Our Solar System
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Current State of Knowledge of the Magnetospheres of Uranus and Neptune
Current State of Knowledge of the Magnetospheres of Uranus and Neptune 28 July 2014 Abigail Rymer [email protected] What does a ‘normal’ magnetosphere look like? . N-S dipole field perpendicular to SW . Solar wind driven circulation system . Well defined central tail plasmasheet . Loaded flux tubes lost via substorm activity . Trapped radiation on closed (dipolar) field lines close to the planet. …but then what is normal…. Mercury Not entirely at the mercy of the solar wind after all . Jupiter . More like its own little solar system . Sub-storm activity maybe totally internally driven …but then what is normal…. Saturn Krimigis et al., 2007 What is an ice giant (as distinct from a gas giant) planet? Consequenses for the magnetic field Soderlund et al., 2012 Consequenses for the magnetic field Herbert et al., 2009 Are Neptune and Uranus the same? URANUS NEPTUNE Equatorial radius 25 559 km 24 622 km Mass 14.5 ME 17.14 ME Sidereal spin period 17h12m36s (retrograde) 16h6m36s Obliquity (axial tilt to ecliptic) -97.77º 28.32 Semi-major axis 19.2 AU 30.1 AU Orbital period 84.3 Earth years 164.8 Earth years Dipole moment 50 ME 25 ME Magnetic field Highly complex with a surface Highly complex with a surface field up to 110 000 nT field up to 60 000 nT Dipole tilt -59º -47 Natural satellites 27 (9 irregular) 14 (inc Triton at 14.4 RN) Spacecraft at Uranus and Neptune – Voyager 2 Voyager 2 observations - Uranus Stone et al., 1986 Voyager 2 observations - Uranus Voyager 2 made excellent plasma measurements with PLS, a Faraday cup type instrument. -
Solar Illumination Conditions at 4 Vesta: Predictions Using the Digital Elevation Model Derived from Hst Images
42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) 2506.pdf SOLAR ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS AT 4 VESTA: PREDICTIONS USING THE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL DERIVED FROM HST IMAGES. T. J. Stubbs 1,2,3 and Y. Wang 1,2,3 , 1Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, 3NASA Lunar Science Institute, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. Corresponding email address: Timothy.J.Stubbs[at]NASA.gov . Introduction: As with other airless bodies in the plane), the longitude of the ascending node is 103.91° Solar System, the surface of 4 Vesta is directly exposed and the argument of perihelion is 149.83°. Based on to the full solar spectrum. The degree of solar illumina- current estimates, Vesta’s orbital plane is believed to tion plays a major role in processes at the surface, in- have a precession period of 81,730 years [6]. cluding heating (surface temperature), space weather- For the shape of Vesta we use the 5 × 5° DEM ing, surface charging, surface chemistry, and exo- based on HST images [5], which is publicly available spheric production via photon-stimulated desorption. from the Planetary Data System (PDS). To our knowl- The characterization of these processes is important for edge, this is the best DEM of Vesta currently available. interepreting various surface properties. It is likely that The orbital information for Vesta is obtained from the solar illumination also controls the transport and depo- Dawn SPICE kernel, which currently limits us to the sition of volatiles at Vesta, as has been proposed at the current epoch (1900 to present). -
Our Solar System
This graphic of the solar system was made using real images of the planets and comet Hale-Bopp. It is not to scale! To show a scale model of the solar system with the Sun being 1cm would require about 64 meters of paper! Image credit: Maggie Mosetti, NASA This book was produced to commemorate the Year of the Solar System (2011-2013, a martian year), initiated by NASA. See http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss. Many images and captions have been adapted from NASA’s “From Earth to the Solar System” (FETTSS) image collection. See http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/. Additional imagery and captions compiled by Deborah Scherrer, Stanford University, California, USA. Special thanks to the people of Suntrek (www.suntrek.org,) who helped with the final editing and allowed me to use Alphonse Sterling’s awesome photograph of a solar eclipse! Cover Images: Solar System: NASA/JPL; YSS logo: NASA; Sun: Venus Transit from NASA SDO/AIA © 2013-2020 Stanford University; permission given to use for educational and non-commericial purposes. Table of Contents Why Is the Sun Green and Mars Blue? ............................................................................... 4 Our Sun – Source of Life ..................................................................................................... 5 Solar Activity ................................................................................................................... 6 Space Weather ................................................................................................................. 9 Mercury -
Effects of the Moon on the Earth in the Past, Present, and Future
Effects of the Moon on the Earth in the Past, Present, and Future Rina Rast*, Sarah Finney, Lucas Cheng, Joland Schmidt, Kessa Gerein, & Alexandra Miller† Abstract The Moon has fascinated human civilization for millennia. Exploration of the lunar surface played a pioneering role in space exploration, epitomizing the heights to which modern science could bring mankind. In the decades since then, human interest in the Moon has dwindled. Despite this fact, the Moon continues to affect the Earth in ways that seldom receive adequate recognition. This paper examines the ways in which our natural satellite is responsible for the tides, and also produces a stabilizing effect on Earth’s rotational axis. In addition, phenomena such as lunar phases, eclipses and lunar libration will be explained. While investigating the Moon’s effects on the Earth in the past and present, it is hoped that human interest in it will be revitalized as it continues to shape life on our blue planet. Keywords: Moon, Earth, tides, Earth’s axis, lunar phases, eclipses, seasons, lunar libration Introduction lunar phases, eclipses and libration. In recognizing and propagating these effects, the goal of this study is to rekindle the fascination humans once held for the Moon Decades have come and gone since humans’ fascination and space exploration in general. with the Moon galvanized exploration of the galaxy and observation of distant stars. During the Space Race of the 1950s and 1960s, nations strived and succeeded in reaching Four Prominent Lunar Effects on Earth Earth’s natural satellite to propel mankind to new heights. Although this interest has dwindled and humans have Effect on Oceans and Tides largely distanced themselves from the Moon’s relevance, its effects on Earth remain as far-reaching as ever. -
9/11 and the Visual Culture of Disaster Indiana University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis 9
9/11 and the Visual Culture of Disaster Indiana University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis 9/ and the Visual Culture of Disaster THOMAS STUBBLEFIELD This book is a publication of ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of Indiana University Press the American National Standard for Office of Scholarly Publishing Information Sciences–Permanence of Herman B Wells Library 350 Paper for Printed Library Materials, 1320 East 10th Street ANSI Z39.48–1992. Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA Manufactured in the iupress.indiana.edu United States of America Telephone 800-842-6796 Library of Congress Fax 812-855-7931 Cataloging-in-Publication Data © 2015 by Thomas Stubblefield Stubblefield, Thomas. 9/11 and the visual culture of disaster / All rights reserved Thomas Stubblefield. pages cm No part of this book may be repro- Includes bibliographical references and duced or utilized in any form or by index. any means, electronic or mechanical, ISBN 978-0-253-01549-5 (cloth : alk. including photocopying and recording, paper) – ISBN 978-0-253-01556-3 (pbk. : or by any information storage and alk. paper) – ISBN 978-0-253-01563-1 retrieval system, without permission (ebook) 1. September 11 Terrorist in writing from the publisher. The Attacks, 2001 – Influence. 2. September 11 Association of American University Terrorist Attacks, 2001, in mass media. 3. Presses’ Resolution on Permissions September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001, in constitutes the only exception to this art. 4. Emptiness (Philosophy) I. Title. prohibition. HV6432.7.S78 2014 973.931 – dc23 2014029044 1 2 3 4 5 20 19 18 17 16 15 For C. D. -
Geology of the Caloris Basin, Mercury: Ysis and Spectral Ratios Were Used to Highlight the Most Important Trends in the Data (17)
SPECIALSECTION photometrically corrected to normalized re- REPORT flectance at a standard geometry (30° incidence angle, 0° emission angle) and map-projected. From the 11-color data, principal component anal- Geology of the Caloris Basin, Mercury: ysis and spectral ratios were used to highlight the most important trends in the data (17). The first A View from MESSENGER principal component dominantly represents bright- ness variations, whereas the second principal com- Scott L. Murchie,1 Thomas R. Watters,2 Mark S. Robinson,3 James W. Head,4 Robert G. Strom,5 ponent (PC2) isolates the dominant color variation: Clark R. Chapman,6 Sean C. Solomon,7 William E. McClintock,8 Louise M. Prockter,1 the slope of the spectral continuum. Several higher Deborah L. Domingue,1 David T. Blewett1 components isolate fresh craters; a simple color ratio combines these and highlights all fresh The Caloris basin, the youngest known large impact basin on Mercury, is revealed in MESSENGER craters. PC2 and a 480-nm/1000-nm color ratio images to be modified by volcanism and deformation in a manner distinct from that of lunar thus represent the major observed spectral var- impact basins. The morphology and spatial distribution of basin materials themselves closely match iations (Fig. 1B). lunar counterparts. Evidence for a volcanic origin of the basin's interior plains includes embayed The images show that basin exterior materials, craters on the basin floor and diffuse deposits surrounding rimless depressions interpreted to be including the Caloris Montes, Nervo, and von of pyroclastic origin. Unlike lunar maria, the volcanic plains in Caloris are higher in albedo than Eyck Formations, all share similar color proper- surrounding basin materials and lack spectral evidence for ferrous iron-bearing silicates. -
La Atmósfera.Pdf
La atmósfera. De lo pictórico al arte multidisciplinar. Tesis doctoral realizada por: Marta Díaz Villoslada dirigida por: Ignacio Barcia Rodríguez Departamento de Escultura Facultade de Belas Artes de Pontevedra Universidade de Vigo Septiembre 2013 A mi padre “Hé aquí La Atmósfera, el aire luminoso, la primera divinidad amada y temida sobre la tierra; el Dyauss del Sanscrito, el Zeus de los griegos de Atenas, el Dies y el Deus de los latinos; el padre de los mismos dioses, el Zeus-pater! El AIRE, en fin, en que todo vive y todo respira. La Atmósfera rodea á nuestro planeta de un fluido vivificador.(…) El globo que acabamos de considerar circundando en el espacio en alas de la gravitación universal, está cubierto de una capa gaseosa que se adhiere á toda su superficie esférica. Esta capa fluida se encuentra uniformemente repartida alrededor del globo que la circunda por todas partes.” Camille Flammarion, La Atmósfera (págs. XV y 10) La atmósfera. De lo pictórico al arte multidisciplinar. 9 INTRODUCCIÓN 23 I. ESPACIO · VUELO LOS FONDOS DORADOS · LUZ COMO SIMBOLOGÍA DE LO ESPIRITUAL ESCULPIR LA LUZ UN ARTE INVISIBLE DISTANCIA 105 II. INFINITO · LÍMITE REPRESENTACIÓN PLÁSTICA DEL INFINITO LO SUBLIME EL AIRE ES LO QUE SE INTERPONE 133 III. TIEMPO Y ÉTER CAMINO HACIA LA ABSTRACCIÓN 169 IV. LO OCULTO · LO VELADO FOTOGRAFÍA Y HALO LO PICTÓRICO EN EL CINE 201 V. NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS DEL TIEMPO Y EL ESPACIO · LA ERA DIGITAL VIDEOARTE. PERCEPCIONES ATMOSFÉRICAS NUEVOS REGISTROS DE LO PICTÓRICO ALGUNAS MANIFESTACIONES DEL AIRE 243 CONCLUSIONES 255 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 9 INTRODUCCIÓN La existencia de lo que se podría denominar lo atmosférico en la obra de arte, es decir, la preocupación por la presencia del aire que todo lo envuelve y circunda, o que provoca un ambiente determinado en una obra, es el punto de partida de este trabajo. -
On the Irrelevance of Being a PLUTO! Size Scale of Stars and Planets
On the irrelevance of being a PLUTO! Mayank Vahia DAA, TIFR Irrelevance of being Pluto 1 Size Scale of Stars and Planets Irrelevance of being Pluto 2 1 1 AU 700 Dsun Irrelevance of being Pluto 3 16 Dsun Irrelevance of being Pluto 4 2 Solar System 109 DEarth Irrelevance of being Pluto 5 11 DEarth Venus Irrelevance of being Pluto 6 3 Irrelevance of being Pluto 7 Solar System visible to unaided eye Irrelevance of being Pluto 8 4 Solar System at the beginning of 20 th Century Irrelevance of being Pluto 9 Solar System of my text book (30 years ago) Irrelevance of being Pluto 10 5 Asteroid Belt (Discovered in 1977) Irrelevance of being Pluto 11 The ‘Planet’ Pluto • Pluto is a 14 th magnitude object. • It is NOT visible to naked eye (neither are Uranus and Neptune). • It was discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. Irrelevance of being Pluto 12 6 Prediction of Pluto • Percival Lowell and William H. Pickering are credited with the theoretical work on Pluto’s orbit done in 1909 based on data of Neptune’s orbital changes. • Venkatesh Ketakar had predicted it in May 1911 issue of Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of France. • He modelled his computations after those of Pierre-Simon Laplace who had analysed the motions of the satellites of Jupiter. • His location was within 1 o of its correct location. • He had predicted ts orbital period was 242.28 (248) years and a distance of 38.95 (39.53) A.U. • He had also predicted another planet at 59.573 A.U. -
Retrograde-Rotating Exoplanets Experience Obliquity Excitations in an Eccentricity- Enabled Resonance
The Planetary Science Journal, 1:8 (15pp), 2020 June https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ab8198 © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Retrograde-rotating Exoplanets Experience Obliquity Excitations in an Eccentricity- enabled Resonance Steven M. Kreyche1 , Jason W. Barnes1 , Billy L. Quarles2 , Jack J. Lissauer3 , John E. Chambers4, and Matthew M. Hedman1 1 Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 3 Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA 4 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Received 2019 December 2; revised 2020 February 28; accepted 2020 March 18; published 2020 April 14 Abstract Previous studies have shown that planets that rotate retrograde (backward with respect to their orbital motion) generally experience less severe obliquity variations than those that rotate prograde (the same direction as their orbital motion). Here, we examine retrograde-rotating planets on eccentric orbits and find a previously unknown secular spin–orbit resonance that can drive significant obliquity variations. This resonance occurs when the frequency of the planet’s rotation axis precession becomes commensurate with an orbital eigenfrequency of the planetary system. The planet’s eccentricity enables a participating orbital frequency through an interaction in which the apsidal precession of the planet’s orbit causes a cyclic nutation of the planet’s orbital angular momentum vector. The resulting orbital frequency follows the relationship f =-W2v , where v and W are the rates of the planet’s changing longitude of periapsis and longitude of ascending node, respectively. -
Lunar Polar Ice and the Obliquity History of the Moon
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 6, EPSC-DPS2011-1615, 2011 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 c Author(s) 2011 Lunar Polar Ice and the Obliquity History of the Moon M.A. Siegler (1), B.G. Bills2 (2) and D.A. Paige (1) (1)UCLA Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, (2)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109 ([email protected]) Abstract sis [1] of these orbital models combines these orbital parameters to create a history of the axial tilt (maxi- Water ice is currently stable from sublimation loss mum yearly sun angle) as seen in Figure 1. in shadowed environments near the lunar poles. However, most current temperature environments are generally too cold to allow efficient diffusive migra- tion into the subsurface by that would protect water from non-sublimation loss. This has not always the case. Higher past lunar obliquities caused currently shadowed polar regions to have warmer thermal envi- ronments. These past environments may have been both cold enough to be able to capture surface ice, but warm enough to drive it into the subsurface. Figure 1: Axial tilt (with respect to the ecliptic) history of the Moon. The large increase at approximately 30 RE semimajor 1. Lunar Orbit History axis is a result of a transition between two Cassini States. The current tilt is roughly 1.54o. Roughly halfway through its outward migration (due to tidal interaction with the Earth) the Moon was 2. Thermal Model tilted (currently 1.54o) up to 83o with respect to the ecliptic. During this time, all polar craters would ful- Next, we examine the thermal environments re- ly illuminated at some point in the year and have sulting from the slow orbital evolution since the Cas- been far too warm to preserve water ice [1]. -
Volume 16, Number 1
SHARP News Volume 16 | Number 1 Article 1 Winter 2007 Volume 16, Number 1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/sharp_news Recommended Citation (2006) "Volume 16, Number 1," SHARP News: Vol. 16: No. 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/sharp_news/vol16/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in SHARP News by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. et al.: Volume 16, Number 1 A SHARPNEWS - Volume 16, Number 1 Winter 2007 SHARP CONSTITUTION7 SHARP MINNESOTA2007 t Cffcctive 1 January 2007, the Johns Proposed Revisions to the 1993 Open the Book Hopkins University Press will be handling our memberships and subscription SHARP Constitution Open the Mind fulfillment. The Executive Committee chose 11-15 July 2007 JH1JP after careful and lengthy research; the Submitted for SHARP merxlbership Unirjersity of Mnnesota, Mnneapolis, USA Press has an excellent record of serving approval in 2007 other organizations, similar to ours, in simi- It's still not to late to book your place at lar ways. We have become too large for ad- On pages 3-5 of this issue of SHARP the fifteenth annual SHARP conference. The ministrative services to be handled by a vol- Nem, you will find a copy of the proposed conference theme highlights how books unteer. Barbara Brannon has been that he- revisions to the 1993 SHARP Constitution. develop and extend minds and cultures, and roic and faithful volunteer for many years; In addition, we havc provided a ballot to also how they are opened to new media and now the hfembership Secretar): will be freed vote 'yes' in favour of the revisions or 'no' new purposes. -
A PRE-DAWN PERSPECTIVE — VESTA and the Heds 6:00 P.M
42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) sess605.pdf Thursday, March 10, 2011 POSTER SESSION II: A PRE-DAWN PERSPECTIVE — VESTA AND THE HEDs 6:00 p.m. Town Center Exhibit Area Wilson L. Keil K. McCoy T. Explosive Volcanism on Asteroids Re-Visited: Sizes of Pyroclasts Lost or Retained [#1362] We calculate the sizes expected for pyroclasts from explosive eruptions on large and small asteroids and specify the sizes of clasts that should be retained on the asteroid surfaces. Hammergren M. Gyuk G. Solontoi M. Puckett A. W. Basaltic Asteroids in the Middle and Outer Main Belt Observed by the AVAST Survey [#2821] We present the preliminary results of reflectance spectroscopy of basaltic asteroids obtained in the Adler V-Type Asteroid (AVAST) survey. In particular, we note several basaltic asteroids in the middle and outer main belt, including 105041 (2000 KO41) and 63085. Raymond C. A. Russell C. T. Rayman M. D. Mase R. A. Dawn Team Dawn’s Exploration of Vesta [#2730] The Dawn spacecraft will reach Vesta in mid-2011 and begin a comprehensive geological and geophysical characterization to investigate the geologic history, interior structure, and evolution of this minor planet in the main asteroid belt. Jaumann R. Pieters C. M. Neukum G. Mottola S. DeSanctis M. C. Russell C. T. Raymond C. A. McSween H. Y. Roatsch T. Nathues A. Preusker F. Scholten F. Blewett D. Buczkowski D. L. Hiesinger H. McCord T. Rayman M. Schenk P. Stephan K. Turrini D. Yingst R. A. Dawn Science Team Geoscientific Mapping of Vesta by the Dawn Mission [#1213] The geologic objectives of the Dawn mission (orbiting Vesta in 2011/2012) are to derive Vesta’s shape, map the surface geology, understand the geological context, and contribute to the determination of the asteroids’ origin and evolution.