159 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 172 Chapter IV ........................................................................................................................................... 175 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 175 The State of Egypt and the Egyptian Sudan ...................................................................................... 177 The Mahdist Revolt of 1881 ............................................................................................................. 183 The Revolt Spreads East ................................................................................................................... 186 The British Position .......................................................................................................................... 187 The Battle of El Teb and the Changing Military Calculus in the Region ............................................. 196 The Suakin Expeditions .................................................................................................................... 207 Instability in the Wake of the Collapse of the Egyptian Colonial Empire ........................................... 225 Creation of British Somaliland .......................................................................................................... 227 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 232 Chapter V ...........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Marine News Iucn Global Marine and Polar Programme
    MARINE NEWS IUCN GLOBAL MARINE AND POLAR PROGRAMME ISSUE 12 - NOVEMBER 2015 Climate Change Adaptation Special MARINE NEWS Issue 12 -November 2015 In this Issue... IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme 1 Editorial Rue Mauverney 28 By Pierre-Yves Cousteau 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel +4122 999 0217 Fax +4122 999 0002 2 Overview of the GMPP www.iucn.org/marine 4 Global Threats Editing and design: Oceans and Climate Change, Alexis McGivern © Pierre-Yves Cousteau Ocean Warming, Ocean Acidifi- Back issues available cation, Plastic pollution The ocean is our future; for better or externalisation of environmental costs beginning of the “digitization of the at: www.iucn.org/about/ for worse. (to abolish the business practice of Earth”. How will Big Data shape con- work/programmes/marine/ deferring onto society and natural servation, sustainable development gmpp_newsletter “There are no passengers on space- capital all the negative impacts of and decision making? 12 Global Coasts ship Earth. We are all crew.” - Mar- economic activities), and the cogni- Front cover: © XL Catlin shall McLuhan, 1965. tive frameworks and values that we We are living a fascinating time, where Blue Solutions and Blue Forests, are conditioned for by mainstream the immense challenges mankind fac- Seaview Survey The advent of agriculture over 10,000 media and politicians (obsession with es are matched by the technological Vamizi, Maldives, WGWAP, BEST years ago had a profound socio-eco- financial success, personal image ability to innovate and adapt. The bar- Top picture: A fire coral be- Initiative nomic impact on mankind. Today and hedonism). These challenges riers that hold us back from designing fore and after bleaching.
    [Show full text]
  • Mundella Papers Scope
    University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives Ref: MS 6 - 9, MS 22 Title: Mundella Papers Scope: The correspondence and other papers of Anthony John Mundella, Liberal M.P. for Sheffield, including other related correspondence, 1861 to 1932. Dates: 1861-1932 (also Leader Family correspondence 1848-1890) Level: Fonds Extent: 23 boxes Name of creator: Anthony John Mundella Administrative / biographical history: The content of the papers is mainly political, and consists largely of the correspondence of Mundella, a prominent Liberal M.P. of the later 19th century who attained Cabinet rank. Also included in the collection are letters, not involving Mundella, of the family of Robert Leader, acquired by Mundella’s daughter Maria Theresa who intended to write a biography of her father, and transcriptions by Maria Theresa of correspondence between Mundella and Robert Leader, John Daniel Leader and another Sheffield Liberal M.P., Henry Joseph Wilson. The collection does not include any of the business archives of Hine and Mundella. Anthony John Mundella (1825-1897) was born in Leicester of an Italian father and an English mother. After education at a National School he entered the hosiery trade, ultimately becoming a partner in the firm of Hine and Mundella of Nottingham. He became active in the political life of Nottingham, and after giving a series of public lectures in Sheffield was invited to contest the seat in the General Election of 1868. Mundella was Liberal M.P. for Sheffield from 1868 to 1885, and for the Brightside division of the Borough from November 1885 to his death in 1897.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 MARCHISIO, GIULIO How to cite: MARCHISIO, GIULIO (2012) Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7323/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 Giulio Marchisio This thesis analyses the rise of private armaments firms in Great Britain and in Italy from mid-19th century to the outbreak of the First World War, with a focus on naval armaments and military shipbuilding. During this period, the armaments industry underwent a radical transformation, moving from being based on public-owned arsenals and yards to being based on private firms – the system of military procurement prevalent today.
    [Show full text]
  • Gladstone and the Fenians
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1987 The politics of disestablishment : Gladstone and the Fenians Robert Emmett Lanxon Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lanxon, Robert Emmett, "The politics of disestablishment : Gladstone and the Fenians" (1987). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3717. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5601 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Robert Emmett Lanxon for the Master of Arts in History presented July 16, 1987. Title: The Politics of Disestablishment: Gladstone and the Fenians. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Ann Weikel, Chairman Charles A. Le Guin Michael F. Reardon -=.v Cf) Reece In early 1868 William E. Gladstone presented several bills in Parliament to disestablish the Church of Ireland. Prior to 1868 Gladstone had stated his opposition to the official connection between the Church of Ireland and the State. Gladstone, however, had also claimed that he was not in favor of immediate action and instead advocated restraint in attacking the Church of Ireland. The 1860's also saw the rise of the Fenian organization. The Fenians were dedicated to the overthrow of English rule in Ireland and the 2 establishment of an Irish republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs of Hydrography
    MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Economists' Papers 1750-2000
    ECONOMISTS’PAPERS 1750 - 2000 A Guide to Archive and other Manuscript Sources for the History of British and Irish Economic Thought. ELECTRONIC EDITION ….the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the“ world is ruled by little else. “Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist.’ John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) ECONOMISTS’ PAPERS 1750-2000 THE COMMITTEE OF THE GUIDE TO ARCHIVE SOURCES IN THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN 1975 R.D. COLLISON BLACK Professor of Economics The Queen’s University of Belfast A.W. COATS Professor of Economic and Social History University of Nottingham B.A. CORRY Professor of Economics Queen Mary College, London (now deceased) R.H. ELLIS formerly Secretary of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts LORD ROBBINS formerly Professor of Economics University of London (now deceased) D.N. WINCH Professor of Economics University of Sussex ECONOMISTS' PAPERS 1750-2000 A Guide to Archive and other Manuscript Sources for the History of British and Irish Economic Thought Originally compiled by R. P. STURGES for the Committee of the Guide to Archive Sources in the History of Economic Thought, and now revised and expanded by SUSAN K. HOWSON, DONALD E. MOGGRIDGE, AND DONALD WINCH with the assistance of AZHAR HUSSAIN and the support of the ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY © Royal Economic Society 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Port Essington
    Port Essington The historical archaeology of a north Australian nineteenth century military outpost Jim Allen Studies in Australasian Historical Archaeology Volume 1 Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology Published by SYDNEY UNIVERSITY PRESS University of Sydney Library www.sup.usyd.edu.au In association with the Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology © 2008 Sydney University Press Reproduction and Communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act, no part of this edition may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or communicated in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All requests for reproduction or communication should be made to Sydney University Press at the address below: Sydney University Press Fisher Library F03 University of Sydney NSW 2006 AUSTRALIA Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-1-920898-87-8 ASHA Editorial Board Professor David Carment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory. Dr Eleanor Casella, Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Dr Sarah Colley, Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales. Emeritus Professor Graham Connah, Australian National University. Dr Clayton Fredericksen, Heritage Division, Dept of the Environment & Water Resources, Canberra, ACT. Dr Susan Lawrence, Senior Lecturer, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria. Professor Tim Murray, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria. Dr Neville Ritchie, Waikato Conservancy, Dept of Conservation, Hamilton, New Zealand. General Editor Mary Casey Monographs Editor Martin Gibbs Publications Committee Mary Casey Martin Gibbs Penny Crook Andrew Wilson Cover Illustrations 1. Blockhouse and breastworks on Adam Head. Note magazine to the left of the structure. Watercolour by Owen Stanley, entitled The Fortress at Port Essington. Mitchell Library PXC 281 f.119.
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare and the State, 1450–1900
    Chapter Title: Warfare and the State, 1450–1900 Book Title: War and the World Book Subtitle: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000 Book Author(s): Jeremy Black Published by: Yale University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctt1npk2b.13 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Yale University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to War and the World This content downloaded from 79.147.42.147 on Sat, 06 Jun 2020 05:03:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 8 Warfare and the State, 1450-1900 War as the cause, course and consequence of state-building is an established and cur­ rently fashionable means of approaching history among both historians and political scientists: war equals state-building and state-building equals war. In place of an organic, or alternatively episodic, account that might focus on socio-economic trends or constitutional-political developments centring on domestic situations, war offers an explanatory model that makes it possible to relate international and domestic spheres and to align state-building - a central, structural feature of contemporary political society - with chronological specifics: the derails of conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tayf - the Soqotra Newsletter
    July 2005 ISSUE 2 Tayf - the Soqotra Newsletter Issued By FRIENDS OF SOQOTRA and SOCOTRA CONSERVATION FUND Soqotra Nomination as a World Heritage Site UNESCO has formally established a small Task Force in charge of assisting Yemen in finalizing the WHS nomination file for Socotra. UNESCO has assigned Dr Mario Caruso, Italian Architect, who has significant experience in preparing successful UNESCO World Heritage Sites nomination files for high-profile Tsunami damage in Mifrahin. Photo SCF. SCF. Photo in Mifrahin. damage Tsunami cultural sites in Italy. Edoardo and Asian Tsunami – Impacts on Soqotra Teresa Zandri are also on the initial Task Force. SCDP, SCF and FoS are Leaving a trail of destruction behind, waves generated by the East Asian seaquake all offering support to this important moved through the Indian Ocean at high speed, hitting the Maldives on their way, venture. which reduced the energy of the northern part of the tsunami before it reached the southern coast of Soqotra. The wave crashing into East Africa (mainly Somalia and Kenya) passed just below the island, but the energy with which it hit in the south-eastern coast (Noged) was high enough to have a profound effect on local fishing communities. The wave hit the south coast about 5 pm on Sunday evening. Along the north coast there was just a swelling of the tide which came up over the beach in an unusual manner. At Qalansiya the sea went out just before the swell came in, and a boy (Salim Abdullah Salim Al Qiyssi, from the Qalansiyah Directorate was killed; about 5 years old) was drowned trying to run out and pick up stranded fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Under Crescent and Star
    THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^^H m ' '- PI; H ; I UNDER CRESCENT AND STAR BY LIEUT. -COL. ANDKEW HAGGAKD, D.S.O. ' AUTHOR OF 'DODO AND I," TEMPEST -TORN,' ETC. WITH PORTRAIT WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCXCV DT 107.3 TO ALL MY OLD COMRADES WHO FOUGHT OR DIED IN EGYPT. ANDREW HAGGARD. NAVAL AND MILITARY CLUB, November 1895. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE " Learning Arabic The 1st Reserve Depot Devils in hell "- " " " Too late for the battle We don't want to work The dear old false prophet" The mosquitos' revenge on the musketeers . 1 CHAPTER II. Cairo The domestic ass Security in the city The Khedive on Tommy Atkins Bedaween on the road Parapets and pyramids Alexandria . .14 CHAPTER III. Old Egyptian army worthless How disposed of under Hicks Pasha and Valentine Baker Baker's disappointment Sir Evelyn Wood to command Constitution of the new Egyp- tian army Officers' contracts Coetlogou The Duke of Sutherland Medals and promotions Sugar-candy . 23 CHAPTER IV. Formation of the new army How officered Difficulties of lan- guage and drill The music question We conform to Ma- homedan customs Big dinners The Khedive's reception Lord Dufferin's pleasant ways . .39 Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. The Duke of Hamilton and Turner His kindness to the Shrop- shire Regiment The Khedive at Alexandria The officers visit him on accession day Ramadan begins Drilling at night We make cholera camps and cholera hospital Win- gate's good work Turner's pluck and peculiarities The epidemic awful in Cairo Death lists at dinner Devotion of .
    [Show full text]
  • The Pioneer Research Journal
    The Pioneer Research Journal An International Collection of Undergraduate- Level Research Volume 2 2015 The Pioneer Research Journal An International Collection of Undergraduate-Level Research Contents Contributing Readers. iii Foreword. ix Selection Process. xi Effects of Aerobic Exercise on the Hippocampus (Neuroscience) . 1 Author: Hugo Taro Blázquez Yamagishi School: IES San Mateo – Madrid, Spain Pioneer Seminar: Understanding the Sense of Touch The Dynamics of Movie Selection: A Study of Social Contagion Using the Revised SI Model Based on Word of Mouth (Computer Science) . 37 Author: Xiangting Chen School: The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University – Guangzhou, China Pioneer Seminar: Networks: from Searching the World Wide Web to Slowing the Spread of Infectious Diseases Adolescent Decision Making: Neuroscientific Basis of Risk-Taking Behavior in the Developing Brain (Neuroscience) . 71 Author: You Jin Jung School: Korea International School – Seoul, South Korea Pioneer Seminar: The Socioemotional Brain and Decision Making The Effect of Diffraction Aperture Structure on Reciprocal Space (Physics). 103 Author: Eren Kafadar School: Robert College – Istanbul, Turkey Pioneer Seminar: Optical Diffraction Patterns v The Hidden Key to Success: How Saudi Arabia’s Economic Needs are Expanding Women's Rights (Culture Studies). 111 Author: Mae Kirkpatrick School: Hockerill Anglo-European College – Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Pioneer Seminar: Women’s Rights in the Middle East and South Asia Which Model is Feasible for Hong Kong? A Comparison among the Democracies in Britain, Mainland China, and Hong Kong (Political Science). 137 Author: Zhimin Lin School: The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University – Guangzhou, China Pioneer Seminar: Comparative Political Institutions of the World The Difference between Oversampling and Undersampling: The Proving of the Nyquist Sampling Theorem (Physics).
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptio Peregrinationis Georgii Huszthii
    Creating A Value‐Added Text: Descriptio peregrinationis Georgii Huszthii Gorana Stepanić Juraj Dobrila University of Pula [email protected] Key Words: Quoting Classics, 16th‐Century Travel Literature, Latin Travel Report, Georgius Huszthius, Juraj Hus 1. The traveller and his report Georgius Huszthi (Husthius, Hus, Hwz) (?‐ after 1566), a native of the village of Rasinja in Northern Slavonia, today in Croatia (thus called de Rasinia; de Rasinya; Rasciniensis), was educated in the humanist curriculum in Pécs, Hungary. As a young man (1532) he was abducted from his patria by a Turkish army on their retreat from an unsuccessful military campaign to the western Hungarian city of Köszeg. Taken to Constantinople as a slave, he spent the next ten years (1532‐1542) in the Muslim Near East, first as a slave, then as a military trumpeter, and finally as a pilgrim. Several years after he returned home, he wrote a Latin report about his travels. This has been preserved in two manuscript versions: one, entitled Georgii Huz peregrinatio Hierosolimitana and dated November 10, 1548 Posonii (Bratislava), is preserved in the Hofbibliothek in Vienna. It is a copy of the text the author claims to have sent to Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg in the same year (Huszthi 1881, 3). Much later, in 1566, Huszthi wrote a new, expanded and more elaborate version of his voyages and dedicated it to Hieronymus Beck, Ferdinand’s counsellor. The manuscript of the latter version has been preserved in the Vatican Library. [1] None of the versions were printed at the time: they had to wait to be published in 1881 by a Croatian academic Petar Matković.
    [Show full text]