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Divine Retribution

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Divine Retribution Human Transgression – Divine Retribution A study of religious transgressions and punishments in Greek cultic regulation and Lydian-Phrygian propitiatory inscriptions (‘confession inscriptions’) Aslak Rostad Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-525-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-526-7 (e-Pdf) © Aslak Rostad and Archaeopress and 2020 Cover image: The Moon God ‘Men’, Roman, Anatolia, 3rd century AD, terracotta - Sackler Museum - Harvard University - DDSC01847.jpg Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. php?curid=85402730 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Table of Contents Table of Contents ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� i Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. vi Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................vii PART 1. INTRODUCTION AND AIMS OF THE STUDY Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2. Aims of the Study........................................................................................................ 4 General remarks .......................................................................................................................... 4 Greek or Oriental religiosity ..................................................................................................... 5 Notes on method ......................................................................................................................... 6 The structure of the study .................................................................................................. 6 Interpretive approach .......................................................................................................... 7 Time, geography and context ............................................................................................. 9 Sources ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Concluding remarks ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 PART 2. THE PROPITIATORY INSCRIPTIONS Chapter 3. The Propitiatory Inscriptions and their Religious Context .......................... 15 I. Propitiatory inscriptions .................................................................................................. 15 Geography ............................................................................................................................ 15 Time ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Content ................................................................................................................................. 17 Structure ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17 Curses, judicial prayers and oaths ................................................................................... 18 Gods in propitiatory inscriptions ..................................................................................... 20 Μήν ................................................................................................................................. 21 Ζεύς ................................................................................................................................. 22 ʼΑπόλλων ....................................................................................................................... 22 Μήτηρ ............................................................................................................................. 23 II. Religion and cult in Lydia and Phrygia ............................................................................. 23 General remarks .................................................................................................................. 23 The Gods of Katakekaumene ............................................................................................. 25 Saittai.............................................................................................................................. 26 Silandos .......................................................................................................................... 26 Tabala ............................................................................................................................. 26 Maionia .......................................................................................................................... 26 Katakekaumene outside the territories of the four main cities............................ 26 Categories of religious inscriptions ................................................................................. 27 Ex-voto inscriptions ..................................................................................................... 27 Dedicatory inscriptions ............................................................................................... 31 i Grave inscriptions ........................................................................................................ 32 Honorary inscriptions ................................................................................................. 36 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 37 III. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4. Earlier Research on the Propitiatory Inscriptions ......................................... 41 I. Trails in the research on propitiatory inscriptions ......................................................... 41 Confession of sin ................................................................................................................. 41 Oriental religiosity ............................................................................................................. 43 Theocracy and a religious legal system .......................................................................... 45 II. Trails in recent research ..................................................................................................... 48 Research following Petzl’s publication ........................................................................... 48 The research situation since 2006 .................................................................................... 52 III. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 52 PART 3. RELIGIOUS TRANSGRESSIONS AND PUNISHMENTS Chapter 5. Greek Cultic Morality .............................................................................................. 57 I. Cultic morality – definition .................................................................................................. 58 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 58 Morality, moral philosophy and ethics ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Piety ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Cultic morality and cultic legislation .............................................................................. 60 II. Boundaries and social control ............................................................................................ 62 External boundaries ........................................................................................................... 62 Internal boundaries ............................................................................................................ 65 III. Creating sacred space ......................................................................................................... 67 Sacred space ........................................................................................................................ 67 Greek terminology of sacred space .................................................................................. 69 ἱερός ................................................................................................................................ 69 τέμενος ........................................................................................................................... 69 σηκός ............................................................................................................................. 70 ἄβατον and ἄδυτον ......................................................................................................
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