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Puquios, Qanats Y Manantiales: Gestión Del Agua En El Perú Antiguo

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Puquios, Qanats Y Manantiales: Gestión Del Agua En El Perú Antiguo PUQUIOS, QANATS Y MANANTIALES: GESTIÓN DEL AGUA EN EL PERÚ ANTIGUO PUQUIOS, QANATS AND SPRINGS: WATER MANAGENT IN ANCIENT PERÚ Luis A. Ponce-Vega Universidad Nacional Federico Villareal. Lima, Perú. ([email protected]) RESUMEN ABSTRACT En esta era marcada por el cambio climático, la desertifica- In this era marked by climate change, desertification and ción y el estrés hídrico se precisan como soluciones alternati- water stress, low-cost and high-efficiency alternative solutions vas de bajo costo y alta efectividad para proporcionar agua a are required to provide low-income rural communities with las comunidades rurales de bajos ingresos, a fin de satisfacer water, in order to satisfy their agricultural and domestic sus necesidades agrícolas y domésticas en armonía con su rea- needs in harmony with their geographic reality. This study lidad geográfica. La presente obra examina cómo las socieda- examines how agrarian societies of the Nasca culture faced des agrarias de la cultura Nasca enfrentaron estos desafíos en these challenges in one of the most arid deserts in the world, uno de los desiertos más áridos del mundo, así como en los and in the Andes of southern Perú, near the city of Cusco, andes del sur peruano, cerca de la ciudad de Cusco, en áreas in areas with intense rains, difficult geography and scarce de intensas lluvias, difícil geografía y escasas tierras de culti- cultivation lands. The objective is to understand, specifically, vo. Se desea conocer, específicamente, cómo se obtuvo, guar- how water was obtained, stored and distributed, and what dó y distribuyó el agua y qué importancia tuvo el uso del agua importance the use of underground and spring water had; subterránea y la de manantiales; se desea saber, igualmente, el likewise, the aim is to understand Perú’s potential in terms potencial del Perú en cuanto a aguas subterráneas. Se revisa of underground waters. Specialized literature is reviewed la literatura especializada para responder estas interrogantes to respond these questions and to explore how water y conocer cómo se realizó la gestión del agua en estas socieda- management was carried out in these agrarian societies. It is des agrarias. Se plantea también que estas técnicas pueden ser also suggested that these techniques can be strengthened with potenciadas con tecnología de punta para mejorar la gestión cutting edge technology to improve the management of water de los recursos hídricos, como parte del esfuerzo internacio- resources, as part of the international effort to face climate nal para enfrentar el cambio climático. change. Palabras claves: agua subterránea, drenaje, muyus, Nasca, tierras Key words: underground water, drainage, Nasca, arid lands. áridas. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCIÓN ater control was a vital issue in classical l control del agua fue un tema vital en la Roma Rome, as well as in other ancient clásica, así como en otras civilizaciones anti- civilizations where aqueducts, cisterns, guas donde los acueductos, cisternas, reservo- Wreservoirs, fountains and pumps satisfied the water Erios, pilones y surtidores satisfacían las necesidades needs, agricultural and urban, being an essential part hídricas, agrícolas y urbanas, siendo parte esencial of their legacy, which also includes, naturally, the de su legado, que también incluye, por supuesto, al nymphaeum, source of exceptional beauty and model nymphaeum, fuente de excepcional belleza y modelo of the ornamental use of water, honoring springs’ del uso ornamental del agua, que honró a las ninfas nymphs, protectors of the vital resource (Wilson, de los manantiales, protectoras del vital recurso (Wil- 2008). son, 2008). Water was also a priority in the Middle East, cradle of the first civilizations. Not only did they * Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. Recibido: diciembre, 2013. Aprobado: febrero, 2015. build the first canals, pipes and siphons, but also the Publicado como ARTÍCULO en ASyD 12: 279-296. 2015. qanat, a structure composed of tunnels and wells that 279 AGRICULTURA, SOCIEDAD Y DESARROLLO, JULIO - SEPTIEMBRE 2015 En el Cercano Oriente, cuna de las primeras civi- supplied water to the most arid lands in the world lizaciones, también se dio prioridad al agua. No solo and which, in Wilson’s opinion, represented one of construyeron los primeros canales, tuberías y sifones, the most important developments in the history of sino también al qanat, estructura compuesta de tú- hydraulic engineering (Wilson, 2008). neles y pozos que proveyó de agua a las tierras más The qanat spread to the Far East, Europe and the áridas del mundo y que, en opinión de Wilson, re- New World, receiving in México the name of Galería presenta uno de los desarrollos más importantes en la Filtrante (Filtering Gallery), about which Palerm historia de la ingeniería hidráulica (Wilson, 2008). Viqueira (2004) carried out a detailed study on its El qanat se extendió al Lejano Oriente, a Europa typology and distribution; however, the topic of y al Nuevo Mundo, recibiendo en México el nom- the Peruvian puquio remained pending. About this bre de Galería Filtrante, del cual Palerm Viqueira particular, Barnes and Fleming (1991) set out the (2004) realizó un detallado estudio sobre su tipología hypothesis of a probable Spanish origin for Nasca’s y distribución, quedando pendiente el tema del pu- puquio; in contrast, Schreiber and Lancho (2003, quio peruano. Sobre este particular, Barnes y Fleming 2006) regarded them as a sub-product of the Nasca (1991) plantearon la hipótesis de un probable origen culture. Although the debate about the origin of español del puquio de Nasca; en cambio, Schreiber puquios is not settled yet1, the contributions suggested y Lancho (2003, 2006) los vieron como un sub-pro- so far in this century allow us a better comprehension ducto de la cultura Nasca. Aunque el debate sobre el of this technique for irrigating extreme arid lands in origen de los puquios aún no concluye1, los aportes Nasca. By extension, it also stimulated interest about planteados en lo que va del presente siglo nos permi- water management in the Andes of southern Perú, ten una mejor comprensión de esta técnica que irri- since the techniques used by the ancient Peruvian ga tierras de aridez extrema en Nasca. Por extensión, peoples in the coastal deserts, as well as in the Andean también despertó el interés por la gestión del agua en basins and highlands, materialize their knowledge los Andes del sur del Perú, en tanto que las técnicas about local geography and the resources available, usadas por los antiguos peruanos en los desiertos cos- and their correlation with a vision of the world that teros, así como en las cuencas y altiplanicies andinas, values underground water. materializan su conocimiento sobre la geografía local In order to gain access to the hydraulic techniques y los recursos disponibles y su correlación con una of ancient Perú, native center of culture, the cases visión del mundo que valora el agua subterránea. of Nasca, Machu Picchu and Moray are reviewed, Para acceder a las técnicas hidráulicas del anti- notable examples of Andean knowledge about water guo Perú, centro originario de cultura, se revisan los management. Thanks to the studies by scientists casos de Nasca, Machu Picchu y Moray, ejemplos and engineers, with the help of new non-invasive notables del conocimiento andino sobre el manejo techniques, a better understanding of the hydraulic del agua. Gracias a los estudios de científicos e inge- systems from these cultures has been attained, nieros, con la ayuda de las nuevas técnicas no inva- which can help us in the international effort to face sivas, se ha podido tener una mejor comprensión de climate change. In this sense, the way in which water las técnicas hidráulicas de estas culturas que pueden management was approached is examined, both in ayudarnos en el esfuerzo internacional para enfren- the Nasca culture, located in one of the most arid tar el cambio climático. En tal sentido se examina deserts of the world, and in the Andes of southern cómo se enfrentó la gestión del agua tanto en la cul- Perú, near the city of Cusco, in areas with intense tura Nasca, ubicada en uno de los desiertos más ári- rains, difficult geography and scarce cultivation dos del mundo, como en los andes del sur del Perú, lands. The way in which water was obtained, stored cerca de la ciudad de Cusco, en áreas de intensas and distributed, is examined with special care, as well lluvias, difícil geografía y escasas tierras de cultivo. as the importance of underground water or spring Se examina, con especial cuidado, cómo se obtuvo, water. Also, the aim was to understand Perú’s current guardó y distribuyó el agua, y qué importancia tuvo potential with these resources. el agua subterránea o de manantial. Igualmente, se From the examination performed, it can be deseaba conocer el potencial actual del Perú sobre concluded that springs or underground water fed estos recursos. the puquios from the Nasca culture, as well as the 280 VOLUMEN 12, NÚMERO 3 PUQUIOS, QANATS Y MANANTIALES: GESTIÓN DEL AGUA EN EL PERÚ ANTIGUO Del examen realizado se puede concluir que los hydraulic works in Machu Picchu or the muyus in manantiales o las aguas subterráneas alimentaron los Moray. These last two centers, likewise, show the puquios de la cultura Nasca, al igual que las obras hi- state-of-the-art of the Inca’s hydraulic techniques dráulicas de Machu Picchu y los muyus de Moray. during a stage prior to European influence. Finally, Estos dos últimos centros, igualmente, muestran el the few studies performed about underground estado del arte de las técnicas hidráulicas de los in- water in Perú suggest the existence of an important cas en una etapa previa a la influencia europea. Fi- potential, requiring specific future studies that allow nalmente, los escasos estudios realizados sobre aguas promoting traditional systems within the context of subterráneas en el Perú sugieren la existencia de un integral basin management.
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