THE COMPANION TO SOUTHERN LITERATURE

THEMES, GENRES, PLACES, PEOPLE, MOVEMENTS, AND MOTIFS

EDITED BY JOSEPH M. FLORA AND LUCINDA H. MACKETHAN

ASSOCIATE EDITOR TODD TAYLOR

t LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE CONTENTS

Contents Arranged by Subject xiii Asheville, North Carolina 73 Introduction Atlanta, 74 Beginnings xix Atlanta Constitution 76 Contents, Coverage, Contributors xxi Audubon, John J. 76 Finding Your Way with The Companion xxii Autobiographical Impulse 77 Southern Literature: General Reference Autobiography 82 Works xxii Automobile 85 Acknowledgments xxv Bacon's Rebellion 87 Baltimore, Maryland 87 Abolition 1 Baltimore Sunpapers 88 Academy, Southern Literature and the 3 Baptists 89 Accent 4 Bartram, William 92 Advice on Writing Southern-Fiction 4 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 93 African American Colleges and Universities 5 Beaches 94 African American Folk Culture 7 Belle 95 African , Bible 97 Beginnings to 1919 10 Bible Belt 99 African American Literature, 1919 to Present 15 Biography 100 African American Spirituals 19 Birmingham, 103 African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 21 Birth of a Nation, The 104 Agrarians 22 Black Methodists 105 Alabama, Literature of 24 Black Migrations 107 Alabama, University of 30 Blue-Collar Literature 108 Algonquin Books 31 Bluegrass Music 109 American Mercury 32 Blues, The 112 American Renaissance 33 Boone, Daniel 113 Ancestor Worship 33 Border States 114 Anthologies of Southern Literature 35 Bourbon 116 Appalachia 39 British-American Culture 117 Appalachian Literature 43 Brown v. Board of Education 120 Architecture 48 Architecture, Domestic (Barns and Cabins) 54 Cajun 122 Aristocracy 55 Cajun Literature 122 , Literature of 56 Calvinism 125 Arkansas, University of 61 Carpetbagger 127 Art and Artists 62 Carter, Jimmy 128 viii / Contents

Caste 129 "Dixie" 214 Cavalier 131 Domesticity 214 Caves 133 Domestic Novel 216 Cemeteries and Graveyards 135 Double Dealer, The 219 Centers for Southern Studies 136 Douglass, Frederick 220 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 137 Drama, Beginnings to 1800 221 Charleston, 138 Drama, 1800 to 1900 222 Charlottesville, Virginia 139 Drama, 1900 to Present 225 Chattel Slavery 140 Duke University 229 Childhood 144 Children's Literature 145 Ellison, Ralph Waldo 230 Cities 147 Elvis 231 Civil Rights Movement 151 Episcopalians 233 Civil War 155 Epistolary Fiction 235 Civil War Weaponry 161 Evangelical Christianity 237 Class 162 Expatriation 240 Clergy 163 Clinton, William Jefferson 164 Faithful Retainer 244 Clubs 166 Family 247 Cockfighting 167 Family Feuding 250 College Language Association 168 Family Reunion 251 College Language Association Journal 169 Faulkner, William 253 Colonial Literature 170 Federal Writers' Project 254 Colonial Newspapers 174 Fellowship of Southern Writers 255 Community 175 Feminism 255 Confederacy, Literature of the 178 Fiddlers' Conventions 257 Confederate Flag 180 Fight, The 258 Confederate States of America 181 Film 260 Conjuring 182 Fishing 263 Conservatism 184 Florida, Literature of 264 Cotton 187 Folk Art 268 Country Music 187 Folklife Documentary 269 Cracker 189 Folklore 271 Creole 190 Folk Music 272 Creole Literature 191 Folk Narrative 276 Crimes and Criminals 192 Folk Songs, Religious 277 Crisis 194 Food 279 Crockett, Davy 195 Forrest, Nathan Bedford 281 Foxfire 281 Davis, Jefferson 196 Frame Narrative 282 De Bow's Review 197 Frank, Leo 283 Debutante 198 Free Southern Theater 284 Declaration of Independence 199 Fugitives, The 284 Deep South 200 Fundamentalism 286 , Literature of 203 Demagogue 204 Gardens 288 Dialect Literature 206 Gay Literature 289 Diaries, Civil War 207 Gentleman 292 Diaries, Men's 211 Georgia, Literature of 294 Diaries, Women's 212 Georgia, University of 302 Contents / ix

Germans 302 Jim Crow 389 Getting Happy 303 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 390 Ghost Stories 304 Judaism 392 Gilded Age 306 Gone With the Wind 307 K Mart Fiction 394 Good Old Boy 309 , Literature of 396 Gospel Music 310 Kentucky, University of 403 Gothicism 311 Kentucky Tragedy 404 Grand Ole Opry 316 Kenyan Review 406 Great Depression 317 Key West, Florida 407 .Greenville, 318 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 407 Grit Lit 319 Korean War 408 Grits 320 Ku Klux Klan 410 Grotesque, The 321 Guilt 324 Lady 413 Guns 325 Law Before 1900 415 Law, 1900 to Present 417 Happy Darky 327 Lawyer 418 Harlem Renaissance 328 Lazy South 420 Highland Scots 330 Lee, Robert E. 423 Hillbilly 332 Lesbian Literature 427 Hispanic Literature 333 "Letter from Birmingham Jail" 430 Historical Romance 335 Letters 430 Histories of Southern Literature 340 Lexington, Kentucky 434 History, Idea of 342 Liberalism 435 Hog, The 346 Library of Southern Literature, The 439 Hollins University 346 Lincoln, Abraham 441 Honor 347 Literary Magazines of the Past 443 Horses and Horse Racing 348 Literary Magazines of the Present 445 Humor, Beginnings to 1900 349 Literary Theory, Contemporary 446 Humor, 1900 to Present 356 Local Color 449 Hunting 361 Long, Huey 452 Hurston, Zora Neale 363 Lost Cause 453 Hymns 364 Lost Colony, The 454 Louisiana, Literature of 455 I'll Take My Stand 367 Louisiana State University 461 Imagism 368 Lynching 462 Incest 368 Lynch Law 464 Indians 369 Industrialization 371 Macon, Georgia 467 Intellectual 375 Magic Realism 467 Internet Resources 377 Mammy 468 Irish Catholics 378 Manuscript Collections 470 Mardi Gras 471 Jackson, Andrew 380 Maryland, Literature of 472 Jackson, Mississippi 381 Masking 477 Jackson, Stonewall 381 Mason-Dixon Line 479 Jazz 382 Melodrama 479 Jefferson, Thomas 385 Memphis, 480 Jewish Tradition 386 Methodists 482 x / Contents

Mexican War 486 O'Connor, Flannery 600 Military Colleges 487 Odes to the Confederate Dead 601 Military Tradition 488 , Literature of 602 Mind of the South, The 492 Old Dominion 605 Minimalism 492 Old South 606 Minstrelsy 494 Old Southwest 607 Miscegenation 496 Oral History 608 Mississippi, Literature of 499 Oratory 609 Mississippi, University of 504 Outdoor Drama 611 505 Oxford, Mississippi 614 Mississippi Quarterly 507 Ozark Mountains 615 Mississippi River 508 Missouri, Literature of 509 Passing 617 Mobile, Alabama 513 Past, The 619 Modernism 514 Pastoral 620 Mulatto 516 Patriarchy 622 Mule, The 517 Pentecostals 624 Mystery and Detective Fiction 518 Periodicals, 1800 to 1860 627 Mythical Realms 520 Periodicals, 1860 to 1900 630 Periodicals, 1900 to 1960 632 NAACP 522 Periodicals, 1960 to Present 636 Nashville, Tennessee 523 Photography 638 Natchez Trace 524 Piedmont 645 Native American Literature 526 Piracy 646 Naturalism 530 Pirate 648 Nature 532 Plantation 649 Neo-Slave Narrative 535 Plantation Fiction 650 New Criticism 536 Plessy v. Ferguson 652 New Deal 538 Pocahontas 653 New Journalism 539 New Negro 541 Poe, Edgar Allan 654 New Orleans, Louisiana 543 Poetry, Beginnings to 1820 655 New Orleans Times-Picayune 544 Poetry, 1820 to 1900 658 New South 544 Poetry, 1900 to World War II 663 Newspapers 547 Poetry, World War II to Present 665 New Woman 551 Politician 669 Southern Society 553 Poor White 671 "Nigger" 553 Popular Literature 673 North, The 556 Populism 676 North Carolina, Literature of 557 Porgy and Bess 678 North Carolina, University of 566 Postmodernism 678 North Carolina State University 567 Preaching 680 Northern Audiences 568 Presbyterians 683 Novel, Beginnings to 1820 571 Proletarian Novel 684 Novel, 1820 to 1865 573 Promotional Tract 688 Novel, 1865 to 1900 578 Protest, Novel of 690 Novel, 1900 to World War II 582 Publishers 695 Novel, World War II to Present 592 Puritanism 696 Nullification 598 Puritan Writers 697 Contents / xi

Quadroon Balls 700 Sherman, William Tecumseh 784 Quilting 701 Short Story, Beginnings to 1900 784 Quixotism 702 Short Story, 1900 to World War II 787 Short Story, World War II to Present 790 Race, Idea of 705 Short-Story Cycles 796 Race Relations 709 Silver, Frankie 799 Racism 714 Simpson, Lewis Pearson 800 Ragtime 717 Sixties, The 801 Railroads 718 Slave Narrative 803 Raleigh, Sir Walter 720 Slave Revolts 807 Reading Public 721 Smart Set 809 Realism 723 Smith, Captain John 809 Rebel 725 Snake Handling 810 Rebel Yell 726 Society for the Study of Southern Literature 811 Reconstruction 726 Sociology of the South 812 Redneck 729 Solid South 813 Regionalism 730 Sometime Southerner 814 Religion in Nineteenth-Century Literature 731 South Carolina, Literature of 815 Religion in Twentieth-Century Literature 733 South Carolina, University of 823 Reviewer 736 Southern Cultures 824 Revolutionary War (American) 736 Southern Literary Journal, 1835 to 1838 825 Richmond, Virginia 738 Southern Literary Journal, 1968 to Present 826 Rivers 738 Southern Literary Messenger 827 Rock and Roll 740 Southern Literature, Idea of 828 Roman Catholics 742 Southern Living 834 Romance Genre 744 Southern Renascence 835 Romanticism 750 Southern Review 840 Rubin, Louis. D., Jr. 752 South in the Building of the Nation, The 842 Russell's Magazine 752 Southwest 843 Southwestern Humor 844 "Sahara of the Bozart" 754 Spanish-American War 850 Sambo 755 Speech and Dialect 851 Savage Ideal 756 Sports Literature 854 Savage South 756 Sportsmen 857 Savannah, Georgia 757 States' Rights 859 Scopes Trial 757 Steel Magnolia 860 Scots-Irish 758 Stoicism 861 Scottsboro Case 760 Storytelling 863 Sears Catalog 761 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 865 Sectionalism 762 Suburbs and Suburban Life 867 Sectional Reconciliation 763. Sunbelt 868 Secularization 767 Sunday School 869 Segregation 768 Sentimental Novel 769 Talk (Gossip) 871 Sermons 772 Tall Tale 872 Sewanee Review 774 Teacher 873 Sex and Sexuality 776 Televangelist 876 Shakespeare, William 779 Television 878 Sharecropping 781 Telling About the South 878 Sheriff 783 Tenant Farming 880 xii / Contents

Tennessee, Literature of 882 Virginia Wits 947 Tennessee-Knoxville, University of 892 Voodoo 948 Authority (TVA) 893 Texas, East, Literature of 894 Warren, Robert Penn 950 Texas Revolution 899 , Booker T. 952 Textiles 899 Washington, George 953 Theft 900 Washington and Lee University 954 -Tidewater 901 Weddings 955 Till, Emmett 903 Welty, Eudora 956 Tobacco 904 , Literature of 957 Tobacco Wars 906 Whoopin' 962 Town and Country 907 William and Mary, College of 963 Trail of Tears 909 Williams, Tennessee 963 Transcendentalism 910 Women's Colleges 965 Travel Literature 912 Women's Movement 966 Trickster 913 Women's Studies 968 Turner, Nat 915 Women Writers, Beginnings to 1820 969 Tuskegee Institute 917 Women Writers, 1820 to 1900 972 Twain, Mark 917 Women Writers, 1900 to World War II 979 Women Writers, World War II to Present 987 Uncle Remus 919 Woodward, C. Vann 992 Uncle Tom 920 Work 993 Underground Railroad 921 World War I 995 United Daughters of the Confederacy 922 World War II 998 University of the South (Sewanee) 923 Wright, Richard 1003 University Presses 924 Y'all 1005 Upland South 926 Yankee 1006 Yellow-Dog Democrat 1008 Valley of Virginia 929 Yeoman 1008 Vanderbilt University 930 Yoknapatawpha 1011 Vernacular Voice 931 Vietnam War 932 Violence 935 List of Contributors and Their Affiliations Virginia, Literature of 940 (Keyed to Entries in The Companion) 1013 Virginia, University of 946 Index 1023