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Distribution and Interpretation of Late Wisconsinan Glacial Landforms and Materials in Boone County, Iowa Bruce Arthur Bohlken Iowa State University

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Distribution and Interpretation of Late Wisconsinan Glacial Landforms and Materials in Boone County, Iowa Bruce Arthur Bohlken Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1980 Distribution and interpretation of Late Wisconsinan glacial landforms and materials in Boone County, Iowa Bruce Arthur Bohlken Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Bohlken, Bruce Arthur, "Distribution and interpretation of Late Wisconsinan glacial landforms and materials in Boone County, Iowa" (1980). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17663. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17663 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distribution and interpretation of Late Wisconsinan glacial landforms and materials in Boone County, Iowa B£> 3** by e. / Bruce Arthur Bohlken A Thesis Submitted to the . Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Earth Sciences Major: Earth Science Signatures have been redacted for privacy Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1980 1289375 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Location 1 Introduction 1 Objectives of Study and Methodology 6 Previous Work 10 Landform Models 13 Fringe suite 14 Marginal suite 14 Knob and kettle topography 15 Moraine plateaus 15 Closed disintegration ridges 16 Transitional suite 17 GEOLOGY OF BOONE COUNTY 20 Bedrock Stratigraphy 20 Bedrock Topography 20 Quaternary Stratigraphy 23 Lower till 23 Sand and gravel 23 Middle till 25 Middle silt 25 Upper till 25 Surficial sediments 26 Drainage Patterns 26 GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 29 Materials Map 29 Units 29 Alluvium/colluvium complex 29 Bedrock 30 Colluvium 30 Depressional sediments 30 Eolian sand/terrace sand 31 Lacustrine sediments 31 iii Page Organic sediments 31 Sand and gravel 32 Sandy subsoil variant 32 Till 33 Till/gravel complex 36 Distribution 37 Altamont moraine 38 Bemis moraine 40 Beaver Creek basin 42 Stream valleys 43 Aerial Photographs 45 Units 45 Linear ridges 45 Circular features 48 Depressional areas 48 Hummocky areas 48 Anastomosing patterns 49 Stream-associated features 49 Distribution 50 Altamont moraine 50 Bemis moraine 55 Beaver Creek basin 61 Stream valleys 65 Topographic Maps 65 Distribution 66 Altamont moraine 66 Bemis moraine 76 Beaver Creek basin 82 Stream valleys 82 INTERPRETATIONS AND DISCUSSION 87 Landform Associations 87 Altamont moraine and stepped surface 90 Beaver Creek basin 101 Bemis moraine 101 Stream valleys 105 CONCLUSIONS 109 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 112 iv Page REFERENCES CITED 114 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 119 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 3 Classification of Wisconsin Stage 11 •'t Tt: y.o..; t vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure i. Location of the Des Moines Lobe Drift Sheet and Boone County 2 Figure 2. Location of towns and cities in Boone County 3 Figure 3. Township and range designations, latitude and longi¬ 4 tude Figure 4. Location of end moraines on the Des Moines Lobe Drift 5 Sheet, with respect to Boone County Figure 5. Location of end and ground moraine in Boone County 7 Figure 6. Relief categories 9 Figure 7. Bedrock stratigraphy in Boone County 21 Figure 8. Bedrock topography in Boone County 22 Figure 9. Quaternary stratigraphy in Boone County 24 Figure 10. Locations of streams and drainage basins 27 Figure 11. Major soil associations in Boone County 34 Figure 12. Linear ridge patterns 46 Figure 13. Altamont moraine east of the Des Moines River 51 Figure 14. Linear ridge pattern (dark lines) in northeast Boone 53 County on Squaw Creek Salient Figure 15. Altamont moraine in western Boone County 54 Figure 16. Depressional area and circular features near Boxholm 56 Figure 17. Parallel linear ridges in eastern Boone County 58 Figure 18. Scalloped pattern along Frog Creek 59 Figure 19. Depressional area north of Sheldahl 62 Figure 20. Anastomosing pattern along Beaver Creek 63 Figure 21. Altamont moraine east of the Des Moines River 68 Figure 22. Location of topographic profiles 69 vii Page Figure 23. Topographic profiles of Altamont moraine east of the 70 Des Moines River Figure 24. Squaw Creek salient (Mackey Quadrangle) 71 Figure 25. Western Boone County (Ogden Quadrangle) 76 Figure 26. Topographic profiles of Altamont moraine west of the 77 Des Moines River Figure 27. Parallel linear ridge pattern in low relief zone in 79 Jackson Township (Boone East Quadrangle) Figure 28. Very low relief area north of Sheldahl (Slater 80 Quadrangle) Figure 29. Circular feature northeast of Madrid in Garden Town¬ 81 ship (Luther Quadrangle) Figure 30. The Des Moines River in northern Boone County (Fraser 83 Quadrangle) Figure 31. Knobs of sand and gravel (stippled pattern) along 86 valley of Squaw Creek (Ames NW Quadrangle) Figure 32. Landform associations in Boone County 88 Figure 33. Formation of linear ridges by subglacial squeeze 92 mechanism Figure 34. Formation of linear ridges by deposition along shear 93 planes in ice Figure 35. Formation of linear ridges by superglacial crevasse 97 filling mechanism Figure 36. Formation of a large circular feature 98 Figure 37. Formation of a small circular feature 100 Figure 38. "Minor moraine" pattern of Boone County by Ruhe 103 Figure 39. Lineation pattern of Boone County by Foster 104 Figure 40. Correlation of bedrock channels (stippled pattern) and 107 and modern drainage viii LIST OF PLATES Page Plate 1 Glacial materials in Boone County, Iowa 120 Plate 2 Relief categories in Boone County, Iowa 121 •CT L ; i -v'' i V8 f ru.. 1 INTRODUCTION Location Boone County is located in central Iowa in the south-central portion of the Des Moines Lobe Drift Sheet (Figure 1). Boone County is 24 miles on each side and has a total area of 576 square miles. The south-flowing Des Moines River bisects the county into an east-west portion; U.S. Highway 30 bisects it into a north-south portion (Figure 2). Nine major towns occur in the county (Figure 2). Latitude, longitude, and township and range designations can be seen in Figure 3. The major population centers, U.S. Highway 30 and the Des Moines River, will be outlined on all of the inset base maps used for reference purposes. Introduction The Des Moines Lobe was a Late Wisconsinan extension of the Laurentide ice sheet originating in the Hudson Bay area (Flint, 1971; Sugden, 1977), which advanced southward through the Dakotas across south-central Minnesota and into central Iowa. The glacier advanced 135 miles into Iowa to termi¬ nate at the present location of the city of Des Moines at 14,000 RCYBP (Ruhe et al., 1957). Radiocarbon dates on wood, including trees rooted in place in the loess beneath the till of the Des Moines Lobe Drift Sheet, have provided good control on the chronology of the area (Ruhe et al., 1957; Wright and Ruhe, 1965). The Des Moines Lobe created four end moraine complexes during its retreat and/or subsequent readvances within Iowa. From south to north they are called the Bemis, Altamont, Humboldt, and Algona (Figure 4). Renewed interest in the Pleistocene of Iowa has spurred new investigations, 2 Figure 1. Location of the Des Moines Lobe Drift Sheet and Boone County 3 N i 6 miles ) Figure 2. Location of towns and cities in Boone County 4 WEBSTER CO. HAMILTON CO. CO. STORY N i 6 miles Figure 3. Township and range designations, latitude and longitude 5 ire 4. Location of end moraines on the Des Moines Lobe E with respect to Boone County (after Ruhe, 1969) 6 demonstrating that the Des Moines Lobe, a simple example of an advancing/ retreating glacier (Ruhe, 1952), had a more complex mode of deglaciation. It is this complexity that should compel us to reevaluate the history of deglaciation of the Des Moines Lobe and the boundaries once placed on the morainal areas. ■ ^ Boone County lends itself well to a study of glacial landforms because it includes portions of the Bemis and Altamont end moraines (Figure 5). The southern part of the county was mapped as the Bemis end moraine whereas the northern portion of the county was mapped as the Altamont end moraine by Ruhe (1952). A small area of ground moraine associated with the Bemis is located in the western part of the county. The presence of two classic end moraines and ground moraine within the county suggest that differences in landforms should occur within a short distance. Objectives of Study and Methodology The purpose of this study is to map and interpret the distribution of Late Wisconsinan glacial landforms and materials in Boone County, Iowa, so V ’ as to infer the glacial regimes at the time of deglaciation. The mapping utilized recent soil survey maps, aerial photographs, and topographic maps. The distribution of surficial materials was determined from the soils in Boone County, utilizing Parts I and II of the Advanced Soil Survey Report for Boone County (Soil Conservation Service, 1975). Soils were grouped into 11 categories on the basis of similar parent material. Soils on the field sheets (at a scale of 1:15,840 or 1 inch = 4 miles) were classified as to parent material, thus producing a surficial geologic map. 7 N i 6 miles 1 1969) 8 Data from the field sheets were transferred onto 7.5 minute topographic maps. The second stage utilized aerial photographs to map the detailed land- form patterns. A set of photos flown in 1953 for the United States Department of Agriculture at a scale of 1:20,000 was used. Stereoscopic pairs were utilized to map linear ridge patterns, topographic breaks, stream dissected areas, and other landform patterns.
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