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Hornmilben (Acari, Oribatida) Vom Fohramoos (Vorarlberg, Österreich)»

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Hornmilben (Acari, Oribatida) Vom Fohramoos (Vorarlberg, Österreich)» Schatz, H. (2015): «Hornmilben (Acari, Oribatida) vom Fohramoos (Vorarlberg, Österreich)». inatura – Forschung online, Nr. 18: 17 S. Hornmilben (Acari, Oribatida) vom Fohramoos Nr. 18 - 2015 (Vorarlberg, Österreich) Heinrich Schatz1 1Dr. Heinrich Schatz Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Zoologie Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck [email protected] Abstract The Fohramoos, situated above Dornbirn at about 1140 m a.s.l., is a bog and wetland habitat complex with forest types and bogs in different successional stages, protected by the «Habitats Directive (92/43 EEC) on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora». Oribatida were collected between July and October 2013 by taking soil and litter samples as well as by sieving organic material. Altogether 151 oribatid species belonging to 42 families were detected. A total of 50 species are new records for the fauna of Vorarlberg, among them are three new records for Austria. Some remarkable species are presented briefly. Beside ubiquists, the species assemblage is dominated by silvicolous and hygrophilous and tyrphobiont species. Addition­ ally, xerophilous and lichenicolous species are presented, demonstrating the mosaic pattern of microhabitats in the Fohramoos. A comparison of oribatid communities of eleven habitats in the Fohramoos resulted in high conformity of their species composi­ tion, especially between the forested sites. The oribatid communities of the bog meadows are more separated than the others. Keywords: Acari, oribatid mites, bog, faunistics, Vorarlberg, Austria Zusammenfassung Österreich. Einige bemerkenswerte europa und Nordasien. Auch im Arten werden kurz vorgestellt. Neben Alpen raum kommen Moore stellen- In dieser Arbeit werden die Oriba- Ubiquisten dominierten an den unter- weise sehr häufig vor. Der Österreichi- tidengemeinschaften vom Fohra- suchten Standorten silvicole und wie sche Moorschutzkatalog (STEINER 1992) moos, einem Natura 2000 Gebiet in erwartet auch hygrophile und tyrpho- listet mehr als 1000 Moore auf, darun- Vorarlberg (Österreich), vorgestellt. bionte Arten das Spektrum. Zusätzlich ter mehr als 150 von internationaler Das Fohramoos, etwa 1140 m ü.M. kamen xerophile und lichenicole Ar- Bedeutung, die jedoch zum Teil stark oberhalb von Dornbirn gelegen, stellt ten vor und demonstrieren das viel- gefährdet sind. Seit Jahrtausenden einen Komplex aus Moor- und Feucht- fältige Muster von Mikrohabitaten im werden Moore zur Torfgewinnung ge- gebieten mit Waldtypen und Mooren Fohramoos. Zwischen den Standorten nutzt, was aber nur in wenigen Fällen in verschiedenen Sukzessionsstadien im Fohramoos herrschte eine hohe zu einer Gefährdung geführt hat. In dar, welcher durch die Fauna-Flora- Übereinstimmung in der Artenzusam- jüngerer Zeit sind als Gefährdungs- Habitatrichtlinie (Richtlinie 92/43 zur mensetzung, besonders zwischen den ursachen vor allem Entwässerung, Erhaltung der natürlichen Lebens- Waldstandorten. Dagegen waren die land- und forstwirtschaftliche Tätig- räume sowie der wildlebenden Tiere Oribatidengemeinschaften des Borst- keit, Nähr- und Schadstoffeintrag, und Pflanzen) geschützt sind. Die grasrasens und der Pfeifengraswiese Baumaßnahmen und Raumbeanspru- Hornmilben wurden zwischen Juli von den anderen Lebensgemeinschaf- chung zu nennen. Das Fohramoos und Oktober 2013 sowohl mit Boden- ten eher abgegrenzt. beinhaltet hochwertige und weitge- bzw. Streuproben als auch mit Ge- hende ungestörte Lebensraumtypen, siebeproben gesammelt. Insgesamt die für Moorstandorte im Alpenraum wurden 151 Oribatidenarten aus 42 1 Einleitung selten geworden sind (vgl. BORCARD & Familien gefunden. 50 Arten stellten VAUCHER-VON BALLMOOS 1997). Neumeldungen für Vorarlberg dar, Moore und Moorlandschaften sind Im Alpenraum liegen bereits mehre- darunter sind auch drei Arten neu für weit verbreitet, besonders in Nord- re Untersuchungen an Oribatiden in Eingegangen: 02.02.2015; Publiziert: 02.04.2015 1 Moorgebieten vor (z.B. BEIER 1928, POPP Verbreitungsmuster ergänzt, so dass 2.2 Untersuchte Lebensräume 1962, BORCARD 1991, 1997, BORCARD & die tatsachliche Zahl der vorkommen- VAUCHER-VON BALLMOOS 1997, FISCHER & den Oribatidenarten in Österreich we- Anhand einer unpublizierten Biotop- SCHATZ 2010). Es zeigt sich, dass in die- sentlich höher liegen dürfte. Dies trifft kartierung (PFUNDNER 2002) wurden sen vergleichsweise extremen Lebens- besonders auf Vorarlberg zu, wo erst folgende Lebensraumtypen im Natura räumen meist nur wenige Arten mit wenige Studien durchgeführt wurden 2000-Gebiet Fohramoos ausgewählt z.T. sehr hohen Individuendichten vor- (vgl. SCHATZ 1983, SCHATZ & FISCHER 2013). und beprobt (in Klammern die Num- kommen. Eine starke Artenzunahme Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes mern der Lebensraumtypen nach der ist in den Randbereichen und Über- «Wirbellose im Moor – das Fohramoos FFH-Richtlinie sowie Probenart, GES gangszonen zu den umliegenden Le- aus einer neuen Perspektive» wurde Gesiebe, BP Bodenprobe) (Abb. 1). Für bensräumen zu beobachten, die eine auch die Hornmilbenfauna untersucht. eine detaillierte Beschreibung dieser größere Diversität an Lebensräumen Ziel war die möglichst vollständige Er- Lebensräume wird auf KLARICA & GLASER aufweisen. Außerdem sind in Mooren fassung des Artenspektrums und eine (2015) verwiesen. viele «kaltadaptierte» Arten sowie Ar- Analyse der Artenzusammensetzung ten aus höheren Gebirgslagen zu fin- in den einzelnen Lebensräumen. Borstgrasrasen, Zentralmoos (FFH den. 6230, 1 GES, 1 BP) Hornmilben (Oribatida) sind arten- Pfeifengraswiese, Zentralmoos (FFH und individuenreiche Vertreter der 2 Das Untersuchungsgebiet 6410, 2 GES) Bodenmesofauna, die eine große Kalkreiches Niedermoor, Zentral- Rolle beim Abbau toter pflanzlicher 2.1 Fohramoos moos (FFH 7230, 3 GES, 1 BP) Substanz, bei der Bodenbildung und Diese drei Lebensraumtypen befinden der Verbreitung von Pilzen im Nähr- Das Fohramoos ist als sauer-oligo- sich im nördlichen Teil des Zentral- stoffkreislauf spielen (WALTER & PROC- trophes Regenmoor charakterisiert mooses auf mineralischem Grund. Der TOR 1999). Sie kommen in großen In- (STEINER 1992) und besteht aus einem kleinflächige Borstgrasrasen stellt den dividuendichten vor; in Waldboden Mosaik von relativ ungestörten und einzigen frischen bis wechselfeuchten können bis zu 500.000 Individuen pro hydrologisch weitgehend intakten Standort im Untersuchungsgebiet dar. m² gefunden werden, womit die Ori- Hochmoorgesellschaften, Moorwäl- batiden zu den häufigsten Bodenbe- dern, Wäldern der Moorumgebung Lebendes Hochmoor A, nördliches wohnern der Mesofauna zählen. Viele und diversen genutzten Hoch– und Fohren (FFH 7110, 1 GES, 2 BP) Arten zeigen eine verschieden star- Niedermoorgesellschaften sowie ex- (Abb. 2) ke Habitatbindung, die ökologische tensiv bewirtschafteten Streuewiesen Lebendes Hochmoor B, Randmoos Analysen aufgrund des Auftretens und Magerrasen. Es erstreckt sich im (FFH 7110, 3 GES) von Hornmilben erlaubt. Die meisten Bregenzer Wald in den Gemeinden Renaturierbares Hochmoor, südli- Arten leben in Blatt- und Nadelstreu, Dornbirn und Schwarzenberg über ches Fohren (FFH 7120, 4 GES, 3 BP) feuchten Waldböden und Moospöls- eine Fläche von 54 ha und liegt in ei- Übergangsmoor, zentrales Fohren, tern. Eine kleine Zahl von Oribatiden- ner Seehöhe von ca. 1140 – 1180 m. nahe Rothenbach (FFH 7140, 3 arten ist in verschieden starker Intensi- Das Fohramoos ist seit dem Jahr 1974 GES) tät an Süßwasserhabitate wie Quellen, Naturschutzgebiet und wurde mit der Die Untersuchungsflächen im nörd- Kleinstgewässer, Flüsse oder Schilfgür- Übernahme der Fauna-Flora-Habitat- lichen Fohren (Lebendes Hochmoor tel an Seen gebunden, wo sie meist Richtlinie (FFH, Richtlinie 92/43/EWG A) zeichnen sich durch eine erkenn- an Wasserpflanzen leben (SCHATZ & zur Erhaltung der natürlichen Lebens- bare Bulten- und Schlenkenstruktur BEHAN-PELLETIER 2008). Weltweit sind bis- räume sowie der wildlebenden Tiere aus, offene Wasserbereiche sind im her mehr als 11.000 Oribatidenarten und Pflanzen) 1995 in das Schutzge- großen, offenen Bereich im nördlichen beschrieben worden, die Zahl der ins- bietsnetzwerk Natura 2000 eingeglie- Fohren vorhanden. Das Randmoos gesamt vorkommenden Arten dürfte dert. Das höchstrangige Erhaltungsziel (Lebendes Hochmoor B mit Störungs- zwischen 50.000 und 100.000 Arten im Fohramoos gilt den Moorwäldern, einfluss) weist in Folge von Beein- liegen (SCHATZ 2002). Aus Österreich gefolgt von den anderen Hochmoor- trächigungen (Entwässerung und sind bisher ca. 650 Arten (und Unter- lebensräumen (aus BÖSCH 2009: Natura Nährstoffzufuhr) teilweise einen Über- arten) bekannt (SCHATZ 1983, aktuali- 2000 - Der Vorarlberger Weg). gangsmoorcharakter auf (PFUNDNER siert). Die Erforschung der Hornmilben 2002). Das Renaturierbare Hochmoor in unserem Land ist jedoch noch sehr im südlichen Fohren zeigt, bedingt unvollständig. Bei nahezu jeder faunis- durch mehrere Entwässerungsgräben, tischen Untersuchung werden zusätz- die Langlaufloipe und durch ober- liche Arten angetroffen bzw. bekannte flächlich abfließendes Wasser starke inatura – Forschung online 18 (2015) 2 Abb. 1: Karte des Fohramoos, Lebensräume (PFUNDNER 2002) und Probenstellen der Hornmilbenuntersuchung (weiße Kreise). Austrocknung und Erosionsschäden 3 Material und Methoden aller Proben (auch des ausgesiebten (PFUNDNER 2002). Der Lebensraumtyp Materials) erfolgte in einem modifi- Übergangsmoor ist durch Grund- Die Hornmilben wurden zwischen Juli zierten Tullgren-Berlese Ausleseappa- wassereinfluss gekennzeichnet. und Oktober
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