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Existence De Deux Nouveaux Épisodes Lacustres Quaternaires

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Existence De Deux Nouveaux Épisodes Lacustres Quaternaires View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Horizon / Pleins textes EXISTENCE DE DEUX NOUVEAUX IZPISODES LACUSTRES QUATERNAIRES DANS L'ALTIPLANO PBRUVO-BOLIVIEN (1) A. LAVENU ("), M. FORNARI ("), RI. SEBRIER (") (2) O.R.S.T.O.AI., Laboratoire de Géodynamique des bassins sédimentaires, Unioersifd de Pau, avenue Phifippon, 62000 Pau (3) O.K.S.T.O.M., Laboratoire de Alirzéralogie, Linioersifd Paul-Sabafier, 59, all6e.s J,- Guesde, 31400 Toulouse (4) CNRS, Laborafoire de Géologie dynamique inferne, Universiié de Paris-.5rrd, Bâf. SOS, Centre d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay RÉSUMÉ On montre l’existence de deux nirveaux lacustres quaternaires (lac Cabana et lac Mataro) antérieurs à ceux déj& GOLlnUS dans l’.&tiplano. Ils se situeraient dans le Pléistocène inférieur. Ces deuz Ppisodes lacustres seraient associés aux stades de retrait de deux glaciations anciennes. On propose un essai de corrtlation entre les diftfërents niveau& lacustres du Quaternaire, les terrasses et surfaces d’ablation associées et les épisodes glaciaires connus en Bolivie et au P&rou. hïoTS-CLÉS : Andes - Altiplano - Quaternaire - Niveaus lacwkres. RESUMEN EXISTENCIA DE DOS NUEVOS PER~ODOS LACUSTRES CUATERNARIOS EN EL ALTIPL~NO PERUANO-ROLIVIANO Se demuesfra la eccistencia de dos niveles lacustres cuaternarios (lago Cabana y lago dlataro) a~lteriorrs a 10s ya conocidos en el Altiplano. Tendrian una edad Pleistoceno inferior. Estos dos episotlios lacustres serian asociados a periodos de déshielo de dos glaciaciones antiquas. Tratamos de establecer correlaciones entre 10s diferentes niveles lacustres del Cuaternario, las terrazas y superficies de erosicin ligadas y 10s periodos glaciales conocidos en Bolivia y Peru. PALABRAS ~LAVES : Andes - Altiplano - Cuaternario - Niveles lacustres. ABSTRACT Two NEW QUATERNARY LACUSTRINE PERIODS IN THE PERUVIAN BOLIVIEN ALTIPLANO Two Quaternary lake levels (Lake Cabana and Lake Mataro) which are older than those observed in the Altiplano would date from lower Pleistocene. These truo lacustrine lxriods would correspond to the recession phases of trvo former glaciations. An attempt is made to correlate the different Quaternary lake levels, the terraces and the related ablation areas with the glacial periods known in Bolivia and Peru. KEY WORDS : Andes - Altiplano - Quaternary - Lake levels. (1) Éhùe réalisée dans le cadre de la Convention signée avec 1'Universidad hfayor de? San Andrea (La Paz). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sb. Gt’ol., vol. XIV, na 1, 1984: 103-114 103 A. LAVENZJ, RI. FORNARI, M. SEBRIER L’A41tiplano est. un grand bassin intrarnont,agneus 3 , des Andes Cent raies (fig. 1) compris entre les Cordilliws Lkcidentale et Orientale. 11 s’f+nd sur h. UN~ kiloinèt.res de long et environ %OO de large, R des altitudes Tariant, de 3 700 ü 4 6OCl mètres. Son drainage est presque exc.lusivement endorbique. Sa partie nord est, owupée par deux grands lacs permanents : les lacs Tit.ica~.a et Poopo (P&ou et Bolivie). Le lac Titic.aea se &verse dans le lac Poopo [J"r l’intermédiaire du rio Desaguadero (37tJ km de Ion~ 0,03 ‘fi1 de pe.nt,e, BOTTLANC;Érf al., 1975). La partie sud est la plus aride (100 rnmjan de prtki- pitat-ion \-et3 220 S au lieu de 600 inni/an vers 17OSj. C’est le domaine de grandes salines : les « salares )) de Gnipasa et Uyuni en Bolivie, Xt.acama au Chili. Le sud de 1’Xltiplano bolkien (Lipez) et. la Puna argentine sont 0ccupPs par une chaîne volcanique. r)ans w \-ast.e kJ%Sin entloréique on observe les restes de t.rois d6pcit.s lacustres tt.agés (et, des surfaces d’abresion) qui at.test.enL de l’extension d’anciens law. L,‘ttude de ce,- polio-lacs et celles faites plus rfkeiunirnt. au P@rou et. en Bolivie sur les glaciations de la Cnrclillfke Orkntale (on dénombre cinq stades) ont. permis d’établir des relations entre les t.rois formations lacust-res et 1~s trois bpisodes glwiaires les @LIS rf+ents. Jusqu’Q maintenantS, on ne connaissait, pas d’esf.en- FIG. 1. -- PoSitioIl d? I'r\ltiphIL» daIlS IX CkIîne CkS hdeS siens lac,uatrrs en relation avec. les glaciat.ions les cr%t.rales.i:R : Cr~crro, C : Cochaùamba,LP : Lac Poopo, I)~L~S ancitmies. LPZ : L:r PRZ,LT : Lac Titicaca, SC : Salar de CoiE-,ûsa,SU : -Aussi, aprés la découverte dans l’Alt.iplano pAruTo- Salar Ll>uni bolivien dr dP[~Ot.s lawstres anc.iens, les rfAsult.ats que nolIs proposons pwnettent d’ttablir entre ces r1ép~~t.s et- les glaciations anciennes des relations et 60 nkt-res au-dessus du niveau actuel du Tit.icaca D ident iqw~ B celles qui ont Pt4 bt,ablies entre les dt!pfX~ (AHLFELI) et, BR.wIsA, 1960). lacustres rkf*nts et. les dernii:res glaciations. Dans la partie Cent>rale de I’Altiplano bolivien, les rnènws auteurs rnerkionnent d’autres dép0ts lacustres. Ce sont. ceux de l’ancien lac. Minchin RAPPELS BIBLI(.)(;RAF’HIQUEs (dkcrits dk 1882, in ~c~m~.~~, 1909j dont le niveau est. bien rnarqub t,out. autour du bassin par un Ixs le d6hlt- CIL1XIXe siècle, ces paléo-lacs et. leurs trottoir A strornat.olit.es caractéristique. t&J"tS, ont, donnb lieu A des études de la part de Enfin (11%1976 FONTES e,t SERVANT décrivent la gbographes et. &ologues : d’C)RRTC+NY (1847), ;ZGhSSIZ formation 1acuAw Tauca, la plus récente connue. (1876). PomÈc~r (l%J5), NEVEWLEMAIRE (19OGj, Plus récemment-, SERVANT (1977), SERVANT et BCIW,~IAN (190!~) Ces premiers t.ral-aux furent, FONTES (1978~ et. SERVANT et SERVANT (1982) suivis par CeUS de r)OtJGLAS (1!>14), SEFVE (lcjlc)- prkisent. le nombre et l’àge de ces extensions 1915), STEINMANN (1929’), THOLL (1927-1928j, TROLL lacustres dans un cont,exte morpho-olimatique en et. FJNJTERWALDER (19Sr?j, Rloox (19393, NEWELL monkant, leurs relations avec les Episodes glaciaires (19-49), AHLFELD (lW\), XHLFEL» et BRANISIA de la Cordillére Orientale (fig. 3). ( 1.960). Ils proposent un système d’évolution des exten- T)ans le nord de l’Altiplan», dans le bassin de sions lacustres basé sur un sc.héma qui fait corres- l’acturl lac Titiwc.a s’est. dbveloppk un paléo-lac : pondre 1e.s maxima des niveaux lacust.res aux 10 lac Ballivian (Forlnation Ulloma en Bolivie, périodes paroxysrrrales de font.e des glaciers. Formation Azangaro au Pérou). Ce lac. a pour limite On reconnaît cinq avanf+es maximales des glaces : sud le seuil Ulloma-Çallapa (fig. 2) (TROLL et ul., glaciation Calvario, 31. Kaluyo, gl. Sorata, gl. Cho- 1935). Les rives de ce lac se trouvaient, 6 entre 40 qu”yapu 1, gl. Choqueyapu .II, et. t.rois étendues ÉPISODES LACUSTRE~ QUATERNAIRES FIG. 2. -Croquis de I’Altiplano bolivien (d’aprèsSERVANT et FONTES,1978). 1 : altitudes sup$rieures h 4 500 m, 2 : altitudes comprises entre 4 000 et 4 500 m, 3 : altitudes comprises entre 3 600 et 4 000 m Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sér. Géol., vol. XIV, no 1, 1984: 103-714 105 A. LAVENU, M. FORNARI, hl. SEBRIER 4 BASSINS SUD BASSIN NORD l Uyun1 > Colpaso , Poopb J ( Titicaco ) PI>ST-GLACIAIRE < GLACIATION CHOO!JEYAP” INTERGLACIAIRE SORATA, CHOWEYAP” GLACIATION B Frti. 3. - Tableau des relations gIaciaires-Iacustres : A : Sc.hBrna skatigraphiquc du Plio-quatermire de I’Alt.iplano des Andes tropicales en Bolivie (SERVANT, 1977). R : Les variations du niveau des lacs au sud et. au nord de I’hltiplano (SERVANT et FONTES, 1978) 106 EPISODES LACUSTRES QUATERNAIRES lacustres majeures : lac Ballivian, lac Minchin, lac En Bolivie, dans les zones de Viacha, Estacion Tauca. Pando et Ulloma, on trouve des sédiments lacustres Selon les derniers auteurs cités, la période lacustre plus anciens que ceux de la formation Ulloma/ Tauca, la plus récente, datée entre 11 000 et Azangaro dans lesquels cette derniirre est emboîtée. 13 000 ans B.P. (Pléistocène supérieur/Holocéne) Ils présentent un fwiès dt’trit-ique le plus souvent correspond au retrait> du dernier stade glaciaire composé de graves, sables et, limons. Nous considérons (Choqueyapu II). Ils ont daté la période lacust,re ces sédiments comme équivalents à reus de l’épisode qui lui est. immédiatement antérieure, le lacust.re lacustre Cabana. Minchin, entre 22 000 et 27 000 ans B.P. environ. Un t,rait morphologique const.ant. à l’ensemble Elle correspondrait au retrait du pénultieme stade de ces dépôts (aussi bien au Pérou, au nord et. nord- glaciaire (Choqueyapu 1). Enfin le lacustre Balli- ouest, du lac Titicaca, comme en Bolivie) est. la vian (Formation Azangaro/Ulloma) du Pléist.océne presence d’une surface sommitalo subhorizontale moyen (Y) correspondrait au recul des glaciers de qui limite ces sédiments à une altitude de 3 900 m. la phase Sorata et serait antérieur a 35 000 ans B.P. C’est le niveau minimum atteint par le paléolac (voir infrn) . Cabana. Vers les reliefs cette surface passe à un Aux grandes périodes post-glaciaires sont associées pédiment. qui recoupe les séries plus anciennes. de grandes surfaces d’abrasion (et des terrasses) Le long de la rive est. du lac Tit.icaca, si les affectant le piedmont occidental de la Cordillère sédiments Cabana n’exist.ent pas, on trouve en Orientale et I’Altiplano. revanche de tres nombreus replat-s attestant de Nos récentes observat,ions permettent donc de l’existence d’une surface d’abrasion dont la cote compléter et de réinterpréter ce schéma d’évolution la plus basse est. 3 900 m. reliant. les épisodes glac.iaires de la Cordillére Orientale et les épisodes lacustres de 1’Altiplano. Les dépôts l«c11st7~~s Mataro NOUVEAUX DIkôTs LACUSTRESCABAN~ ET ~TARO C’est à Mataro Chic0 (fig.
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