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2019-Priyam Laxmi Borgohain Phd Thesis.Pdf Downstream Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of the Ranganadi Hydel Project in Northeast India A THESIS SUBMITTED TO MANIPAL ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY PRIYAM LAXMI BORGOHAIN UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DILIP R. AHUJA National Institute of Advanced Studies Bengaluru, India 2019 Dedicated to my parents Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest respect and gratitude towards Dr. Dilip R. Ahuja, my PhD supervisor, for his guidance, innumerable suggestions, constructive criticism, and moral support since the conception of this work. I am also hugely grateful to my SAC members, Prof. M. Amarjeet Singh and Dr. M. Mayilvaganan, for their invaluable comments and advice, that helped me give this thesis its present form. I thank the Department of Science and Technology, India, for the financial assistance in the form of research fellowship under the DST INSPIRE Fellowship program. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. P. Srinivasa Aithal, Mr. A. Devaraju, Ms. Hamsa Kalyani, Ms. R. Vijaylakshmi, Mr. V.A. Ramesh, Ms. V.B. Mariyammal and Ms. S. Lalitha, for all their help and assistance in NIAS. I am forever indebted to Ms. J.N. Sandhya, for her guidance and support through all the academic and administrative procedures. I also thank Dr. Hippu S.K. Nathan for sharing his expertise and constructive comments. Fellow scholars and colleagues, who go on to become close friends, are the ones who can truly understand and appreciate the PhD journey. I am extremely thankful to Neesha, Ankita and Sanket, for their love and friendship, the never-ending discussions, agreements and disagreements, motivation and support throughout my PhD journey. I also thank each and every person who has been my hostel mate, and with whom I had shared the badminton court in NIAS, for providing a memorable and fun-filled stay in campus. I especially thank Madeni and Julie, for giving me a home away from home in Bangalore. I am thankful to all those who helped me conduct my fieldwork. A special thanks to Bonti Borma, who did not hesitate to walk for miles under the sun and rain as she accompanied me on the field and for giving me a loving home during fieldwork. Most importantly, I thank the residents of my study villages in Lakhimpur district, for trusting me with their views and opinions. I have been immensely fortunate to be gifted with a second family - my in-laws, Mr. Ratna Kanta Hazarika, Mrs. Bijoya Hazarika and Babi Hazarika. I thank them for the love, iv Acknowledgements understanding and unwavering support that enabled me to finish this thesis, and for giving as much value to my work as I did. This thesis would not have seen the light of day had it not been for the constant support and encouragement from my better half, my best friend and my husband - Dr. Pranjit Hazarika. I take this opportunity to thank him for his immense patience, guidance and all the sacrifices he made to help me finish my work. He has been the biggest supporter and the greatest critic of this thesis, and I am grateful to him for all the long discussions and arguments, and for lending a patient ear to my deductions, despite the subject being outside his expertise. Above all, I thank him for never letting me to give up on myself. I am also grateful to my brother - Dr. Manas Krishna Borgohain and sister-in-law - Dr. Deepsikha Saikia, ‘My PRECIOUS!!!!’, who put up with all the drama, yet never stopped believing in me. I thank them for having more faith in me than I had in myself, and motivating me at every step of this work. Last, but not at all in the least, I thank the two greatest cheerers and teachers in my life, my parents - Dr. Krishna Kanta Borgohain and Mrs. Gopa Borgohain. Words fail to express my gratitude towards them, who never stopped believing in me and picked me up when I hit the lowest point in this journey. They egged me on, even when I wanted to give up, and none of this would have been possible had it not been for their love, support and encouragement. Therefore, I dedicate this thesis to them. v Abstract The Brahmaputra Basin in Northeast India is identified as the ‘future powerhouse’ of the country, given its vast hydropower potential of 66 GW. Consequently, the region is now witnessing rapid development of hydropower projects. At the same time, large dam construction faces strong opposition given their adverse environmental and socio- economic impacts. Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of upcoming projects in the basin. One of the major concerns of dam building in this Himalayan state is their downstream impacts upon the riverine and riparian ecosystems of the lower floodplains of Assam. Commissioned in 2002, the 405 MW Ranganadi hydel project (RHEP) is the sole operating hydropower scheme in Arunachal Pradesh. As an inter-basin water diversion project, it involves transfer of flow from the impounded Ranganadi River to an adjacent river – Dikrong, for power generation. This study analyzes the impacts of the hydel project upon the downstream hydrology and geomorphology of Ranganadi and Dikrong within the floodplains of Assam. The study further examines the associated socio- economic impacts of impoundment upon the floodplain communities of selected downstream villages in the Ranganadi basin. The two affected rivers displayed contrasting patterns of hydrological and morphological changes in the post-dam period. Annual median flows in the impounded and flow-deprived Ranganadi decreased by 63%, while the reduction in monthly medians ranged from 46% to 80%. The annual extremes showed higher reduction in the minimum water conditions. Unlike the pattern of change commonly demonstrated by impounded rivers, Ranganadi displayed attenuation of both high and low flows, indicating the influence of unsustainable water diversion for off-site electricity generation. At the same time, the flow-recipient river - Dikrong displayed 138% increase in post-dam annual flows. The monthly flows increased significantly by more than 30%. Dikrong, too, exhibited higher elevation in low flows compared to monsoonal high flows. Ranganadi exhibited decreased braiding and a temporal narrowing channel pattern, while Dikrong displayed channel widening and an increasingly braided and multi-channeled planform. Sudden water releases from the reservoir, flash floods and sand casting were the major problems perceived by the downstream communities in the Ranganadi basin. Farming as a primary livelihood decreased, particularly in the left bank vi Abstract villages and especially post-2008 flash floods. The major adaptations observed were livelihood diversification and increased leasing of agricultural lands. The downstream impacts of river damming have been aggravated by a complex overlapping of natural and anthropogenic stressors, and would become more unpredictable in the future given the cascade development of dams in both river basins. The study found the current flow release pattern of RHEP to be unsustainable, where downstream flows especially in Ranganadi have been mismanaged. Finally, this study emphasizes the recognition of downstream impacts in the Environmental Impact Assessment framework and a space for the downstream riparian to negotiate their concerns. It also recommends the implementation of environmental flow releases by old and new projects alike, especially in cases of inter-basin water diversion. Keywords: Hydropower, downstream impacts, Ranganadi, Dikrong, hydrology, morphology, socio-economic vii Contents Declaration i Certificate ii Acknowledgements iv - v Abstract vi - vii List of tables and figures xii - xx Chapter 1: Introduction 1 - 24 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Study area 6 1.3 Literature review 8 1.3.1 Energy scenario in India and the rationale behind 8 hydropower development 1.3.2 Northeast hydropower scenario 12 1.3.3 Downstream impacts of dams 14 1.3.4 Impacts on downstream river hydrology and geomorphology 15 1.3.5 Downstream socio-economic impacts 16 1.4 Statement of the problem 20 1.5 Why the Ranganadi hydel project? 21 1.6 Objectives 22 1.7 Chapter outline 22 Chapter 2: Hydrological and Morphological Changes in River 25 - 68 Ranganadi 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Study area - Ranganadi basin 26 2.3 Data and methodology 27 2.4 Results and discussion 33 2.4.1 Alterations in river hydrology 33 2.4.1.1 Group 1 alterations 36 2.4.1.2 Group 2 alterations 37 2.4.1.3 Groups 3, 4 and 5 alterations 39 2.4.1.4 Changes in high flows and floods 40 2.4.2 Changes in river morphology 43 viii Contents 2.4.2.1 The avulsion of 1991 and its repercussions on channel 43 morphology 2.4.2.2 Channel sinuosity and braiding 43 2.4.2.3 Disappearance of side channels across R5, R6, and R7 47 within reach 2 2.4.2.4 Changes in channel width 48 2.4.2.5 Absence of a visible water signature in the downstream 52 reaches of the 2008 channel and its impacts on wetted channel width 2.4.2.6 Channel width calculated up till section R26 53 2.4.3 Bankline migration, erosion, and deposition patterns 54 2.4.3.1 Overall bank migration between 1987-2002 and 56 2002-2014 2.4.3.2 Periodic bankline migration 60 2.4.4 Capture of the Joyhing channel and diversion of flow in the 63 post-dam period 2.4.5 Comparison between flow conditions and channel width 66 Chapter 3: Hydrological and Morphological Changes in River Dikrong 69 - 103 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Study area - Dikrong basin 70 3.3 Data and methodology 72 3.4 Results and discussion 75 3.4.1 Alterations in river hydrology 75 3.4.1.1 Group 1 alterations
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