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Water Is Security

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Water Is Security Water Is Security Elizabeth Burleson* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................197 I. THE SHARED RESPONSIBILITY OF WATER ............................................200 II. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND WATER ......................................................203 III. CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION .....................206 IV . POLLUTION ...........................................................................................209 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................214 INTRODUCTION Reasonable and equitable water resource decision-making is at the core of good governance around the world. Some solutions are as simple as rainwater harvesting. Solar powered drip irrigation requires a little more innovation - innovation that clean technology transfer can provide. Complex solutions involve geographic information system ("GIS") training and facilitating cooperative water data analysis. Sustained water collaboration is an antidote to foreign relations disintegration. Cooperation is more widespread than conflict.' Conflict resolution requires sustained interactions to find consensus. Peace building takes a variety of forms including water cooperation. Water is security. UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon notes that, "[a]mid the diverse social and political causes, the Darfur conflict began as an ecological crisis, arising at least in part from climate * Professor Elizabeth Burleson earned her LL.M. from the London School of Economics and Political Science and J.D. from the University of Connecticut School of Law. She has also written reports for UNICEF and UNESCO and is an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of South Dakota School of Law. I U.N. DEV. PROGRAMME (UNDP), HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2006, BEYOND SCARCITY: POWER, POVERTY AND THE GLOBAL WATER CRISIS 19 (2006), available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr06-complete.pdf [hereinafter HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT]. University of California,Davis [Vol. 31:2 change." 2 Mr. Ban goes on to point out that, "[i]t is no accident that the violence in Darfur erupted during the drought. Until then, Arab nomadic herders had lived amicably with settled farmers." 3 The Secretary General concludes that, "[a]ny peace in Darfur must be built on solutions that go to the root causes of the conflict. A' The conflicts in Darfur are due in part to disputes over water and other natural resources. 5 Use of groundwater from ancient lakebeds has been able to alleviate water insecurity elsewhere throughout the Middle East and North Africa. The international community hopes that funding groundwater projects in Sudan can help decrease the tensions that have led to armed conflict. Farouk EI-Baz and his colleagues at the Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University have found a buried lakebed in western Sudan.6 Wells drilled into similar lakebeds in neighboring Egypt are providing water to farmers. 7 Egypt will drill twenty 8 wells for Sudan and the United Nations will drill several additional wells. Enthusiasm is qualified by the understanding that many underground lakebeds do not retain water.9 Furthermore, use of groundwater may be able to alleviate water scarcity in Sudan but racial, religious, and other natural resource conflicts remain and will require broader peace-building measures throughout the Middle East and North Africa.10 Law enforcement is compromised when boundaries and access to natural resources are disputed. Joint water management commissions and authorities enhance adaptable co-riparian cooperation. Integrated protection of health and 2 Ban Ki Moon, A Climate Culprit in Darfur, WASH. POST, June 16, 2007, at A1S, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/contentarticle/2007/06/15/AR2007061501857.html (last visited Mar. 15, 2008). Mr. Ban notes that: [t]wo decades ago, the rains in southern Sudan began to fail. According to U.N. statistics, average precipitation has declined some 40 percent since the early 1980s. Scientists at first considered this to be an unfortunate quirk of nature. But subsequent investigation found that it coincided with a rise in temperatures of the Indian Ocean, disrupting seasonal monsoons. This suggests that the drying of sub-Saharan Africa derives, to some degree, from man-made global warming. Id. 3 Id. 4 Id. 5 John Nielsen, Underground Lakebed Sparks Hope for Darfur (NPR, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED radio broadcast July, 20, 2007), available at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=l 2130381 &ft=-l&f=-1001. 6 Id. 7 Water Find 'May End Darfur War,' BBC NEWS, July 18, 2007, at l, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6904318.stm (noting that nearly 12% of Darfur's forests have been lost in 15 years and that the ancient lake bed is roughly the size of Lake Erie - the 10th largest lake in the world). Nielsen, supra note 5. 9 Id. 10 Id. 2008] Water Is Security habitat can occur through comity and cooperation. The United Nations notes that, "[i]t is the way in which enhanced institutions and policies are being established and implemented that matters. The existence of sufficient rules and regulations means little if they cannot be enforced, due to power politics, vested interests and lack of funds, or the public's absence from the decision-making process."" The water governance shift towards integrated water resources management is bringing principles of equitable distribution, efficiency, and environmental sustainability into the limelight.' 2 Water governance involves finding equilibrium between ecosystem integrity and socio-economic uses of water.' 3 Decision-makers include governments, civil society, and the private sector.14 Achieving good water governance requires balancing conflicting water rights, increasing intersectoral communication, broadly agreeing upon economic incentives, and deciding what constitutes fragmentation of water management 15 and administration versus effective local water governance. Making such6 decisions requires mechanisms for public participation and conflict resolution.' Lack of water quality and quantity policies can lead to water insecurity for everyone, yet bureaucratic obstacles such as inertia and corruption must be averted in altering water governance schemes.' 7 There are multiple ways to lower transaction costs and strive for optimal water use.'8 Several ingredients of good water governance include: (1) broad participation through the entire decision-making process; (2) transparent flow of information; (3) equitable opportunities to increase well-being; (4) accountability from governments, the private sector, and civil society; (5) coherency of water resource measures; (6) responsiveness to changing water conditions and societal factors; (7) integrative approach to water basin management; and (8) ethical principles that resonate with varying societies based -upon inclusive dialogues.' 9 Reasonable and equitable use of transboundary water resources can help sustain international peace and security. I U.N. WORLD WATER ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME [WWAP], WATER FOR PEOPLE, WATER FOR LIFE: IST U.N. WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT at 371, U.N. Sales No. 92-3-103881-8 (2003), available at http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/pdf/chapl5.pdf (Chapter 15, "Governing Water Wisely for Sustainable Development" by UNDESA/UNDP and UNECE). 12 Id. 13 Id. at 373. 14 Id. 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 Id. 1s Id. 19 Id. University of California,Davis [Vol. 31:2 I. THE SHARED RESPONSIBILITY OF WATER Transboundary water governance is a human development issue.20 Global water use rose at a rate nearly double that of population growth over the past century.2' Population growth offset gains in access to drinking water to 1.2 billion individuals from 1990 to 2004.22 One dollar spent in the water sector can generate an additional eight dollars in increased productivity and decreased costs.23 Given the natural monopoly features of the water sector, governments should assess public-private partnerships with a commitment to equity and meaningful oversight.2 4 The United Nations Development Programme's ("UNDP") Human Development Report 2006 points out that, "[t]he debate on privatization has sometimes diverted attention from the pressing issue of public utility reform., 2 5 UNDP calls upon states to provide access to water and to measure success upon performance rather than public/private status.26 The Human Development Report states that, "[a]ll governments should prepare national plans for accelerating progress in water and sanitation, with ambitious targets backed by financing and clear strategies for overcoming inequalities. 27 Beyond such supply-side policies as dams and desalination, decision makers at all levels need to implement such demand-side policies as increased efficiency of water use through transfer of sustainable technologies and sensible subsidies.28 Electricity subsidies in India and Mexico have unintentionally induced large farming operations to over-extract groundwater.2 9 UNDP states that 1.4 billion people reside in river basins in which water use surpasses recharge rates.3" As a result, rivers are shrinking, groundwater supplies are diminishing; and an unsustainable ecological debt is mounting. 3' A global plan 20 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT, supra note 1,at 20. 21 Id. at 14 (noting that, "[t]he 538 million people in northern China already live in an intensely water-stressed region" and that "[olver the period to 2050 the world's water will have
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