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Abstracts American Dairy Science Association American Society of Animal Science ABSTRACTS AMERICAN DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE July 24–28, 2000 Baltimore, Maryland * Author Presenting Paper OPENING SESSION ABSTRACTS 2000 Innovation in transferring research into practice. 2001 Governance of innovation in animal production: B.D. Moser*, The Ohio State University. New roles for science, business and the public sector. G. van Dijk*1 and P.W.J. van Boekel2, 1Wageningen University, The Nether- 2 Stakeholder and governmental support for research programs is vital. lands, Nyenrode University, The Netherlands. The best way to garner support: find out what the public wants, deliver that to them, and then let them know that it’s delivered. This is espe- Innovation results from a variety of sources. Although lacking well- cially important given that most of our constituents are no longer food defined and testable theories it is widely held that systematic research producers. almost linearly translates into innovation and enhanced efficiency. The type of innovation effectuated by a system of experimental stations, re- County-based councils and advisory groups are one way to achieve this. search institutes and universities, all with specific core competences, Ongoing and regular discussions with stakeholders through these groups has shown itself as predominantly incremental: improving performance can alert colleges to current needs so that they can tailor work and es- on individual supply chain levels. In this paper, however, it is shown tablish Extension and research priorities for the coming year. Another that market orientation overthrows existing models of innovation: cer- successful model is a high-level advisory council composed of opinion tain market conditions require explorative market learning (e.g. new leaders who provide advice directly to the dean and meet to discuss cur- concepts) instead of exploitative market learning. Concerning strate- rent topics. Once efforts are made to address needs, its imperative to gic research three cost-return concepts can be identified: collectively communicate success stories to constituents, legislators and other lead- financed research - cost-return relationships at society level (lower pro- ers. duction costs, consumer prices); firm financed open knowledge system Teamwork allows most efficient and effective delivery of information. - returns by patentation; closed knowledge system - cost-return rela- Teams that focus on topics of major importance provide a strong service tionships by marketing. Differentiation and change of markets and new to our constituents and illustrate responsiveness. However, traditional demands from supply chain partners press for firm financed innovation. methods of rewarding faculty tend to acknowledge individual accom- Whereas weaker partners favour stable partnerships and contracting, plishments while discouraging team efforts. New reward and tenure sys- and dominant retailers and brand-owning processors strive for flexibil- tems have been developed that honor academic freedom while addressing ity and more freely expressed innovation. Innovation thus increasingly the needs of taxpayers and governing boards. shows itself as an assembly of parts - biotechnology (new techniques Technology can help us meet our goals. Distance education and use of in particular), ICT-services, animal product specification (e.g. tracking the World Wide Web can help us multiply our reach immensely. & tracing), knowledge embodied in products and equipment - put to- gether by enterpreneurial practices of networking. Case studies will be Weve learned from our constituents that globalization is key to our suc- presented which illustrate new innovation practices. Emphasis is put cess. I commend the EAAP and the ASAS/ADSA for working together, on governance methods, effects of enterpreneurial conditions, the role encouraging information and technology transfer across the world. of government (non-marketable public concerns), contract research and business strategies. It is indicated that changes in patterns of innovation Key Words: Support, Teamwork, Rewards fit into the current conversion from old into new economy. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 78, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 83, Suppl. 1/2000 1 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND WELL-BEING AND CONTEMPORARY AND EMERGING ISSUES SYMPOSIUM Livestock Transport: Industry Issues and Research Challenges 1 History and development of European and North recordings), these physiological measurements provide valuable infor- American transport regulations including trade issues . mation on how livestock handling and transportation can be improved T.C. Harris*, AATA - Animal Transportation Association. in the near future. The transport of animals was largely unregulated until the beginning Key Words: Stress, Livestock, Transportation of the 20th century. Pressures from public concern led to the earliest legislation. In general, only amendments were added until the devel- opment of the European Union. This resulted in wider publicity, the 4 Cattle transport: historical and future perspectives. J. removal of border controls, an increase in distances transported, loss of C. Swanson*1 and J. Morrow-Tesch2, 1Kansas State University, Man- control by individual Departments of Agriculture, public concern and hattan, 2USDA-ARS, Lubbock, TX. even civil unrest. Major changes have been introduced in the EU and in the Council of Europe. This will have implications for international Transportation is generally regarded as stressful to cattle since it in- trade. The author will develop these themes, including the Conference cludes both physical and psychological stimuli that may be aversive. Be- highlight ”From Research to Innovation”, and suggest a course of action havior, pathology, and stress physiology are all used to identify stress in for the future. response to transportation. Physiological measures indicate that trans- port of cattle can result in immunosuppression which can lead to in- Key Words: Animal Transport, Legislation, Welfare creased susceptibility to disease and may result in increased pathogen shedding. Empirical evidence shows that the neutrophil to lymphocyte 2 Perspectives on transportation issues. T. Grandin*, Col- ratio is markedly increased when cattle are handled and transported. It orado State University, Fort Collins. has also been observed that social behaviors (butt, push, threat, mount) are reduced by crowding and motion of the truck. Loading, loss of bal- One of the most important issues is starting with an animal that is fit for ance and falling are distressful to cattle. For example, mean heart rates transport. It is impossible to assure good animal welfare during trans- for cattle transported on smooth roads are lower than for cattle trans- port if the animal is unfit. Severely lame or weak, emaciated animals ported on rough country roads or suburban roads with frequent inter- are not fit for transport. Recent figures on the incidence of downer non- sections. Age at transport may also play a role. Young cattle (less than ambulatory cull dairy cows show that the problem has become worse 4 weeks of age) do not tolerate transport as easily as older animals. since 1993. In beef cattle there has been a slight improvement. A major Young cattle do not show a typical physiological stress response as seen factor causing unfitness in some cows and pigs is overselection for milk in older cattle. This evidence, along with mixing practices typical of or meat production. Lameness may be increasing in some high produc- loads of calves, would make these animals more susceptible to disease. ing dairy cows and sows. Modern hybrid pigs which have been selected Various strategies have been attempted to reduce cattle response to for rapid growth, leanness and a large loin area are often prone to stress transportation stress including preconditioning, administration of vita- which causes the pig to become non-ambulatory. Observations at pack- mins, vaccines, feeding high-energy diets and electrolyte therapy. These ing plants indicate that in certain genetic lines the incidence of transit approaches to managing transport stress have met with little success. deads and ”stressor” pigs has increased. Some of these pigs are so frag- Newer methods to reverse the negative physiological and behavioral re- ile that transport insurance is difficult to obtain. These pigs have a sponses to stress are needed. Also, research is needed to elucidate the very excitable temperament which makes loading and unloading a truck relationship of transport stress to the spread of pathogens of concern to more difficult. Another problem area is transport of day old ”bobby” food safety. dairy calves before they can walk. Good management is essential. Tired loading crews or overloading of trucks will increase bruises and injuries. Key Words: Cattle, Transport, Well-being Careful driving and avoiding sudden stops and starts will reduce injuries due to animals falling down. 5 Transportation of cattle in the dairy industry: current Key Words: Animal welfare, Transportation, Slaughter plants research and future directions. S. D. Eicher*, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN. 3 Overview of the biology of stress. E.H. von Borell*, Martin- Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. Traditionally a heifer lived on one farm throughout life. Recently, trans- portation is becoming routine. Heifers are moved off the dairy within Stress is a broad term which implies a threat to which the body needs to the first week of life to separate rearing facilities and then returned to adjust. Stress may be classified as
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