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An Ecological Study in Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve, Flores, Indonesia

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An Ecological Study in Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve, Flores, Indonesia ASSESSING THE NECESSARY WIDTH OF BUFFER ZONES: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY IN RUTENG STRICT NATURE RESERVE, FLORES, INDONESIA by Yance de Fretes Drs., Cenderawasih University, 1985 MES., Yale University, 1991 I A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department Forest Resources Management) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard v THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 1996 ©Yance de Fretes, 1996 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ^V^^^rX The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT The buffer zone has become an important component in all reserve management plans or conservation.initiatives, particularly in tropical regions. Buffer zones have been proposed as both an additional protection to existing reserves and a means to provide opportunities for people living adjacent to the reserves to maintain their livelihood. One fundamental problem of the buffer zone approach is that there are no methods available to determine appropriate buffer zone width for any given reserve. Many suggestions for a standard buffer zone width have been offered, but these are largely based on intuition. There is a serious lack of ecological studies to support those suggestions. In areas where land is abundant and population density is low, we may make "prudent guesses" in determining buffer zone width. However, in areas where human population pressure has led tb increasing levels of resource consumption and an increase in land-use conflicts, ecologically-based studies should be used in determining buffer zone width. Considering the accelerated rate of habitat destruction and loss coupled with chronic reserve management problems, long-term and detailed ecological studies to determine buffer zone width .for each individual reserve are infeasible and unrealistic. What is needed is a method that can be used to gather biophysical data for determining necessary buffer zone width. Such a method should be simple, inexpensive, and easily- taught to and used by park planners and communities around the reserves; yet, it should also be comprehensive enough to provide reliable information. The method proposed in this thesis is based on analysis of species richness, species diversity, stem density and species compositions. The major concept is that areas around the reserve showing similar species richness, species diversity, stem density and species composition to the core habitats of the reserve, should be legalized as buffer zone. The proposed method must be used in conjunction with considerations about the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the people living around the reserve. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated by an application focusing on plants in the area around the Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve on Flores Island, Indonesia. TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract ii Table of content iv List tables and figures vi Acknowledgement viii List of abbreviations ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTED AREAS 6 2.1. Protected Areas and Associated Management Problems 6 2.2. Protected Area Systems in Indonesia 11 2.3. Problems in Protected Area Management in Indonesia 19 2.4. New Approaches to Protected Area Management 21 CHAPTER 3: BUFFER ZONE DEVELOPMENT 25 3.1. The Buffer Zone Concept 25 3.2. The Buffer Zone: Progress and Gaps 28 3.3. Buffer Width: Other's Suggestions 29 3.4 Need for A New Approach to Determine Buffer Zone Width 31 3.5. Criteria for An Effective Buffer Zone Width 33 3.5.1. Biophysical criteria 33 3.5.2. Socio-economic criteria 39 CHAPTER 4: STUDY AREA 49 4.1. Ruteng, Flores Island 49 4.2. Protected Areas on Flores 60 4.2.1. Proposed Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve 62 4.2.2. Threats to the reserve 66 4.3. Social and Economic Conditions 68 4.3.1. Socio-economic characteristics 68 4.3.2. Wood contribution to the household economy 69 4.3.3. Alternatives to selling wood for income 72 4.4. Governance 75 4.4.1. Traditional systems of governance 75 4.4.2. The effectiveness of traditional systems of 77 governance CHAPTER 5: PROPOSED METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION 79 5.1. Overview of the Method 79 5.2. Sampling Design 83 5.2.1. Study sites 84 5.2.2. Biophysical data 87 5.3. Data Analysis 87 5.4. Results 89 5.4.1. Species richness 93 5.4.2. Species diversity 97 5.4.3. Stem density 99 5.4.4. Species composition between transects 102 iv 5.5. Conclusion 103 5.5.1. Ecological determination 103 5.5.2. Buffer zone determination for the RSNR 105 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION: THE METHOD'S POTENTIAL 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Assessing the Ruteng Application 109 6.3. Recommendation: Refining the Method 112 6.4. General Application 113 6.5. Conclusion 115 Bibliography 116 Appendix 129 v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Table 2. 1: Indonesian Forest Classification 16 Table 2. 2: Current Gazetted Protected Areas 18 Table 2. 3: Threatened of Selected Taxa in Indonesia 21 Table 3. 1: Suggested buffer zone widths 30 Table 4. 1: Population of Manggarai District 1961 to 1990 52 Table 4. 2: Population and density by sub-district 1991 53 Table 4. 3: GRDP (in Rupiah) for the East Nusa Tenggara 55 Province 1990-1992 without gas and oil Table 4. 4: Land Use in the Manggarai District 60 Table 4. 5: Protected areas in the Flores 62 Table 5. 1: Arithmetic mean for species richness, 90 Shannon Diversity Index, and stem density Table 5. 2: Summary of ANOVA results using sites as true 94 replicates to compare species richness, species diversity and stem density between the transects Table 5. 3: Summary of ANOVA results using sample plots as 96 pseudoreplicates to compare species richness between the transects at each site Table 5. 4: Summary of ANOVA results using sample plots a 99 pseudoreplicates to.compare species diversity between the transects at each site Table 5. 5: Summary of ANOVA results using sample plots as 10 pseudoreplicates to stem density between the transects at each site Table 5. 6: Morisita's similarity index for species io: composition between the transects on each sites vi Figures Figure 3. 1: Relation between plant diversity and . 37 animal diversity Figure 4. 1: Nusa Tenggara, Timur Province 50 Figure 4". 2: Mean rainfall in Ruteng 51 Figure 4. 3: Forest types on Nusa Tenggara and 64 Proposed Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve Figure 5. 1: Study Sites 85 Figure 5. 2: Sample Design 86 Figure 5. 3: Species Area Curve 91 Figure •5. 4: Mean Species Richness 95 Figure 5. 5: Mean Species Diversity 98 Figure 5. Mean Stem Densities 101 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During my study, I received generous help and invaluable guidance from many individuals and institutions. I cannot name them all here, but I sincerely thank all of them. Many thanks to the EMDI Phase 3 Project staff in Lombok,. Jakarta and Halifax, particularly Pauline Lawrence and Valerie Sexton; the Kantor KLH; and the WWF Indonesia Programme in Jakarta, especially Evie Adipati. Thanks are also due to Dr. E. Widjaya; Dr. J. P. Mogea and staff from Lembaga Biologi Nasional, Bogor for helping with plant identification. In Ruteng, I was helped by Father J. A. J. Verheijen and Pak Simom Jemaat. Without the help of Pak Irinus Ros and Fabi Magus, my field assistants, the field work would have been almost unmanageable. Pak Stanis and Ansi Tatul helped.with social and cultural information. I thank them all. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. M. M. J. van Balgooy of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands for helping with plant identification; Dr. B. Beehler of the Smithsonian Institute; Dr. J. Holloway; and Ibu Moria Moeliono for sharing her reports on the forestry issues in Manggarai. Many friends in Canada and the United States gave generous support and help during my study and in the preparation of this thesis. Thanks are due to Karen Peachey for her editorial help and Kathy Sestrich for.comments on the earlier drafts. This study would not be possible without generous financial support from EMDI/CIDA. I would to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Kathryn A. Monk, my field, advisor for her tremendous help and care, both during my field work and in preparation of this thesis. I am particularly indebted to my research supervisor Dr. Alan Chambers, and committee members Peter Broothroyd, Dr. Geoffrey Hainsworth, and Dr. Tom Sullivan at University of British Columbia, for their help, patience and understanding. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BAPPENAS National Development Planning Bureau (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) BPS Central Bureau of Statistic (Biro Pusat Statistik) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency dbh diameter at breast high (1.33 m) EMDI Environmental Management Development in Indonesia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GNP Gross National Products GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Products ha hectare IPAS Integrated Protected Areas Systems IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources KLH State Ministry of Population and Environment (as April 1993, renamed State Ministry for Environment) km kilo meter (= 1.8
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