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PYGMEI HIC HABITANT Myten Om Norden På Kart Frem Til 1600-Tallet — Trond Karlstrøm HIS-3900 Masteroppgave I Historie November 2015

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PYGMEI HIC HABITANT Myten Om Norden På Kart Frem Til 1600-Tallet — Trond Karlstrøm HIS-3900 Masteroppgave I Historie November 2015 PYGMEI HIC HABITANT Myten om Norden på kart frem til 1600-tallet — Trond Karlstrøm HIS-3900 Masteroppgave i historie November 2015 Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap Fakultetet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet «Pygmei Hic Habitant» – «Her bor Pygméer». Kartet på forsiden er en utgave av Gerard Mercators Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio fra rundt 1630. Fra Ultima Thule-samlingen ved Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromsø. Forord Tusen takk til Rune Blix Hagen for uvurderlig hjelp og veiledning under skrivingen av denne oppgaven. Jeg vil i tillegg takke Per Pippin Aspaas og resten ved Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromsø for hjelp og forslag til kartmateriale. Til sist vil jeg gjerne rette en stor takk til familie og venner for støtte og hjelp. Innhold Kapittel 1: Innledning ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1: Introduksjon ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2: Problemstilling og metode ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.1: Kart som kildemateriale ........................................................................... 6 1.2.2: Problemer ved studier av kart .................................................................. 7 1.3: Historiografi ............................................................................................................ 8 Kapittel 2: Trekk ved europeisk kartografihistorie fra antikken til tidlig nytid ....................... 12 2.1: Innledning ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2: Antikken ................................................................................................................ 12 2.3: Antikkens innflytelse på middelalderens kartografi ............................................. 16 2.3.1: TO-kart og sonekart ............................................................................... 17 2.3.2: Mappaemundi, sjøkart og portolaner ..................................................... 19 2.4: Kartografi mot slutten av middelalderen ............................................................... 21 2.5: Renessansens gjenoppdagelse av antikke tekster .................................................. 23 2.6: Tabulae Modernae og nederlandsk kartografi ....................................................... 25 2.7: Oppsummering ...................................................................................................... 28 Kapittel 3: Kartleggingen av Norden i antikken og middelalderen ......................................... 30 3.1: Innledning ............................................................................................................. 30 3.2: Hyperborea – det mytiske nord ............................................................................. 30 3.3: Romerske geografiske beskrivelser av Norden ..................................................... 32 3.4: Forestillingene om Norden i antikkens geografi ................................................... 33 3.5: Norden på kart fra middelalderen ......................................................................... 38 3.5.1: Adam av Bremens forestillinger om nordområdene .............................. 40 3.6: Myten om Norden på mappaemundier .................................................................. 43 3.7: Oppsummering ...................................................................................................... 46 Kapittel 4: Forestillingene om Norden på kart fra 1427 til 1600 ............................................. 47 4.1: Innledning ............................................................................................................. 47 4.2: Renessansen – verden åpner seg ........................................................................... 49 4.2.1: Claudius Clavus – det første kartet over Norden ................................... 49 4.3: Kartleggingen av Norden på 1500-tallet ............................................................... 50 4.3.1: Olaus Magnus – Carta Marina ............................................................... 51 4.4: Antikkens innflytelse på 14- og 1500-tallets kartlegging av Norden ................... 57 4.5: Økende europeisk interesse i Norden .................................................................... 59 4.6: Inngangen til 1600-tallet ....................................................................................... 63 4.7: Forestillingen om Norden i tidlig nytid ................................................................. 66 4.8: Oppsummering ...................................................................................................... 70 Kapittel 5: Tradisjon og Fornyelse – Kartografien på 1500- og 1600-tallet ............................ 72 5.1: Innledning ............................................................................................................. 72 5.2: Skildringen av Norden på 1500-tallet ................................................................... 72 5.3: Gerard Mercator – Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio .................................... 74 5.4: Henricus Hondius – Poli Arctici ........................................................................... 84 5.5: Kartenes rolle i utforskning og handel med Norden ............................................. 86 5.6: Kartenes rolle i statsbygging og territoriell ekspansjon i nordområdene .............. 90 5.7: En ny tid for Nordens kartografi ........................................................................... 93 5.8: Oppsummering ...................................................................................................... 96 Kapittel 6: Konklusjoner .......................................................................................................... 99 6.1: Innledning ............................................................................................................. 99 6.2: Det antikke verdensbildet ...................................................................................... 99 6.3: Myten om Norden på kart ................................................................................... 101 6.4: Kartenes ulike funksjoner ................................................................................... 102 6.5: Hovedkonklusjon ................................................................................................ 103 6.6: Tanker til fremtidig forskning ............................................................................. 104 Kart, kilder og litteratur .......................................................................................................... 105 Kartreferanser ............................................................................................................. 105 Trykte Kilder .............................................................................................................. 109 Litteratur ..................................................................................................................... 111 Webografi ................................................................................................................... 118 Vedlegg: Appendiks – Kart .............................................................................................. i–xxxix Kapittel 1: Innledning 1.1: Introduksjon Norden har siden antikken hatt en spesiell plass i kontinentale europeeres verdensbilde. Det har blitt sett på som et fremmed område langt unna de kjente sivilisasjoner, med ukjente folkeslag, dyr og naturfenomener. Historisk har det eksistert en tradisjon for å anse Norden som et mytologisk sted, noe Peter Stadius i artikkelen “The North in European mental mapping” kaller Imaginatio Borealis, eller «fantasien om Norden».1 En av de tidligste geografiske beskrivelsene av Norden kommer fra den greske Pytheas av Marseilles som rundt år 330–320 fvt. angivelig seilte seks dager nordover fra England og ankom en øy han kalte Thule, et hav dekket av is og et område uten natt, dekket av tåke og konstant hvitt lys.2 Hans beskrivelser av Norden kan være den første kjente skildringen av midnattssolen. Pytheas’ beskrivelser av den ikke-eksisterende øya Thule skulle bli en del av Nordens kartografi i flere hundre år, og er et eksempel på betydningen av antikke kilder i kartleggingen av Norden. De antikke lærde anslo at Thule lå på en breddegrad de kalte Ultima Thule og denne skulle komme til å representere grensen for hvor langt nord det var antatt mulig for mennesker å leve. Begrepet Norden gjennomgikk naturlig nok en dramatisk utvikling fra antikken til tidlig nytid, de gamle grekerne visste for eksempel ikke om den skandinaviske halvøy, eller hvor langt nord Europa strakte seg. Likevel ble de antikke beskrivelsene av “Norden” brukt i lang tid fremover. For eksempel finner man øya Thule på en rekke historiske kart både fra middelalderen og tidlig nytid, blant annet på Herefordmappamundiet3 fra ca. 1290–1300 der man kan se øya Vltima Tile nedenfor Norge (figur 1.1), og på Carta Marina fra 1500-tallet hvor øya Tile ligger nordvest for Orknøyene og sør for Island (figur 1.2).4 Norden var i tidlig nytid et av de siste europeiske områdene som fremdeles beholdt sine mystiske og til dels skremmende hemmeligheter for det europeiske publikum. Mens flere av kartene
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