ISLJ 2007-3-4 Def
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T h 2007/3-4 e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S p o r t s L a w J o u r n a l THE WATHELET REPORT: Sport Governance and EU Legal Order WADA Doping FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber Broadcasting Rights White Paper on Sport Match Fixing and Corruption 2 0 0 7 / 3 - 4 CONTENTS EDITORIAL 2 ARTICLES Sport Governance and EU Legal Order: Present For Whom the Bell Tolls: Sports or Commerce? and Future 3 Media Images of Sports: Ideology and Identity 46 Melchior Whatelet Sermin Tekinalp Official Statement from WADA on the Vrijman Sports Broadcasting Rights in the United Report 13 States 52 Olivier Niggli John T. Wolohan Interplay Between Doping Sanctions Imposed Sports Broadcasting Rights in India 60 by a Criminal Court and by a Sport Vidushpat Singhania Organization 15 Lauri Tarast South African Measures to Combat Match Fixing and Corruption in Sport 68 Doping in Sport, the Rules on “Missed Tests”, Steve Cornelius “Non-Analytical Finding” Cases and the Legal Implications 19 Gregory Ioannidis Termination of International Employment Agreements and the “Just Cause” Concept in the Case Law of the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber 28 Janwillem Soek PAPERS The European Commission’s White Paper on Female Sport Participation in America: The Sport 73 Effectiveness of Title IX after 35 Years 79 Michal Krejza Cathryn L. Claussen Mass Searches of Sports Spectators in the United States 76 Cathryn L. Claussen OPINION Manifesto: “Stop the doping inquisition!” 84 The “Specificity of Sport” and the EU White Paper on Sport: Some Comments 87 Sports Law - Worldwide Enforcement Power Ian Blackshaw Switzerland? 85 Georg Engelbrecht Formula One in New Legal Battles Off the Track 88 Ian Blackshaw CONFERENCES Conclusions of the 12th IASL Conference 91 Moscow International Conference: “Sports Law - A Review of Developments” 92 2007/3-4 1 BOOK REVIEW European Sports Law - Collected Papers by Stephen Weatherill 93 HISTORY A Law unto Himself. The Lawyer Who Changed the Face of Football 94 DOCUMENTS White Paper on Sport 99 UNESCO International Convention against Independent European Sport Review 106 Doping in Sport 119 European Parliament Resolution on the Future Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention 125 of Professional Football in Europe 113 World Anti-Doping Code 128 Council of Europe Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport 117 ❖ EDITORIAL There have been several recent landmark initiatives relating to the Tilburg (The Netherlands), co-founder and first President of FIFPro, relationship between sport and EU law. First of all, UEFA promoted Professor Klaus Vieweg, Director of the German and International an “Independent European Sport Review”, best known as the “Arnaut Sports Law Research Unit, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, report”, which was published in October 2006. This report strongly Germany, Dr Richard Parrish, Director of the Centre for Sports Law supports the increased autonomy of international sports-governing Research, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom and Dr Stefaan van bodies from EU law. In March 2007, the European Parliament adopt- den Bogaert, Lecturer in European Law, Faculty of Law, University of ed a resolution on “The Future of Professional Football in Europe”, Maastricht, The Netherlands, and other academics and practitioners. the content of which was partly based on the Arnaut report. On 11 July 2007, the European Commission published its “White Paper on We have further received an official response from WADA on Emile Sport”. On 13 July 2007, UEFA issued a joint press statement togeth- Vrijman’s leading article in ISLJ 2007/1-2 entitled “The ‘Official er with other European federations (ice hockey, basketball, handball, Statement from WADA on the Vrijman Report’: Unintentional Proof rugby and volleyball) calling for “firmer conclusions from the to the Contrary?”. We considered it our duty to make this response European Union to aid the future development of sport”. In particu- which was accompanied by the Official Statement’s full text our sec- lar, these federations call for “the appropriate inclusion of sport in the ond leading item. reform treaty”, aimed at “fully recognising the autonomy and speci- ficity of sport as well as the central role and independence of the Further in this issue of ISLJ, the contribution on the White Paper on sports federations in organising, regulating and promoting their Sport by Mr Michal Krejza, Head of the Sport Unit at the European respective sports”. Commission’s Directorate-General for Education and Culture, to the 7th Asser-Clingendael International Sports Lecture in The Hague on In order to contribute to the diversity of the debate, the ASSER 6 September last is published. We proudly confirm that it was the first International Sports Law Centre has commissioned Professor time after its publication that the White Paper on Sport was present- Melchior Wathelet, Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liège and a ed at a seminar to a wider audience. former Member of the European Court of Justice, to analyse the rela- tionship between sport and EU law, particularly in the light of the Finally, we extend a hearty welcome to Professor Paul Anderson, above-mentioned documents. Professor Melchior Wathelet was asked Associate Director of the National Sports Law Institute at Marquette to analyse the findings of the Arnaut report, de lege lata and de lege University Law School, Milwaukee, United States of America, to ferenda, also taking into account the economic and political aspects Professor Wang Xiaoping, Managing Deputy Director of the Research of the issues at stake. Center for Sports Law, China University of Political Science and Law We are very pleased that Professor Wathelet has accepted our invi- (CUPL), to Dr Huang Shixi, Director of the Sports Law Center, tation and has kindly made his expert opinions available to us in this Shandong University, China, to Professor Denis Rogachev, Member ISLJ’s leading article on “Sport Governance and EU Legal Order: of the State Academy of Law, Moscow, Russia, and to Mr Gary Rice, Present and Future”. The Wathelet Report’s content is officially sup- Partner at Beauchamps Solicitors, Dublin, Ireland, as new members ported by Professor Stephen Weatherill, Jacques Delors Professor of of ISLJ’s Advisory Board. European Community Law, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Professor Roger Blanpain, Universities of Leuven (Belgium) and The Editors 2 2007/3-4 Sport Governance and EU Legal ARTICLES Order: Present and Future* by Melchior Wathelet** On the future relationship between governance in European sport and tralised sale, by a federation or a league, or the individual sale, of in particular professional football and the European Union legal order media rights to sporting events; - each Member State applies its Labour law to the contracts conclud- Although sport is part of a healthy lifestyle and is a means of fans ed between professional players and sports employers (football devoting themselves to the game and to competition, it has also clubs, basketball clubs, volleyball clubs, cycling teams etc.); become a professional business and an economic sector in its own - in each Member State, it is usual for ordinary courts to decide - on right. To a greater or lesser extent, depending on the discipline, play- the basis of national law - on conflicts which may arise between the er transfers, infrastructures, media rights, advertising and sponsorship various stakeholders in the sporting arena. This has resulted in a of major national or international events now run into billions of thriving and consolidated jurisprudence. euros or dollars. At a time when a new European treaty is being drafted, when new No claims have ever been made with regard to the fact that this appli- questions are being referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) cation of national law to the sports sector was going against the for preliminary ruling when there are conflicts between players and “autonomy required” by the federations in order to perform their their clubs or clubs and their national or European federation, after duties or that this application could be a source of “legal uncertain- the publication on 11 July 2007 of the EU Commission’s “White ty”. As with all other sectors of society, the sports sector and its pro- Paper on Sport”1, we felt it opportune to focus, both in terms of ‘lege tagonists conform - at national level - to the constraints of the rule of lata’ and ‘lege ferenda’, on European law applicable to professional law. sport and, more especially, football. We will do so by taking as a start- The European Union has no explicit competence conferred on it ing point the so-called Arnaut report, named after its author José Luis when it comes to sport. Arnaut, former deputy prime minister of Portugal and minister of Consequently, it only intervenes in this sector by means of the sport in charge of Euro 2004, entitled the “Independent European implementation of other powers invested in it, particularly with Sport Review” (IESR)2 published in October 2006 as well as the regard to free competition and free movement for persons, services European Parliament resolution on the future of professional football and capital. in Europe3 adopted in March 2007, for commenting on the findings By means of numerous judgments and decisions, the ECJ and the and proposals contained therein as well as, in turn, offering some European Commission have gradually developed a jurisprudence: thoughts and suggestions for the future of relations between the gov- - which ensures that the various stakeholders in the sports sector, ernance of European sport and, more especially, that of football, on including international federations, respect fundamental freedoms the one hand, and the Community legal system, on the other. of movement and competition law; - which, as for all other sectors, including self-employed profession- I.