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Publication No. U-3237 FINAL REPORT STUDY of THE Publication No. U-3237 FINAL REPORT STUDY OF THE AUTOMATED BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PROJECT DEFINITION VOLUME V OF Vl EXOBIOLOGY BIBLI OGRAPHY Prepared for: Bioscience Programs Division Office of Space Science and Applications NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C, Under Contract: NASw-1065 Reporting Period: 10 August 1964 - 10 August 1965 Prepared by: Temple _. Neumann, Program Engineer Approved by: William Hostetler, Program Manager 10 September 19 65 AERONUTRONIC DIVISION OF PHILCO CORPORATION FORD ROAD/NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA FOREWORD This bibliography contains 425 annotated references dealing with various aspects of the problem of detecting extraterrestrial life. Due to the wide range of material that can be included in a bibliography of this kind, no attempt has been made to do an exhaustive study of any one phase of the problem. Rather, the emphasis has been on the variety of techniques and instruments that could prove useful in detecting life outside our planet. The references cited are mainly those compiled from September 1964 to April 1965. The majority of abstracts are those of the authors themselves. When no author abstract was available, one was prepared from the text of the paper cited. CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS - GENERAL .............. 1-1 2 AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUES .................. 2-1 3 CALORIMETRY ...................... 3-1 4 CARBON ANALYSIS .................... 4-1 5 CHROMATOGRAPHY 5.1 General ...................... 5-1 5.2 Gas Chromatography ................ 5-9 5.3 Thin Layer Chromatography ............. 5-23 6 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ................. 6-1 7 FLUORESCENCE STUDIES .................. 7-1 8 GAS ANALYSIS ...................... 8-1 9 INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES ................. 9-1 I0 LIFE .......................... I0-I Ii MACROMOLECULE STUDIES ................. ii-i 12 MARS • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12-1 13 MASS SPECTROMETRY ................... 13-1 ii SECTION PAGE 14 MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ................ 14-1 15 OPTICAL ROTATION STUDIES ............... 15-1 .q(_TT. ('__('%1%T_"PT"I_'TW"KT'T _ Al%TA "r _ To 16-1 17 SPACE PROBES AND STUDIES ................ 17-1 18 SPECTROMETRY 18.1 General ...................... 18-1 18.2 Infrared ..................... 18-3 18.3 Spectrophotometry ................ 18-9 19 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ............. 19-1 2O AUTHOR INDEX .............. 20-1 iii PROCEDURES, INSTRUMENTS AND INFORMATION APPROPRIATE TO THE PROBLEM OF THE DETECTION OF EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL LIFE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTIONI ANALYTICAL METHODS - GENERAL Cassidy, W., NONDESTRUCTIVE NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SMALL PARTICLES, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 119, 318-338, (1964). This report describes procedures and results for the non- destructive neutron activation analysis of particles from various sources. Clifford, W. E., H. Irving, AN ABSORPTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PERCHLORATE BY MEANS OF A NOVEL COLOURED LIQUID ANION EXCHANGER, Anal. Chim. Acta, 3._!INo. I, I-i0 (1964). A novel liquid anion exchanger can be prepared from tetra-n- hexylammonium iodide and Erdmann's salt, (NH4)_o(NH3)2(NO2)4]. When a solution of this quaternary erdmannate in a suitable organic solvent (ema x = 15,700 at 355 m_) is equilibrated with an aqueous solution of a salt, the coloured ermannate ion is displaced to a greater or less extent: the effect decreases in the order CI04-_ CIO 3- > NO 3- > CI- _ S042- etc. The effects of changes in the organic solvent composition, of ionic strength, and of other variables on the position of equilibrium have been studied with a view to defining the optimum conditions for the absorptiometric determination of perchlorate ion (_25_g) in the presence of chlorate and other ions. Methods are proposed for eliminating those ions that form insoluble silver salts and to allow for the presence of subscanciai proportions of chlorate or nitrate ions. l'l Davies, C. W. and A. Narebska, THE BEHAVIOR OF ION-EXCHANGE RESINS WITH MIXED SOLVENTS. PART III. DIOXAN-WATER MIXTURES, J. Chem. Soc., 800, 4169-4172, (1964). Measurements are reported of the uptake of dioxan and water by sulphonic acid resins of varying degrees of cross-linking in the sodium, potassium, and nickel forms. At low molar fractions of water in the solvent, the sorption of water is less the more lightly cross-linked is the resin. Virtually no dioxan is taken up by a resin containing less than one mole of water per equivalent. Espinosa, E., QUICK TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS FOR SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL SERUM PROTEIN SAMPLES. STUDY OF VARIOUS SPECIES SERUM, Anal. Biochem., 9, No. 2, 146-149, (1964). A two-dimensional agar hydrolyzed-starch electrophoresis tech- nique facilitating simultaneous analysis of several serum protein samples in 5 to 6 hr. is described. Results obtained with human, rabbit, dog, rat, mouse, and guinea pig serum protelns are shown. Fester, J. I., W. E. Robinsen, METHOD FOR DETERMINING CARBOXYL CONTENT OF INSOLUBLE CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS, Anal. Chem., 36, No. 7, 1392-1394, (1964). A revision of an ion exchange method for determining carboxyl groups in insoluble carbonaceous materials is described. Addition of a steam distillation step to remove acetic acid as it is formed results in increased speed, better reproducibility and less mineral interference. The authors suggest application of this technique in analysis of pulp, coal, lignin and of other natural and synthetic polymers. Fleck, A., H. N. Munro, THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC NITROGEN IN BIOLOG- ICAL MATERIALS, Clin. Chim. Acta, II, No. I, 2-12, (1965). Methods of estimating nitrogen in samples of biological material have been reviewed. Under almost all circumstances, some form of the KJELDAHL method is the most suitable procedure to apply to biological material. The digestion of the sample in concen- trated sulphuric acid is a critical stage in the KJELDAHL method, and optimal conditions for this step have been defined. The most convenient means of estimatlng the ammonia formed by digestion will depend on the amount of nitrogen in the sample. When the sample contains more than 0.3 mg nitrogen, steam distillation into standard acid is the most suitable procedure. Samples containing smaller amounts of nitrogen can be assayed by colorimetric procedures applied directly to the digest, provided that certain precautions are taken. 1-2 L Frank, W. A., H. D. Kutsche, MOLECULAR DISTILLATION OF THERMALLY SUPER- SENSITIVE LIQUIDS, Anal. Chem., 36, No. 11, 2167-2170 (1964). By using an all-glass apparatus with a special device to dis- tribute the film of the liquid to be distilled, it is possible to distill and separate thermally supersensitive liquids up to a mo]_r.ts1_r _ae_@ht of annroY]n_tplv 9000. _ annAr.1_**e 4Q hr]=_1_ descrlbed._Ne_w results of distillation experiments-are-reported _. The _easons for the unusual separating power at higher molecular weights are discussed. Freeland, L. T. A LOW-LEVEL CARBON-14 COUNTING TECHNIQUE, Anal. Chem., 36, No. 11, 2055-2057 (1964). Liquid scintillation spectrometry has proved very useful in the dating of carbon-14 containing artifacts. However, most carbon- 14 dating methods involve a tedious and usually low yleld preparation of a suitable solvent for liquid scintillation spectrometry, The possibility of isotope effects is present in some of these procedures. This paper describes a technique which circumvents thebefore mentioned limitations. The method requires the combustion of the sample to CO2,absorption of the CO 2 in sodium hydroxide solution, followed by reaction with phenylmagneslum bromide to form benzolc acid. The benzoic acld-C _ is esterified to methyl benzoate. This methyl benzoate is the solvent used in the assay of the sample by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Freeman, R. R., SEPARATION OF CELLS FROM FLUIDS, Biotechnol. Bioeng., _, 87-125 (1964). The selection of a method for the separation of cells from fluids depends on various factors such as the character of the cells, the scale of the operation and the quality of the purified product. The author describes the following methods of cell separation: centrlfugatlon, flotation, filtration, flocculation, freeze, spray and other drying methods, use of ion exchange resins and electro- phoresis. Guinn, V. P., ACTIVATION ANALYSIS, Ind. Res., _, No. 9, 30-36 (1964). The principles of neutron activation are discussed. The author cites the advantages and applications of this method of analysis. 1-3 Hodge, Paul W., F. W. Wright, C. C. Langway, Jr., S_IDIES OF PARTICLES FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN. 3. ANALYSES OF DUST PARTICLES FROM POLAR ICE DEPOSITS, J. Geophys. Res., 64, No. 14, 2919-2931 (1964). A total of 166 dust particles collected principally from Greenland and antarctic ice has been subjected to chemical analysis by the electron-beammicroanalyzer technique. Several have NI/Fe ratios indicative of a meteoritic origin. Th_ r_m_n_ _r_ probably also primarily cosmic in origin. The rate of deposit of opaque spherules is found to be nearly, but not exactly, the same at all geographical locations sampled. Howe, A. F, T. Groom, R. G. Carter, USE OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PROTEIN SOLUTIONS, Anal. Biochem., _, 443-453, (1964). Protein solutions were concentrated quickly, conveniently, and inexpensively using osmotic ultrafiltration against Carbowax 20-M (polyethylene glycol). A small amount of material counter- dialyzed and contaminated the samples being concentrated. This material was eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns in two peaks (one at low ionic strength and one at high ionic
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