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Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas ABSTRACT the Ku Universidad de Cuenca ABSTRACT The Ku Klux Klan, or best known as the KKK, is an important part of the USA history since it is considered as the first racist organization founded in the country. The Klan follows the ideology of White Supremacy that states that white race is superior. The KKK first appeared in Reconstruction times as a way to keep order between blacks and whites. This first Klan had a short period of life, however. It was Sir William Simmons who founded or renamed the Klan as the Invisible Empire of the Ku Klux Klan. He, together with other people raised this new secret organization that remains alive until our days, in spite of its several stages. As a racist organization, Klan ideology has influenced upon different groups within the United States. Therefore, we can find effects and consequences of this ideology in society. KEY WORDS: KKK, White Supremacy, Racism. 1 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca Table of Contents Abstract …………………..……………………………………………………………... 1 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………......………….. 2 Title Page ………………….………………………………………………………......... 8 Acknowledgment Adriana…………………………………………………………...... 10 Dedication Adriana……………………………………...………………………...…….11 Acknowledgment Verónica …………………………………...………………………. 12 Dedication Verónica …………………………………………………………………... 13 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………14 Chapter I 1. White Supremacy……………………………………………………..………. 16 1.1 Antecedents……………………………………….………………..…………. 16 1.2 White Supremacy: Concept…………………….………………..……………. 19 1.3 History……………………………………….…………………...……………... 21 1.4 First Period……………………………….……………………...……………... 22 1.5 Second Period………………………………………………...…………….…. 25 1.5.1 Joseph Arthur De Gobineau…………………………...………………….. 26 1.5.2 Richard Wagner……………………………………………………………. 30 1.5.3 Adolph Hitler …………………………………………………………….... 32 1.6 The Apartheid……………….………………………………...……………… 35 Chapter II … 2. Beginnings of the KKK……………………………………...………………… 39 2 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca 2.1 Creation of the Name…………………………………...……………………… 41 2.2 The Original Purpose of Ku Klux Klan………...……....……………………. 42 2.3 The Ku Klux Klan’s Ritual and Oath………….…...…………………………. 42 2.4 Anti-Negro………………………………….…...…………………………….. 45 2.5 The Ku Klux Klan Reign Of Terror 1868………...………………….………..45 Chapter III … 3. The Modern KKK…………………………………………………………….. 50 3.1 Reformation …………………………………………………………………… 50 3.2 Sir William Simmons………………………………………………………….. 52 3.3 The Southern Publicity Association…………………………………………. 54 3.4 The Klan’s Organization………………………………………….…………… 55 3.5 Simmons Vs Evans……………………………………………….…………… 58 3.6 Some Klan Crimes……………………………………………….……………. 60 3.6.1 Case One………………………………………………………….……….. 60 3.6.2 Case Two…………………………………………………………….…….. 61 3.7 “One Hundred Percent Americanism”………………………………………...65 3.8 Anti-Catholics…………………………………………………………….…… 71 3.9 Politics………………………………………………………………………… 72 3.10 Anti-Mask Law………………………………………………………… 74 3.11 The Washington Parade………………………………………….…… 75 3.12 The Klan around the World…………………………………………… 78 3.13 Klan’s Decline………………………………………………………… 79 3.14 The Klan in the Depression Era………………………………………. 80 3 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca 3.15 Colescott in the Klan…………………………………………….…….. 83 3.16 Dr. Samuel Green………………………………………………...…… 85 3.17 The Klan in the Fifties………………………………………………… 87 3.18 The Sixties…………………………………………………………….. 90 3.19 The Klan and the Seventies………………………………………… ..93 3.20 David Duke………………………………………………………….… 95 3.21 Comparison of old and new Klans………………………………….. 101 3.22 Anti-Klan Organizations………………………………………….……103 3.22.1 The Anti- Defamation League (ADL)…………..…………………………104 3.22.2 The FBI……………………………………………...…………………….. 105 3.22.3 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 106 Chapter IV … 4. The Klan Today…………………………………………….…………………. 108 4.1 Actual Klan’s Groups………………………………………….……………… 109 4.1.1 Alabama ………………………………………………………..…………. 109 4.1.2 Arkansas……………………………………………………………...…... 109 4.1.3 California…………………………………………………………...……... 110 4.1.4 Florida…………………………………………………………………...… 110 4.1.5 Georgia……………………………………………………..……………… 111 4.1.6 Indiana…………………………………………………………...………… 111 4.1.7 Iowa…………………………………………………………………..…… 112 4.1.8 Kentucky…………………………………………………………………... 112 4 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca 4.1.9 Louisiana……………………………………………...…………………… 112 4.1.10 Michigan…………………………………………………...……………… 113 4.1.11 Mississippi……………………………………………………...…………. 113 4.1.12 New Jersey……………………………………………………………… 113 4.1.13 North Carolina…………………………………….………………………. 113 4.1.14 Ohio…………………………………………………...…………………... 113 4.1.15 Oklahoma…………………………………………………………………. 114 4.1.16 Pennsylvania……………………………………………………….…… 114 4.1.17 South Carolina………………………………………………..…………… 114 4.1.18 Tennessee………………………………………………………….……… 114 4.1.19 Texas…………………………………………………...…………………. 115 4.1.20 Virginia ……………………………………………………...……………. 115 4.1.21 West Virginia………………………………………………………………. 115 4.2 The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Or KKKK……………………………...…..116 4.3 Klan´s Symbology…………………………………...………………………… 118 4.3.1 The Blood Drop………………………………………………………....... 118 4.3.2 The Cross-Wheel………………………………………….………………. 118 4.3.3 The Bible…………………………………………………….……………. 120 4.3.4 The Cross………………………………………………………..….………121 4.3.5 The Flag…………………………………………………………….……... 122 4.3.6 The Sword………………………………………………………………… 123 4.3.7 Water……………………………………………………………………… 124 4.3.8 The Robe……………………………………………………………....….. 125 5 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca 4.3.9 The Mask…………………………………………………….…………….. 126 4.4 How to Become a Member of the KKK…………………………….……… 127 Chapter V … 5. Effects on Society………………………………………………………..…. 128 5.1 Some Like-Klan Groups……………………………………………..……... 134 5.1.1 The Tea Party…………………………………………………...………...134 5.1.2 The Creativity Movement……………………………………..…………. 138 5.1.2.1 USA……………………………………………………………………... 143 5.1.2.2 Europe……………………………………………………………….….144 5.1.2.3 Australia……………………………………………….……………… 144 5.2 Effects of the KK Ideology…………………………………….…………….. 144 5.2.1 Arizona Law………………………………………………….………….. 144 5.2.1.1 Experts are predicting that Arizona will turn Blue……………….…146 5.2.1.2 Republicans may get a national boost………………………….…..146 5.2.1.3 Baseball fans plan to boycott the Arizona Diamondbacks……….147 5.2.1.4 Critics are (unfairly) vilifying an iced tea company…………………147 5.2.1.5 Concerned citizens can buy "Relax, I'm legal" tees………….…….147 5.3 Illegal Immigrants……………………………………………………..……... 147 5.3.1 Arizona’s Immigration Law…………………………………………..…. 147 5.3.2 Education……………………………………………...…………………. 148 5.3.3 Health……………………………………………………...…………….. 149 5.3.4 Protests………………………………………………………...………… 151 Conclusions 155 6 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca Bibliography 158 References 159 7 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN THE KU KLUX KLAN AS A REFLECTION OF WHITE SUPREMACY Tesis previa a la obtención del Título de Licenciado en Ciencias de la Educación, Especialidad Lengua Inglesa. DIRECTOR: DR. FABIAN RODAS AUTORES: ADRIANA CHICA GUERRERO VERÓNICA HERRERA CALDAS CUENCA – ECUADOR 2011 8 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca THE CONTENTS OF THIS THESIS ARE THE EXCLUSIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF ITS AUTHORS: ……………………………. …………………………….. ADRIANA CHICA G. VERÓNICA HERRERA C. 9 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca ACKNOWLEDGMENT My gratitude to The family: mom and dad, brothers, aunts and uncles. My beloved friends: Alex, Vero, Esteban, Diego, Sergio, Luly. My teachers especially to Dr. Fabian Rodas, who directed this work. My biggest gratitude to Dra. Fanny Ochoa who is my guide, confident, and adviser. ADRIANA 10 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca DEDICATION To my mom, for always being with me. To profe Fany, for helping me when I need her most. ADRIANA 11 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am deeply grateful to my mother and brother who were always there for me. I also would like to thank Dr. Fabian Rodas for all his supervision and support throughout this thesis. VERONICA 12 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca DEDICATION To my mom, brother, grandmother and husband for all their love and support. VERONICA 13 Autores: Adriana Chica Guerrero Verónica Herrera Caldas Universidad de Cuenca INTRODUCTION One day we heard in the news that an Ecuadorian man was killed while walking in a street of the United States. He was an immigrant; therefore, he was working there to feed his family in Ecuador. He was an illegal alien, which probably meant that he went through a lot of hardships to get to that country. He was attacked because he was a Latino. The story above is the case of many people around the world. For some time, it has been common to hear about different crimes related to racism, and the United States is not the exception since it is the favorite place for people who want to improve their economic conditions. There have been many examples of Latinos mistreated, threatened, or even killed while living in the United States. It is difficult to understand why, but the answer the media gives is racism. Throughout history, we have heard about different hate groups
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