O Surgimento Da Música Eletrônica

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O Surgimento Da Música Eletrônica UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES HOMENS, MÁQUINAS E HOMENS-MÁQUINA: O SURGIMENTO DA MÚSICA ELETRÔNICA JULIÁN JARAMILLO ARANGO CAMPINAS-2005 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES Mestrado em Multimeios HOMENS, MÁQUINAS E HOMENS-MÁQUINA: O SURGIMENTO DA MÚSICA ELETRÔNICA JULIÁN JARAMILLO ARANGO Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da UNICAMP como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Multimeios sob a orientação do Prof. Dr José Eduardo Ribeiro de Paiva. CAMPINAS-2005 3 Dedico este trabalho a meus pais, Silvia Arango e Samuel Jaramillo, pelo apóio irrestrito e a confiança depositada em mim. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Esta pesquisa foi financiada pelo programa de créditos reembolsáveis em espécie “Carolina Oramas” do ICETEX (Reg. Bogotá/Colômbia), a partir de Agosto do 2004 e durante um ano. A meu orientador, o Prof. Dr José Eduardo Ribeiro de Paiva, por indicar novos caminhos na minha profissão. Aos professores, Drs, Denise Garcia por me introduzir no pensamento schafferiano e Fernando Iazzetta pelas providências. Aos amigos brasileiros, Lílian, Giuliano, Valério, Ana Rosa, Cynthia e Alexandre por me acolher como um irmão e acreditar em nossa geração. Aos colegas, Nicolau e Debbora pelas discussões e colaborações. Aos amigos colômbianos, Ananay, Tomás e Maurício pela paciência, companhia e complicidade. 5 RESUMO A música eletrônica de pista apresenta-se, no começo da década de 2000, como um fenômeno portador de novos paradigmas para a música, no que respeita à criação, à difusão e à apreciação. Esta pesquisa examina o surgimento deste fenômeno, no começo da década de 1980, a partir do pensamento de Pierre Schaeffer, que fornece uma metodologia apropriada para tal empreendimento. No primeiro e segundo capítulos, estudam-se o entorno tecnológico da música no século XX, o arsenal de ferramentas fabricadas de forma industrializada e o processo social de incorporação destas tecnologias. No terceiro capítulo, disserta-se sobre os desafios estéticos da música eletrônica e as dinâmicas de trabalho que se desenvolvem. Promulga-se, aqui, a emergência de uma nova experiência musical, a que se denomina “discurso da reprodução”. Por último, aprofunda-se no trabalho do grupo de música pop alemão Kraftwerk, como antecessor e elaborador da música eletrônica, assim como exemplo da incorporação da tecnologia ao trabalho em música realizado no século XX. 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................... 9 Procedimentos da música instrumental........................................................ 14 O instrumento de música ......................................................................... 14 A partitura ................................................................................................. 16 O criador diante dos recursos ..................................................................... 18 I INVENÇÕES, INOVAÇÕES E ESPECULAÇÕES NAS PRIMEIRAS DÉCADAS DE INCORPORAÇÃO DOS RECURSOS ELETRÔNICOS ................................................ 21 Sobre a abordagem .................................................................................... 22 Os recursos de difusão .............................................................................. 24 A transdução .................................................................................... 26 A transmissão .................................................................................... 26 O telefone .......................................................................................... 26 O rádio .............................................................................................. 27 O registro .......................................................................................... 31 O fonógrafo ....................................................................................... 31 A fita magnética e a gravação multipista .......................................... 34 Os recursos de geração .............................................................................. 38 O construtor de instrumentos eletrônicos e o meio musical ............. 38 Metodologias de análise dos instrumentos eletrônicos .................. 39 O “audion” ......................................................................................... 41 O Thelarmonium ............................................................................... 42 O Theremin ....................................................................................... 43 Outros instrumentos geradores ......................................................... 46 A repercussão indireta dos primeiros recursos .......................................... 50 II A INDÚSTRIA DE INSTRUMENTOS ELETRÔNICOS .......................................... 53 O novo lugar de concepção: o estúdio ...................................................... 54 Os estúdios de música eletroacústica ................................................ 55 O estúdio da RTF .............................................................................. 58 Do estúdio de gravação ao estúdio de produção ................................ 60 Tecnologia versus indústria ..................................................................... 67 Os sintetizadores de controle de voltagem ....................................... 70 As limitações dos sintetizadores ....................................................... 74 Os microprocessadores ..................................................................... 75 7 Equipamentos digitais ....................................................................... 77 Fabricantes de sons ........................................................................... 81 Musical Instrument Digital Interface ................................................ 84 O computador ................................................................................... 87 O processo ................................................................................................ 92 III ESTÉTICA E DINÂMICA DA MÚSICA ELETRÔNICA ........................................ 96 Escutar .......................................................................................................... 96 A desconcentração do indivíduo ...................................................... 96 O culto à reprodução e a música Disco ....................................... 102 Da “dança” à dança! ......................................................................... 109 Escutar/Fazer ............................................................................................ 110 A dualidade da reprodução, o dj e a música do ready-made ............. 112 Hip-Hop ............................................................................................. 115 Fazer ......................................................................................................... 121 Outros espaços para o autor ............................................................. 122 House ................................................................................................ 126 Techno .............................................................................................. 130 IV KRAFTWERK E A INCORPORAÇÃO DOS RECURSOS ELETRÔNICOS NA MÚSICA POP ......................................................................................................... 134 O rock dos anos 1970 e o circuito anglo-americano ................................. 134 Krautrock e os primeiros álbuns de Kraftwerk ......................................... 136 O advento da sonoridade eletrônica na música pop, mimese ................... 142 Uma música universal ............................................................................... 147 Kraftwerk e o discurso da reprodução ...................................................... 151 Nostalgia ................................................................................................... 156 Simbiose de tradições .............................................................................. 157 CONCLUSÕES ...................................................................................................... 162 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................... 175 8 INTRODUÇÃO Entre o final dos anos 1970 e começo dos 1980 emerge, nos Estados Unidos, um fenômeno musical que prescinde dos instrumentos tradicionais e incorpora recursos eletrônicos como ferramentas de trabalho. Este fenômeno apresenta-se em nossos dias como uma das maiores expressões musicais contemporâneas e reúne públicos que antes se aproximavam de outros repertórios. Nos centros urbanos, uma grande porção do público jovem desenvolve uma nova relação com esta música, uma nova forma de escuta: encontra- se, a cada final de semana, para dançar durante a noite inteira, ao som de um repertório que desconhece, rendendo culto à reprodução eletrônica. Ao mesmo tempo, as produções apresentam características musicais qualitativamente inéditas em termos de concepção, construção e execução. Esta dissertação pretende aprofundar-se nas determinantes técnicas e musicais desse fenômeno, doravante aqui denominado “música eletrônica”. O termo música eletrônica foi utilizado pelos compositores alemães Werner Meyer- Eppler e Herbert Eimert, durante os anos 1950, para definir os experimentos realizados por ele e alguns de seus colegas, no estúdio da NWDR (Nordwestdeutscher
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