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Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

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Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Mubarak Abdelgabar Abdalhameed Haron B.Sc. in Science and Education, Faculty of Education, University of Zalingei (2004) Postgraduate Diploma in Biosciences and Biotechnology University of Gezira (2008) M.Sc. in Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Gezira (2010) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Gezira in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biosafety) Center of Biosciences and Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology May 2016 1 Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Mubarak Abdelgabar Abdalhameed Haron Supervision Committee Name position signature Dr. Mutaman Ali A.Kehail Main Supervisor ……........…… Prof. Elnour Elamin Abdelrahman Co-Supervisor ....……..……. Date: May 2016 2 Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Mubarak Abdelgabar Abdalhameed Haron Examination Committee Name position signature Dr. Mutaman Ali A. Kehail Chairman ………….…… Prof. Mohammed A. A. Ahmed External Examiner ………………. Prof. Mohamed Yousif Elbeeli Internal Examiner …………….… Date of Examination: 16/ 5 /2016 3 DEDICATION To the Sudanese people and Humanity with gratitude, I dedicate this work. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I am grateful to my God who enabled me to complete this work. With great respect and gratitude, I thank the Management of the University of Zalingei, the University of Geneina and the Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research for the opportunity of the study, I am deeply grateful to my supervisors Dr. Mutaman Ali A. Kehail and professor Elnour Elamin Abdelrahman for their boundless help and guidance throughout the study. Also with the gratitude I thank my family for the unlimited aids and support throughout the study, I deeply thanks my aunt in low Kareema Abdullah and my brother in low Maweia Mohamed Abdurahman for his special aid and support. I also thank the family of the faculty of Engineering and Technology, with great thanks to staff in the laboratory especially to the technician Ansari, Osama and Mubarak for their help and guidance throughout the tests. I am thankful to the family of the Quality Medical Laboratory in Wad Medani, especially the technician Nabeel Elnor Mohamed and the nurse Khalid Abdalnor for their great help in the blood sampling and analysis. 5 Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Cotton Seed Cake on Physiological Aspects and Meat Quality of the Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Mubarak Abdelgabar Abdalhameed Haron Ph.D. in Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biosafety), May 2016 Center of Biosciences and Biotechnology Abstract A genetically modified organisms is that organisms have had DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques. Bt cotton or genetically modified cotton also had altered their DNA by inserting gene coding for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. This study was conducted in Gezira State for evaluation the effects of genetically modified cotton seed on the physiological activity of parent and individuals of the first generation rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed on its cake. The rabbits and the genetically modified cottonseed (GMCS) and control cottonseed (C) were obtained from Wad Medani markets. The rabbits were divided into three groups and fed on GMCS cake, C cake and dried bread. At the end of experimental period (90 days), blood samples were taken to be analyzed for whole blood counts (white cells, red cells, platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes) and for renal (creatinine, urea, Na+ and K+) and liver functions (albumin number, alkalin phosphate (ALP), alanine aminotrans (ALT), aspartate aminotrans (AST), AST\ALT ratio and total bilirubin), then the rabbits were dissected to monitor the condition of the internal organs, also a proximate analysis for meat samples (from muscles). The obtained data were statistically analyzed. It was found that, the GMCS cake decreases the red blood cells (RBCs) (from 5.04 in control to 4.58 x106\µL) and body weight (from a mean of 1645 in control to 1440 g), and also decreases the white blood cells (WBCs) (from 8.63 in control to 5.30 x103\µL). The GMCS cake do not had adversely affects on the liver function indices (f= 0.95; f-crit=5.95), the nutritional content of meats (fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrates: f=0.006; f-crit= 4.46), blood clotting indices (f= 1.03; f-crit=10.13), renal function (f= 0.51; f- crit=161.45). In the first generation, GMCS cake decreases the WBCs indices, renal function, lipid profile and mineral content of meats, and increases the RBCs counts and blood clotting and protein and fat contents of meat. Although that, there were no significant difference ―statistically‖ but ―physiologically‖, there was clear differences between GMCS cake fed rabbit and limits of healthy and control rabbits. The study recommends running comprehensive studies on the physiological effect of GMCS on other large mammals and their subsequent generations. 6 دكخٕزاِ انفهسفت فٙ انعهٕو ٔانخمُٛت انبٕٛنٕجٛت (انسﻻيت انحٕٚٛت ) يإٚ 1026 يسكص انعهٕو ٔانخمُٛت انبٕٛنٕجٛت ملخص الدراسة انكائُاث انًعدنت ٔزاثٛاً ْٙ حهك انكائُاث انخٙ حٕز انـ DNA فٛٓا خﻻل انُٓدست انٕزاثٛت. بٙ حٙ لطٍ أ انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً اٚضاً حٕز انـ DNA فّٛ بإدخال جٍٛ يشفس بسى بكخسٚا انباسهس سٕزَجُٛٛسس نخمهٛم اﻹعخًاد عهٗ انًبٛداث. اُجسٚج ْرِ اندزاست بٕﻻٚت انجصٚسة نخمٛٛى اثس برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً عهٗ انُشاط انفسٕٛنٕجٙ نﻷباء ٔافساد انجٛم اﻷٔل نﻷزاَب انًغرٚت برنك انكٛك. حٛث حى انحصٕل عهٗ اﻷزاَب ٔانمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً ٔانمطٍ غٛس انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً يٍ اسٕاق يدُٚت ٔديدَٙ. ٔحى حمسٛى اﻷزاَب إنٗ ثﻻثت يجًٕعاث ٔ غٌرٚج بانمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً ٔانمطٍ غٛس انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً ٔانسغٛف انجاف، ٔعُد َٓاٚت فخسة انخجسبت )ٚ 90ٕو( أُخرث عُٛاث يٍ دو اﻻزاَب نخحهٛهٓا يٍ حٛث اندو انكايم )خﻻٚا اندو انبٛضاء، خﻻٚا اندو انحًساء، انصفائح انديٕٚت، ٔانُٕٛحسٔفٛم، انهًٛف( ٔنهكهٗ )انكسٚاحٍُٛٛ، انٕٛزٚا، انبٕحاسٕٛو، انصٕدٕٚو( ٔنهكبد )اﻷنبٕٛيٍٛ، ٔاﻷنكانٍٛ فٕسفاث، اٜﻻٍَٛ أيُٕٛحساَس، اﻹسبازحٛج أيُٕٛحساَس، يعدل اﻹسبازحٛج أيُٕٛحساَس إنٗ اٜﻻٍَٛ أيُٕٛحساَس، انبٛهٛسٔبٍٛ انكايم( ثى شُسحج اﻻزاَب نخمصٙ حانت اﻷعضاء انداخهٛت كرنك اُجس٘ انخحهٛم انخمسٚبٙ نعُٛاث يٍ انهحٕو )يأخٕذة يٍ انعضﻻث(. حههج انبٛاَاث إحصائٛاً. ٔجدث اندزاست أٌ كٛكت برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً لههج كسٚاث اندو انحًساء )يٍ 4.05 فٙ انعُٛت انشاْدة إنٗ 106µL×5.48( ٔٔشٌ انجسى )يٍ يخٕسظ 2654 فٙ انعُٛت انشاْدة إنٗ 2550جساو( ٔاٚضاً لههج يٍ كسٚاث اندو انبٛضاء )يٍ 8.68 فٙ انعُٛت انشاْدة إنٗ 103µL×4.80(. كٛك برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً نٛس نّ حأثٛساث يعُٕٚت عهٗ ٔظائف انكبد )f= 0.95; f-crit=5.95( ٔانًكَٕاث انغرائٛت نهحٕو )اندٌْٕ، انبسٔحٍٛ، اﻷنٛاف، انكسبْٕٛدزاث: f=0.006; f-crit= 4.46( ٔعُاصس حجهظ اندو (f= 1.03; f-crit=10.13) ٔعُاصس ٔظائف انكهٗ )f= 0.51; f-crit=161.45). فٙ انجٛم اﻷٔل لهم كٛك برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً يٍ كسٚاث اندو انبٛضاء ٔٔظائف انكهٗ ٔنٕاحك اندٌْٕ ٔيحخٕٖ انًعادٌ فٙ انهحٕو ٔشاد كسٚاث اندو انحًساء ٔعُاصس حجهظ اندو ٔيحخٕٖ انبسٔحٍٛ ٔاندٍْ فٙ انهحٕو. أٚضاً ﻻ حٕجد فسٔق يعُٕٚت إحصائٛاً ٔنكٍ فسٕٛنٕجٛاً حٕجد فسٔق ٔاضحت بٍٛ اﻻزاَب انًخغرٚت بكٛكت برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً ٔ انعُٛت انشاْدة. حٕصٙ اندزاست بإجساء دزاساث يكثفت عهٗ انخاثٛس انفسٕٛنٕجٙ نكٛك برٔز انمطٍ انًحٕز ٔزاثٛاً عهٗ انثدٚاث انكبسٖ ٔأجٛانٓا انًخﻻحمت. 7 List of Contents Item page No. Supervision Committee ……………………………………………….…… i Examination Committee …………………………………..………………. ii Dedication ……………………………………………………...…………. iii Acknowledgment …………………………………………………..……… iv English Abstract ………………………………………………...………….. v Arabic Abstract ………………………………………………….………… vi List of Contents ………………………………………...………………… vii List of Tables …………………………………………......………………. xii List of Appendices ...................................................................................... xiv 1. CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION .............................……………………. 1 2. CHAPTER TWO; LITERATURE REVIEW ..............…………………… 3 2.1- Rabbits ……………………………………………………………..……………….. 3 2.1.1- Rabbit Habitat and Range ………..………….….……………..………………….. 3 2.1.2- Biology ………………………………………………………………............……. 3 2.1.3- Morphology ……………............……………………………….….……………… 4 2.1.4- Ecology ……………………...........……………………………….……………… 4 2.1.5- Digestive System (Gastrointestinal System) ……………...............….……..……. 5 2.1.6- Diet and Eating Habits …………………………………...……………………… 10 2.1.7- Rabbit Diseases ………...…...………………………………..…………………. 12 2.1.8- Rabbit Meat ……………………………………………...……...……………….. 13 8 2.1.9- Environmental Problems ..…………………………………….............…………. 13 2.1.10- Reproductive Traits ...…………………………………...............……………… 14 2.1.11- Clinical Pathology ...…………………………………………................………. 15 2.2- Cotton ...……………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2.1- Types of Cotton …………………………………………….……………………. 22 2.2.2- Genetically Modified Cotton (GMC) ………………...………………………….. 23 2.2.3- GM Cotton in Sudan ...………………………………………………………….. 25 2.2.4- Cotton Genome ......……………………………………………………………… 26 2.2.5- Cotton Seed ...………...………………………………………………………….. 27 2.2.6- Uses of Cotton Seeds .........…………………………………………………….... 27 2.3- The Impacts of GM Crops ...…………………...………………………………….. 30 2.3.1- Environmental Impacts .......……………………………………………….…….. 30 2.3.2- Health Impacts ....………...……………………………….…….……………….. 32 2.4- The Effects of GM Cotton on other Living Organisms ....…………………..…….. 33 2.4.1- Effects of Bt Toxin on Various Tissues and Organs of Animals………………... 34 2.4.2-
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