()-43 Special Resource S.tudy ..-. e- ~~ " F,'1, .- K1,elw, l f !It';"" ,.,

LCEDARiVALLEY J ," •

i PLEASE RETURN TO! L. Iowa' TECHN!CAl lNfORMATION CENTER B&W Scans ON MICROFILM- DENVER SERVICE CENTER s-!? /U;O;J . . NATIONAL PARK SERVICE •

This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about the . resources in the study area and how they relate to criteria for parklands applied by the profession~1 staff of the National Park Service. Publication and transmittal of this report, including any discussion of a preferred course of action, should not be considered an endorsement or a commitment by the National Park Service to seek or support either specific legislative authorization for the project or appropriations for its implementation. Authorization and funding for any new commitments by the National Park ServiCe will have to be considered in light of competing priorities for existing units of the national park system and other programs. e·

* Printed on Recycled Paper Special/Resource Study -e September 1995

•

-CEDAR. VALLEY Iowa

e United States Department of the Interior • National Park Service • Denver Service Center •

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I . • and Congress provided funds to initiate the project in January 1994. This Cedar Valley Special Resource Study presents a broad • overview of 17 counties in Iowa's Cedar Valley, documents the significance of the area's resources, and identifies general threats to those resources. The study also presents three alternative concepts and five management options that begin to identify and evaluate possible approaches for use, protection, and management of the region's' resources.

Many important elements of the nationally significant story of American agriculture can be seen across the study area's 17 counties. Waterloo and northeast Iowa's resources speak to that nationally significant story, and northeast Iowa is an ideal place to tell that story. In addition, if directed by Congress, there may be partnership opportunities for the National Park Service in telling that story.

This -Cedar Valley Special Resource Study presents three conceptual alternatives for the conservation, development, and interpretation of agriculture-related resources. The study team emphasizes that these alternatives are • SUMMARY conceptual in nature and that additional planning would need to be completed to In 1991 a group of seven community, determine the feasibility of implementing any volunteers met to propose an ecqnomic or all of them. They are briefly described revitalization program for downtown Waterloo, below. Iowa. What the group discovered was a rich - variety of stories and resources that stretched beyond local city boundaries and encompas­ ALTERNATIVES sed a broad vision - the connections between agriculture and industry that help /Alternative 1: Quality Economic feed the world. An urban-centered effort Revitalization Based on Agricultural expanded to encompass a wide geographic Heritage Tourism area that includes small towns, family farms, and urban centers. Togeth,er"they p~esent a The focus of this alternative would be on , dynamic chapter in the history and develop­ , economic revit~lization through agriculture­ ment of American agriculture. In 1992, the related heritage tourism within the cities of volunteer group formally established Waterloo and Cedar Falls in Black Hawk themselves as Silos & Smokestacks, a County, Iowa, and the seven counties imme­ privately financed, nonprofit community diately adjacent to Black Hawk. Economic advocacy organization. revitalization would ,be coordinated through a central entity that would foster partnerships The National Park Service identified the with institutions, businesses, individuals, and • Cedar Valley area as a high priority for study, agencies to achieve its goals. SUMMARY

Alternative 2: Growth of Modern Option 2: Heritage Preseryation Efforts Agricultural America- Coordinated in Partnership with the National Park Service , This alternative would focus on the changes • in 20th century agriculture that have brought The National Park Service and Silos & th~ American people to this era.of modem Smokestacks would work together to develop agriculture. The goals of this alter'native and implement the goals of the regional would be achieved through the conservation, agricultural heritage tourism initiative. management, 'and use of a variety of agricul­ ture-related resources throughout the 17- county study area of northeast Iowa .. . Option 3: Area Affiliated with the National Park System - Alternative 3: America's Agriculture If the former Rath Packing Company plant Heartland and/or the Reeve REA power station is designated a national historic landmark, This alternative would focu~ on the Midwest further assessment would be completed to states to tell the stories of food production evaluate the suitability and feasibility of innovations that have been developed there designating one or the other as an affiliated and continue to influence our everyday lives. area of the national park system: Northeast Iowa's contributions within the larger region would be highlighted and would be the first in a series of interrelated areas Option 4: National Heritage Area that would educate Americans about the rich agricultural landscape of the Midwest. Silos & Smokestacks would continue its efforts to gain national heritage area designation. . . MANAGEMENT OPTIONS • Any of the three alternatives could be Option 5: America's Agricultural Heritage managed in a variety of ways. An initial Partnership approach would be for Silos & Smokestacks to convene a conference of experts and This option would create a partnership others interested jn agricultural heritage in among Silos & Smokestacks, the United northeast Iowa to discuss a viable manage­ States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the ment organization that would meet the goals National Park Service 1NPS), the state of of the agricultural heritage tourism initiative. Iowa, and other federal, state, and local The following discussion suggests five agencies, private enterprise, professional . options for managing the complex story of associations, and volunteer organizations to American agriculture over a large geographic . develop and implement the agricultural' J are? heritage tourism initiative in northeast Iowa.

Option 1: Heritage Preservation Efforts Coordinated by the Silos & Smokestacks Organization

Silos & Smokestacks would expand its \ current role and would facilitate establishing vision, goals, and responsibilities for various participating groups.

ii CONTENTS

Introduction 1 • Background and Purpose of the Study 3 Partnership Coordination and Public Involvement 4 Study Area 5 Related Activities 5

Historical Overview 10

Resources within the Study Area 13 Cultural Resources 13 Natural Resources 14 Recreational Resources 19 Threats to Resources 20

Visitor Experiences in the Cedar Valley 22 Goals of the Visitor Experience 22 Interpr~tation 22

Alternatives 28 Alternative 1: Quality Economic Revitalization Based on Agricultural Heritage Tourism 28 Alternative 2: Growth of Modern Agricultural America 31

Alternative, 3: America's Agricultural. Heartland 32

Management Options 38 Option 1: Agricultural Heritage Tourism and Preservation Efforts Coordinated by • the Silos & Smokestacks Organization 39 . Option 2: Agricultural Heritage Tourism and Preservation Efforts Coordinated in Partnership with the National Park Service 39 Option 3: Area Affiliated with the National Park System 39 Option 4: National Heritage Area 40 Option 5: America's Agricultural Heritage Partnership 40 /

Resource Protection Efforts 41 Private/Nonprofit Efforts 41 Federal Efforts 42 State Efforts 42 Regional Efforts 43 Local Efforts 43

Recommendations for Further Study 44 National Historic Landmark Nomination 44 Resource Inventories 44 Cultural Landscape Study 45 Main Street Program Assessment 45

• iii CONTENTS

Appendixes A: Legislation 49 , B: National Park Service Thematic Framework 50 ".-, C: National.Park Service Criteria for National Significance 51 D:Selected Cultural Resource Inventory 52 E: Selected Natural Resource Inventory 57' F; Selected Recreational ~esource Inventory 60 G: Recreation Trails 62 H: Le.tters of Support 63·

Bibliography 70

Study Participants' 7?

ILLUSTRATIONS

Study Area 7 ' Selected Cultural Resources 15 Selected Natural and Recreational Resources 17 Alternative 1 29 Alternative 2 33 Alternative 3 36 ••

• iv •

INTRODUCTION ! '

. . Burn down our cities and leave our farms, and the cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and grass· will grow in, the streets of every city in the c;ountry. . - • - William Jennings Bryan The rise of America's agriculture'is told settlements quickly grew up along countless through thousands of stories. Many of them railroad tracks to serve the farmers' needs. are wrapped in the warm gloW of 1930s ' Forests disappeared - exhatJsted for shelter American painter Grant Wood's images of the and food - and enterprising farmers drained quiet family farm with its hay mow and . . wetlands and planted crops. In the process garden. Pastoral farm scenes, bathed in indigenous species suffered near-extinction. pleasant tones, shoW cows grazing among A vast commercial agriculture, made possible gentle hills, 'orchards bursting with spring by railroads, flourished under the rapid evolu~ -blossoms, and a landscape where content- tion of mechanical innovations that made ment reigns. But other stories tell of hundreds farmwork easier, and the development of of country towns vying to become cities, - reliable transportation systems for bringing to - thousands of farmers struggling to find outlets _ market what the farmer produced. As their ior their crops' and livestock, vast networks of part in this complex expansion of agricultural rails and roads connecting farms and towns, opportunities, many cities became industrial and fresh -agricultural opportunities being centers for manufacturers of farm machines seized with unforetold consequences. and served as market outlets for farm products. In the span of one century, Americans have dramatically transformed the mid-continent The success of this complex food produc,tion landscape. The geometry of fenced farms system has placed it among the United now dominate vistas where fertile prairies . States' greatest achievements of the 20th • were once intercut with old rivers. Urban century. Although only 2% of the population 1 INTRODUCTION is employed in direct food production, qur development and RroductiQn of .' internatiqnal trade partners have access to . the farm tractor an abundant and reliable food supply the early development of hybrid network; knowledge, technology, and seed . surpluses are shared across the globe; and the early history of the farm Americans spend a smaller percentage of cooperative movement their income on food than any other nation. the Depression-era farmboy who later won the Nobel Peace prize Nowhere was commercial food production for the Green Revolution more advanced and refined than in the the Iowan who led the Midwest, where its broad expanses of open humanitarian effort to feed prairie lent itself to intensive mechanized Europe after World War I and agriculture. Within this central region, later became president of the particular farming areas took form, such as United States dairying, corn-hog production, and beef cattle the farmgirl who became a feeding, as farmers determined the best way leader in the women's suffrage to gain a high return from their investments in movement the land. Northeastern Iowa lay astride the the scientist and journalist who boundaries of these major farming areas and designed many of the farm illustrated several features of each. programs still in use. today the pioneer farmer who served The development of this remarkable food 16 years as secretary of production system was not confined to Iowa. agriculture during the Golden One of the nation's most important agricul­ Age of agriculture tural sections, the cornbelt, grew westward the -Effigy' Mounds National • from Ohio and sections of Kentucky, across Monument interpreting life before . Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. Undoubtedly the modern agriculture history of American agriculture cannot be told without repeated reference to Iowans and The key to the region's settlement and Iowa's distinctive landscape, productivity, and agricultural development has been the almost accomplishments. Northeast. Iowa's Cedar unparalleled quality of its soil. Much of its Valley has long been recognized as an land was [lati~e prairie, covered with tall joint­ important segment of Iowa's agricultural grass anchored in a thick, nutrient rich layer economy. Its corn and hog production, tractor of topsoil. When the grass was burned, the factories, and food-processing plants have fields drained, and the soil tilled, well over played a key role in Iowa's and the nation's 90% of the total area of .I<;>wa 'Was available agricultural development. Other important for cultivation. It has been stated that 25% of examples of northeast Iowa's contributions America's Grade-A land lies within Iowa's include boundaries (Sage 1974). From this land, farmers, farm families, food processors, the Meskwaki sharing Native suppliers, policymakers, and thousands of American agriculture and beliefs others in agriculture-relate.d technologies the African-Americans,. Czechs, have developed the most abundant, most Germans, Norwegians, and reliable, cheapest, and safest food production . countless others migrating to system ever known. For thousands of years, northeast Iowa and helping to Iowa's land has drawn people of various create America's 20th century cultures to the richness of its bounty and has food production system been an integral part of the growth of a food the Amish community with turn­ production system that helps feed the world . of-the-century technology and countryside • 2 Background and Purpose of the Study

Resources representing northeast Iowa's vital under the revised thematic role in the evolution of America's 20th framework (see appendix 8) century food production system can be seen • across the region's landscape. From an early a proposal, with support from tractor factory at Charles City to modern the National Trust for Historic Deere & Company plants in Waterloo; from Preservation and the National the creameries that represent a dairy industry Park Service, to establish a nationally recognized at the turn of the system-of national heritage century to the Farm Park at Decorah that areas; it led to the formation reflect today's efforts to maintain genetically of the National Coalition for diverse animal breeds, Iowa -remains at the Heritage Areas and their forefront of innovation and change in advocacy of federal legislation American agriculture. The land remains the to establish a national - primary defining feature of northeast Iowa's program for heritage areas rural landscape as farmhouses, barns, and silos rise from the verdant prairie soil. congressional authorization to . Through appropriate management and inter­ prepare a national landmark pretation, these resources can begin to theme study on American convey to residents and visitors alike the rich labor history - as a result, story of America's agricultural heritage - the the former Rath Packing ability to feed the nation and the world. Company plant Site will receive consideration of national landmark eligibility BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY . , Purpose of the Study Background The Cedar Valley Special Resource Study is • The initiative for the Cedar Valley Special one of nine National Park Service (NPS) Resource Study began in November 1991 special resource studies that were mandated when seven community volunteers met to in the Department of the Interior Appropri­ propose an economic revitalization program ations Act for fiscal year 1994 in Public Law for downtown Waterloo, Iowa. In 1992 this 103-138. group was formally established as Silos & Smokestacks - a privately financed, This special resource study provides a broad nonprofit, community advocacy organizatiofl. overview of the area, documents the signif­ The National Park Service identified the area icance of the area's resources, and identifies as' a high priority for study, and Congress general threats to the resources. In addition, provided funds to initiate the studY'in January it presents three alternatives and five 1994. In addition, other activities and management options that begin to identify initiatives have influenced this study, and evaluate possible approaches for use, including the following: _ protection, and management of the region's -. resources. the revised thematic framework of American history The stu<;ly provides Congress and private and that the National Park Service public entities with a foundation upon which uses in studying and inter­ to make decisions concerning resource preting historic sites - the conservation and economic revitalization Cedar Valley study is among efforts in 17 counties in northeast Iowa. the first of the special . resource studies completed

3 INTRODUCTION

As outlined in its 1988 Management Policies, actively partiCipated in the study.processin the National Park Service conducts planning several areas, including provision of resource activities to i~entify and assess significant data; consultation concerning related natural, cultl,Jral, and recreational resources planning and agricultural heritage conser­ • and to analyze strategies for the,ir conser­ vation efforts; participation' in joint field· vation within and outside the national park­ reconnaissance of resource sites; formulation system. These studies are initiated by the of alternatives,anc~ management options; agency or, are conducted in response to review of the draft document; and cosponsor- requests from Congress, other federal, state, - ship of public meetings. In turn, the study or local agencies, or the private sector. "The team has presented its findings to Silos & National Par~ Service has established the. Smokestacks at key junctures during the criteria for evaluating natural, cLJltural, and . study process for informational purpos~s and recreational resources for national signif- to elicit feedback. The input provided by the - icance set forth in the Management PoliCies Silos organization has facilitated and . (see appendix C). ' enhanced the study team's planning efforts.

-In addition to Silos & S,mokestacks, the study PARTNERSHIP COORDINATION AND team has worked' with a number of individ- - PUBLIC INVOLVEI\!'IENT uals and agencies having specialized - knowledge of American agriculture and its This special resource study has been related industries or who have been involved conducted in partnership with Silos & in similar initiatives: These participants are Smokestacks, using the expertise, ideas, and identified in the "Study PartiCipants" section recommenqations of individuals, businesses, of tlW document. Points of coordination with and public agencies. In January 1-994 Silos & these interested parties involved identification Smokestacks sponsored a kick-off meeting . and location of the region's agriculture-related

for the National Park Service study team to < resources; resource evaluation (including introduce the team to the people, stories, and - assessing' significance, integrity, and other resources associated with ,northeast Iowa's attributes of resources during fieldinvesti­ • agricultural heritage project. It was apparent gations); 'participation in interactive planning - at that time that there was widespread workshops; alternatives formulation and interest in the project and that 'community review; and draft document review and volunteers had conducted considerable comment. research into their agricultural heritage. The interest and enthusiasm first expressed Discussions between the National Park . at the kick-off meeting in 1994 has continued Service, Silos & Smokestacks, and other throughout Hie study process and was rein­ agencies have centered on the nationally forced' at three open-house meetings held in , significant story of American agriculture and June 1995. More than 75 people attended the resources available in the study area that workshops sponsored by Silos & Smoke­ could be used to convey that imp9rtant story stacks, the State Historical Society of Iowa, to local, national, and international visitors. the Iowa Farm Bureau, the Iowa Department The National Park Service has concentrated of Agriculture and .Land Stewardship, the its efforts on aSSisting the local community Waterloo Historic Preservation CommiSSion, with ideas on how to conserve it agricultural the Cedar Falls Historical Society, the heritage and to use its diverse agriculture.­ Clayton County Conservation Board, the related resources to' stimulate economic Floyd County Historical Society, and the opportunities. ' National Park Service at Waterloo, Elkader,

~ and Charles City. PartiCipants voiced support Staff members and representatives of the _. for the agricultural heritage initiative and Silos & Smokestacks organization have expressed a desire to have their favorite • 4 Related Activities

agricultural resources inCluded in the NPS RELATED ACTIVITIES document. At the meetings, participants also indicated a strong pride 'in their agricuftural Silos & Smokestacks: The Partner '. her~tage and Iowa's contributions to Organization in Cedar Valley America's modern food production system. They emphasized the need to ~ducate the A renewed sense of volunteer spirit and pride American public about how food is produced in America's agricultural heritage has and to tell the stories of the evolutionary . emerged in northeast Iowa. The spirit is changes that have taken place in American manifested in grassroots planning efforts that agriculture during the 20th century. seek to prepare for the future through a respect for and celebration of the region's cultural, natural, and scenic heritage. STUDY AREA As noted previously; the Silos & Smoke­ The Cedar Valley study area covers a large stacks organization originated as a meeting portion of Iowa's northeastern corner, of seven community volunteers interested in including the following 17 counties: developing an economic revitalization Allamakee, Benton, Black Hawk, Bremer, program for downtown Waterloo, Iowa. From Buchanan, Butler, Chickasaw, Clayton, that first meeting, Silos & Smokestacks Delaware, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Grundy\ evolved into a community advocacy program Howard, Mitchell, Tama, and Winneshiek promoting agricultural heritage tourism . (see Study Area map). Definition. of the study initiatives, across northeast Iowa. Their fOcus area was based on work initiated by the Silos has now become the more encompassing & Smokestacks organization and discussed story of America's agricultural revolution and during meetings with the National Park the development of international agribusiness Service. The large region and its associated from seed to table. Resources that illustrate resources represent the relationships important aspects of that larger story are •• between rural and urban settings in the easily recognized across northeast Iowa's development of 20th century American agri­ rural landscape and are being planned as the culture and is key to understanding the . anchors for a regional heritage tourism ' importance and complexity of the area's industry. agricultural heritage. . i While agricultural heritage experiences are The study area's geographic expanse already available in many places, they most presented a major challenge because of the often focus on pioneer and 19th, century agri­ number of resources and the complexity of culture. The role and development of 20th the story of American agriculture. It was also century agriculture is rarely explained. Silos & difficult to limit the size of the area assessed. Smokestacks proposes a complete overview because resources occur in adjacent counties of this more recent evolution of American and in many cases include historical connec­ agriculture .and agribusiness and is pursuing tions to those in the study area. For that its goal by actively seeking private/public and reason, the boundaries defined in the study rural/urban partnerships. Potential partnership should be considered flexible and could be -involvement could include the Department of easily adjusted to meet future needs of the the Interior (National Park Service, Fish and region's agricultural heritage tourism initiative. Wildlife Service), Department of Agriculture (Natural Resources Conservation Service), the Smithsonian Institution, Iowa's Regent universities, Deere & Company, Pioneer, Hi­ Bred Jnternational, and many other public and private entities. Partnership projects may • include heritage tourism,-recreation; 5 I I •• / INTRODUCTION

interpretation, education, research,' cultu-ral their communities, and conserve natural and events, and economic revitalization. Sites and cultural resources. experiences could include historical exhibits, farm tours, factory tours, science activities,­ Heritage areas encourage both the protection • nature center interpretation, and countryside of a wide variety of environmental, recrea.:. tours offering insigh~ into and understanding fional, and cultural resources, and promote ' of American farm life available from no other ;sustainable development for tourism and source. other economic opportunities. They educate residents and visitors about community Much change is taking place in Iowa's Cedar _ history and traditions and provide opportun:­ Valley and surrounding northeast Iowa coun­ ities for outdoor recreation. Heritage areas ' \, ties as new social and economic demands most often comprise more than~ one jurisdic­ drive revitalization. Silos & Smokestacks is tion, with regional management that one response to that change as citizens combines private and public sector leader­ continue to find ways to improve the quality ship. of life, promote growth and prosperity, and define the region's future in a way that Regional heritage areas exhibit two clear, ' - recognizes, conserves, and promotes the ,\ consistent characteristics: they are built on a people's heritage. The challenges also· can wide base of support directly 'linked to the be met through a collective effort, of local, -historic region, and they are structured in a - regional, state, and federal interests providing' way that 'ensures economic benefit will guidance in developing visitor-oriented - accrue from the expenditure of private, state, programs and facilities and facilitating access _ and federal dollars for heritage preserVation. -to a variety of agriculture-related resources. In northeast Iowa the Silos & Smokestacks agricultural heritage tourism initiative clearly , . demonstrates both these characteristics. Heritage Areas: A New Program and Its'­ Influences in the Cedar Valley National Park Service Labor Theme Study • One partnership option being considered by the Silbs &' Smokestacks organization is Public Law 102-101 authorized the secretary ,congressional designatipn of the 17-county of the interior to prepare and transmit to the r.egion as a national heritage area. A heritage Congress a national historic landmark theme area is usually organized around a distinctive study on American labor history. The purpose large-scale resource - a cultural resource . of the theme study is to identify the key sites such as a railroad or canal or a natural in American labor history, including the resource such as a river. A heritage area - history of employees and their work, organiz­ could also be organized around productive ing efforts, strikes, the impacts of industrial land such as that found in northeast Iowa. A and technological change, and of the contri­ heritage area includes both rural and urban butions of American labor to American - settlements that are cohesive, dynamic history. Also, the theme study will nominate ,environments where private property those districts, sites, buildings, and structures predominates and where large-scale as national historic landmarks that best iIIus'" government. ownership is rare. trate or commemorate American labor histOry in its fullest variety. In addition, the law Heritage areas are not national parks - requires the secretary to prepare a list, in although they may contain individual National order of importance, of the most appropriate Park Service elements and may involve " sites for possible addition to the national park partnerships with the National Park Service. system. This list is to include a discussion of Rather, these are working landscapes w'here the feasibility and suitability ot. such sites. residents hpve formed new cooperative , efforts to' celebrate their heritage, revitalize • .-

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' •, . Related Activities

In August 1993, the National Pari< Service The former Rath Packing Company plant in selected Dr. James R. Grossman of the Waterloo, low~, has been named as one of Newberry library, Chicago, Illinois, to prepare the resources that will receive consideration • the Labor National Historic Landmark Theme for national landmark eligibility as part of the Study. Dr. Harry Butowsky, -History Division, labor t~eme study. An investigative team . Washington Office, National Park Service, from the Newberry library visited the site in and Dr. Marty Blatt, Lowell National Historical September. National landmark designation Park, are monitoring the implementation of could help -in preserving the historic site and the labor theme study cooperative associated historic neighborhood districts. agreement. -

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• 9 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Northeast Iowa's Cedar Valley, both in its Pennsylvania, attained its p~ak in Iowa, the settlement patterns and in its participation in heart of the nation's agricultural heartland" • the emerging agricultural/industrial economy, (Hart 1991). At the turn of the 20th century , ill ustrates the rise and transformation of Iowa was already known for its production of America's commercial agriculture during the corn, hogs; and cattle. The State Agricultural past 150 years. As the United States Society, at its annual meeting in 1896, -expanded its boundaries toward the Pacific wishing to recognize the state's corn crop as Ocean, the region that stretched from Ohio "the chief source of wealth to the State," west to the Dakotas became known as the adopted a stoc~ of corn and "a fat pig" as the nation's "bread basket." By 1899 this Midwest Society's emblem (Ross 1951). The interde­ region produced 77% Of the nation's o'ats and pendent relationship between growing corn 58% of the total hay. As the population of the and raising hogs for market developed in _ United States spread westward, so did grain Iowa as in no other state in the Midwest. production. The leading wheat producers ThrougtlOut the 20th century Iowa has been before the turn of the centurY were IIlinois­ number one in the nation in hog production and Indiana. By 1899 production had shifted . and consistently among the top three states and Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Kansas had in farm cash receipts in corn, soybeans, become the lead grain producers. Similarly, hogs, and livestock. Iowa and Illinois (Iowa's corn production in 1859 had been centered in nearest co~petitor for corn production the Southeast and the Ohio Valley, but by honors) produced 37.5% of the nation's corn 1899 Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska had produced for grain in 1992 (Iowa Farm become the leaders. Midwest farmers also Bureau 1993). increased their livestock as they raised 57% of the nation's milk cows and 59% of its During the 20th century American farmers horses (National Park Service 1963). throughout the Midwest and across the nation dramatieally increased production of the "The westward sweep of American agricul­ nation's farmland. Each mechanical advance- .' hire, which had germinated in southeastern ment brought relief to labor intensive farming

10 Historical OveNiew

practices, livestock improvements set new rail lines. The lines led virtually in every standards for healthy· animal production, new direction from Waterloo and offered innumer­ grain-processing methods and products able markets for northeastern Iowa's farm • stimulated the raising of particular crops, ·products. veterinary science opened innovative possi­ bilities for livestock confinement, and new . In 1891, following a disastrous fire at its seed varieties yielded greater production of Dubuque plant, the Rath Packing Company food and feed. Iowa lay astride these devel­ moved its operation to Waterloo. Bolstering opments and led the field in many of them the agricultural/industrial employmenf base in including the production of a reliable farm Waterloo, Rath became one' of the leading tractor, the commercial development of hybrid employers in the region. The company hired corn, the research and subsequent develop­ H. Peter Henschein, one of the country's ment of the hog cholera vaccine, and premiere packing plant designers, to design Norman Borlaug's genetic research, which and build its slaughterhouse and many of the' led to awarding him the Nobel 'Peace Prize in plant's other structures. Design and instal­ 1972. lation of .the "vertical kill" and associated disassembly line came at a time when the In northeastern Iowa, ttie Cedar Valley meatpacking industry was being scrutinized participated in these revolutionary changes to for its meatpacking practices. Rath's new become an important part of the state's processing plant reflected demands of meat agricultural/industrial economy. Waterloo/ inspection laws for safe, sanitary processing Cedar Falls became an important regional conditions and became known throughout the center where its factories manufactured farm industry for its innovative practices. equipment and processed food and grain products. Between 1880 and 1920, due in The Rath Packing Company was family part to the region's location along the Cedar owned and operated for most of its history. River and its attractive financial offerings to The Waterloo piant reflected a trend in the new business, the region's industrial base industry to locate packing plants closer to the • grew at a rate that outpaced other regional source of production. Small to mid-sized centers like Cedar Rapids and Iowa City. By plants were built across the Midwest, and the turn of the 20th century Waterloo/Cedar though they did not share the same market Falls and surrounding counti~s had securely as the giant Armor and Swift companies, this linked the region to eastern markets via a 'second tier' group of meatpackers found a vast transportation network. " secure market niche. Rath was among the top of this group. While corn and hog production along with a vital dairy industry was the mainstay of farm In, addition to supplying a market for farmers' production in the Cedar Valley at the turn' of meat products, the industries of the Cedar the century, railroads, a slaughterhouse and Valley supported farmers by attracting busi­ ~ packing plant, farm tractor factories, and nesses that manufactured farm implements. r~lated industries were the backbone of the Of these manufacturers, Deere & Company urban center. Railroads provided the trans­ has been a mainstay of the region's industrial portation ties for rural and urban products economy since 1918. with Chicago and ,the markets beyond. Rail-: roads first ventured into Waterloo in 1861 Another aspect of change in farming was the when Dubuque & Sioux City, Railroad (taken advances made in machinery. Nothing has so , / over by the Illinois Central in 1870) brought changed the work of farming as mechani- the first passenger train to town. By 1899 the zation. With the advent ofthe steel plow, . region was being served by the Illinois farmers could break the thick sod of the Central, Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Midwest prairie with greater ease, The intro­ • Northern, and the Chicago & Great Western duction .of the tractor, however, eclipsed the 11 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

impact of the plow on farming and throughout the state as a progressive and' transformed farm labor forever. The tractor' successful group. In 1922 a group of 125 replaced human and animal power with farmers opened a creamery in Waterloo to machine ,power, increased the number of compete for the lucrative urban market. • acres 'one person,could plow, plant, and Although this cooperative was based ir.l Black harvest, and reduced the number of workers Hawk County, other cooperatives were strong needed on a tarrrt. The changes wrought by in Bremer C9unty as well. farm mechanization; especially with the advent of the tractor, is directly evident in the Like th,e challenges faced by farmers and events that took place in the Cedar Valley. , urban agricultural/industrial centers across , the nation during the latter half of the 20th Building on initial attempts by John Froelich " century, the. Cedar Valley faced enormous

I ' to build a viable tractor, Louis Witry, a problems on its farms and in its cities .. . machinist and technical expert"had helped Declining farm population and 'farm consol­ create the famous "Waterloo Boy" gasoline idation, changes in the nation's food engine that powered the Waterloo Gasoline con~umption haoits, and shrinkage in the Engine Company's first successful tractor in dairy industry unsettled old arrangements. 1905. By 191'5 the' company was a success: Industrially, Deere & Company drastically' ful tractor manufacturer with more orders downsized their operations while Rath , than it could fill. In 1918, De~re & CQmpany, Packing Company, suffering unfavorable looking to expand its line of farm equipment market conditions, labor troubles, and . and with the insight to realize the possibilities intermittent livestock shortages, closed its offered by the successful company, bought doors in 1985. ' , ~ the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company. Through innovation and the introduction of' Today the Cedar Valley embarks on a new new tractor lines, Deere survived the hard path as' community, leaders and organizers times and cor;npetition of the post World War seek to attract new businesses to the region. I era and went on to claim a major share of Along, with attempts to lure new and vital t~e tractor manufacturing market in the business interests to the Cedar Valley, • nation. Today Deere & Company remains the people are looking to their heritage as food major industrial employer in Watetloo and producers and processors to help revitalize continues to enjoy a major tractor market their region. Their goals are to regain a share around the world. ' sense of pride in their contributions to America's agricultural accomplishments - Other agriculture-related businesses providing a safe, inexpensive source of food flourished in the Cedar Valley. as well. The for Americans and helpin'g feed many other I region's dairy industry gained early national nations around the world. By telling the recognition for its production of high-q'uality stories associated with' America's agricultural/ butter and had markets as far away as New industrial heritage, which will revitalize the York. Northeast Iowa formed the heart of resources associated with their heritage, Iowa's dairy development. Although the northeast Iowa's people hope to reach all . Granger movement does not seem to have Americans. Farmers and agricultural/industrial played an important role in the dairy industry, workers across the land share common .dairy cooperatives were strong in northeast stories with the people of the Cedar Valley, . Iowa. The Waterloo Dairy Cooperative is one Although the stories and resources may differ example of the farmers' coop movement in from.New England to Georgia'and from New the region. . York to California, all Americans can appreciat.e northeast Iowa's efforts to The Waterloo Dairy Cooperative was an conserve and share a vital part of this extension of the cooperative established in nation's history. Orange Township' in 1889. Farmers in Black Hawk County enjoyed a reputation • 12 e.

RESOURCES WITHIN. THE STUDY AREA.

Representing four Qroad inte~pretive topics extant national register prope'rties, ranging (see the "Visitor Experience" seCtion for from round barns ana farmhouses to cream­ detailed descriptions on topics) are a variety ery buildings and packing plants,. Many e of cultural, natural, and recreational - industrial resources and historic neighbor­ resources. Following is a general description hoods have been identified at Waterloo, of the resources in the study area. More Cedar Falls, Decorah, GuttEmburg, Spillville, detail~d descriptions <;>f selected resources and Qther towns. Still other resources have are included in appendixes D, E, and F to been determined eligible for listing on the . illustrate the rich diversity cit'cultural, natural, national register and need further study. In and recreational resources that could be particular, the former Rath Packing, Company used for conservation and economic revital­ plant is being evaluated for national historic ization effo~s in the study area. landmark status as part of the National Park Service's labor theme study. The Waterloo Copperative Creamery site warrants further, CUL rURAL RESOURCES study to place the cooperative within the context of the' state's farmers' cooperative Overview movem'ent and the state's dairy industry. The study team also recommends that the Reeve Cultural resources in the Cedar Valley study REA power plant in Franklin County 'be ., area include sites anp structures associated evaluated for national landmark status. 'with the development of agriculture and agriculture-related industries (see Selected The study area has a strong community of , Cultural Resources map). Many resources cultural institutions with many collections. The representing major trends in American agri­ member institutions of Resources Plus, the - culture and the agricultural industry of the local association of cultural institutions in late 19th century and into the 20th century Waterloo/Cedar Falls, serve as a repository '. • . are extant and offer varied opportunities for of information and important agriculture­ relating the stories associated with those related collections. It will be important, as the developments. The 17-county area contains agriculture heritage initiative proceeds,. to

13 RESOURCES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA'

work closely with this and other historical 45 inches. Approximately half the precip- - • societies and associations to coordinate itation falls during the spring and summer efforts in collecting artifacts and in tellirig the growing seasons; story of America's agricultural development. Iowa is divided into seven major land resource areas. The study area lies within the .. Significance Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, the Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills, and The majority of resources in the study area the Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift are related to the growth and development of areas. _ northeast Iowa's agricultural/industrial . economy. The former Rath Packing Company , The Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies plant has been determined eligible for listing . Region features streams with narrow and . on the national register and is being further shallow valleys in their upper reaches. The considered for national landmark status. soils of the area are deep and medium to Other resources listed in or eligible for listing moderately fine textured and support such on the national register are of local or state vegetation as switchgrass, prairie dropseed, significance. In addition, the Reeve REA prairie cordgrass, little bluestem, porcu­ power plant should be evaluated for national pinegrass, sand lovegrass, clovers, phlox, historic landmark eligibility. Effigy Mounds sunflower, gayfeather, and goldenrod. National Monument is the only currently Swampy and wet soils in the region support known nationally significant archeological site cattails, milkweed, bedstraw, and tickclovers. in the study area. . Nearly all the land is taken up by farms - _ approximately 80% is cropland with under 10% in pasture, while the remaining 10% is .'\ NATURAL RESOURCES wooded wet bottomland and forested slopes bordering stream valleys. Natural resources directly influenced the development of northeast Iowa as an impor­ In the Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills tant agricultural area (see Selected Natural area the soils are moderately deep to deep to and Recreational Resources map). Important medium textured and well drained. The . natural resource elements that characJerize .upland soils feature natural hardwood forests the region include climate, topography, water of oak, hickory, and sugar maple. In the resources, vegeta~ion, wildlife, and sOils. same area big and little bluestem and scat­ tered oak trees are also prevalent. Elm, cottonwood, river birch, ash, willow, and Climate and Topography silver' maple inhabit lowland soils. The region is primarily made up of layers of thin soil over Iowa lies within the Central Feed Grains and bedrock. Most of the land is in farms, but . Livestock Region, a land reso!Jrce region as only two-fifths is used for croplands to grow defined by the USDA which also includes feed grains and forage for livestock. This is . portions of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, the area which developed into Iowa's dairy Wisconsin, Nebraska, South Dakota, Okla­ region. homa, and Missouri, and which is one of the most famous grain-producing regions in the The Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift world. The major crops of the region include Area contains almost 80% cropland produc­ soybeans, corn, oats, hay, winter wheat, and ing corn, soybeans, and other feed grains. other crops and feed grains. The region Ten percent of the region is made up of contains fertile, well-drained soils. Annual native and introduced grasses, while the aVerage temperatures range from 43°F to remaining 10oio has developed into urban ~ 55°F. Average annual precipitation in the areas and industrial centers. Most of the .' region varies from nearly 20 inches to over region is loess-covered glacial plain, rolling to

14 , !'

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D NATURAL AND REATION RESOURCES FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL AREAS SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY· IOWA I u. s. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR· NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • 903 • 20099A • DSC • 9/95 Recreational Resources

hilly, with some broad, level to undulating streams have low flows but are sustained by uplands. The Mississippi River and a number influxes of groundwater from shallow aquifiers of large tributaries provide water transpor­ (Clements 1988). • tation and recreation. Most of the soils in the area·are formed from loess and are dee'p and medium texture. The area formerly supported Significance tall grass prairie vegetation' and a few native prairie segments remain in protected park­ The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife lands. The floodplains support mainly maple, and Fish Refuge is a nationally significant . elm, and ash trees, while the steep slopes of resource in the study area. In addition the valley sides support such forest vegetation as U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been black oak, white oak, bur oak, shagbark, . authorized to exp,and the Driftless Area hickory, and walnut (Clements 1988). National Wildlife Refuge, which is also located along the Mississippi. A preliminary planning document has been prepared for the Water Resources proposed expansion and identifies one or more small sites in Fayette Cou~ty. Further The state of Iowa is often described as "the planning, NEPA compliance, and land acqui­ .Iand between two rivers" - the Mississippi sition issues must be resolved before the and the Missouri. The Upper Iowa, Turkey, refuge expansion can be compieted. Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Maquoketa, and Iowa Rivers that drain into the Mississippi River The state of Iowa has identified several are the, major rivers within the study area. natural resource areas having state signif­ With a total drainage area of 12,637 square icance including the Hayden Prairie State miles, the Iowa-Cedar River Basin is the Preserve in Howard County, Otter Creek second largest in Iowa. The most important Marsh in Tama County, and Backbone State of the major rivers in the basin is the Iowa, Forest in Delaware County. which has several tributaries that are rela­ • tively short and have small drainage areas. The Iowa River is joined by the Cedar River .RECREATIONAL RESOURCES about 30 miles upstream from its mouth. Originating in the glacial drifVIake region of Overview southern Minnesota, the Cedar River, like the Iowa, has a subbasin with elongated shapes Recreational opportunities within the study - a characteristic of most streams in eastern area offer a variety' of visitor experiences. Iowa. The main stem of the Cedar River has. The region contains a series of state, county, 11 dams erected across it, which are used and local recreation parks for camping; hunt­ primarily for power generation, not for the ing, fishing, and pedestrian activities (see streamflow control (Clements 1988). Selected Natural and Recreational Resources map). In cooperation with the U.S. Fish and The Northeast Iowa River Basin covers 8,652 Wildlife Service, the Iowa Department of square miles, 97% of which is in Iowa and Natural 'Resources has established programs the remainder in Minnesota. This basin is aiding wildlife habitat restoration and fostering drained by small rivers such as the Turkey, a viable public hunting program. Efforts have Wapsipinicon, the M?quoketa, the Upper resulted in the return of large numbers of Iowa, and a number of smaller streams that Canada geese, wood ducks, deer, and wild drain into the Mississippi. These river turkey. In addition, the region's waterways subbasins are largely agricultural in char­ 'offer fishing and water-based recreational acter, except along the Mississippi aiver activities. where industrial centers have developed. Narrow valleys limit the frequency of flooding The region also contains various recreational • in the northeast basin area, and most trails in parks and along river corridors. 19 RESOURCES WITHIN THS STUDY AREA

Others are along abandaned railraad lines THREATS TO RESOURCES and help maintain histaric cannectians between neighbaring cammunities. The Fewer peaple taday are engaged in farming Cedar Valley Nature Trail is 'an excellent -in the United States than ever ,befare. • example afusing existing histaric carridars Althaugh the debate cantinues as to. whether far recreatianal use. Ttlis trail uses bath . the family farm is disappearing 'or has disap­ railroad alignment and aba-ndaned tralley line peared, it is readily apparent that the rights-af-way between Waterlaa/Cedar Falls American rural landscape has changed. In and Cedar Rapids. Where ance travelers lawa, as in ather sectians af the Midwest, between the twa cammunities cauld travel by same af the small rural cammunities cam- ' train ar tralley, peaple naw can travel the 52 plete with "white hauses' and braad lawns, miles an bicycle, ar by walking ar jogging kids an bicycles delivering newspapers, and alang the route. a brass band playing in the tawn square an the Faurth af July" (Heilman 1988) no. .Ianger Anather impartant trail in the reg ian is the exist. In telling the story af American , American Discavery Trail (ADT) that cannects agricultural develapment, the physical the East Caast with the West Caast through resaurces naw missing became vitally impar­ a netwark af trails,and unpaved raads. The tant campanents af that- stary, as vital as the ADT passes thraugh the study area via, resources that remain. Interstate Highway 380, alang the Cedar Valley Nature Trail, through Waterloa/Cedar The debate surrounding the status af the Falls and westward. The ADT was created by family farm revalves araund the fact that' the American Hiking Saciety and Backpacker seemingly little acreage has been actually magazine, While primarily a hiking trail, the remaved fram agricultural productian while , idea is that many parts af the ADT will be the numb~rs af farms has decreased drar:nat­ shared with bicyclists and equestrians. The ' ically. In Iowa between 1970 and 1990 the creatars envisianed the ADT as , number af farms has decreased from 145,000 to. 102,000 while'the number af a .trailaf discavery - a true "slice af acres <;>f "land in farms" has decreased from • . Americana." Seeing the cauntry an 34,400,000 in 1970 to. 33,400,000 in 199Q . faat ,an trails ar by bicycle an quiet These figures indicate that the lass af 1

raads, the adventurer will came to. 'knaw ,million \. acres of farmland also. translates into. the land and its peaple in a way nat an apparent increase in the average acre~ge passible from a highway. The ADT will of an lawa farm from 237 acres to. 327 (Iawa be a "Raute 66 far the self-propelled." Farm Bureau 1993).

The American Discavery Trail reaches its Even thaugh acreage remains I~rgely in narthern-mast paint as it passes alang the agricultural productian, the face of lawa's Cedar Valley Nature Trail in theWaterlaa/ landscape has changed and the resaurces Cedar Falls area. integral to. telling the stary af fhe reg ian's agricultural develap'ment are being last to, decay, vandalism, demalitian, and neglect. As Significance abandaned farm buildings fall into. disrepair - and yaung peaple leave their rural hames far, The study area's recreatianal resaurces jabs and care'ers in the cities, visible signs af provide a variety afappartunities far autdaar ' the regian's vital agricultural heritage recreation. There are currently no. designated cantinue to. fade from view. In urban areas natianallysignificant recreational 'resaurces in resources related to food pracessing and the study area. marketing are threatened by develapment, decaY"and vandalism. As mare resaurces ate last to. the present generatian, future .' generatians will have difficulty visualizing and

20 Threats to Resources

understanding their agricultural h-eritage and surrounding' countries who generally treated their ancestors' contributions to America's farmlanp as a commodity to be bought, sold, agricultural development. and traded. There is cultural differences in • the lesser degree 'of emotional attachment to The cqncept of the loss of the family farm as a specific property or town. The New England \ a tragedy is an example of transplanted (and other Anglo-settled areas' on the cultural regionalism that shows up in the Atlantic) farmer expected to move more behavior of prairie farmers: To the predom­ frequently in hop~s of improving the farming inantly Germanic (in this case Germany, operation through adva~tageous acquisitions., Scandinavia, Slavic countries) immigrants to the area, the inheritance of landed wealth is Iowa's farm communities' struggl~ to retain viewed as an important element'of the their immigrant flavor in the face of the loss maintenance of family and-community. The of a large segment of the farm population expectation that towns retain -their immigrant and subsequent redistribution of community flavor and that farms stay in a family, resources to larger urban areas marked the generation after generation, is characteristic decade of the 1980s and is still being felt as to this area. This differs somewhat from the we push closer to the turn of the n'ext behavior of farmers of New England who century. we~e predominantly from the British Isles and •

, '

• 21 .-

VISITOR EXPERIENCES IN THE CEDAR VALLEY

This section describes the experiences to appreciate farming as a way of life visitors may have when they visit the farms, to understand how 'American farm museums, factories, or landscapes associ­ products have improved the quality of ated with the Cedar Valley'sagriculturall life for people around the world industrial heritage. There is no single exper­ to learn about the profound changes • ience in the Cedar Valley because there are in American agriculture that have many stories to tell and many resources to occurred from prehistoric times to the visit. To satisfy diverse visitor interests a present range of opportunities would be available for to appreciate the complexity of the - people to learn about American agriculture American food production syst~m and and the Cedar Valley. the evolution of American agriculture' and agribusiness . to enjoy personal interactions with GOALS OF THE VISITOR EXPERIENCE local farming people

The goals ·of the visitor experience would be to make the following opportunities available INTERPRETATION to people regardless of how much time they may spend in the Cedar Valley or how many Interpretati9n is a process of education that sites they may visit. stimulates curiosity and conveys ideas and stories to people. It is part of the visitor to see, smell, hear, and touch live' experience, and in the Cedar Valley, interpre­ farm animals on an Iowa farm tation would help people understand complex to learn how food is grown/raised, stories, discover deeper meaning behind harvested; processed and shipped to . . seemingly simple relationships, and be markets inspired to learn more about American agri­ to learn about the diversIty' of farming culture. Interpretation can also promote pride people, crops, and farming in a shared heritage. techniques • 22 Interpretation

, There are many ways to achieve the visitor others do not offer interpretive oppor­ experience goals and to foster visitor under- tunities. Some of the resources and . standing of American agricultural heritage. in sites could illustrate more than one • the. Cedar Valley through interpretation. interpretive topic. Human communities People who visit the region could marvel at , require privacy and respect for culture; . the sight of endless corn rows, visit a tractor any visitation or interpretation planning assembly plant, smell freshly plowed earth, related to these groups must have their see an exhibit about rural electrification, view approval, control, and hands-on a short film about growing up on a farm,' or involvement . .. read a farm almanac. People might stroll through a county fair, go to a horse auction, The four topics discussed in this section'are or hear the whistle of antique farm machin­ not to be considered primary i,nterpretive ery. Good interpretation ties together stories, themes. Primary interpretive themes would sensory activities, and resources to provide define what visitors should know about the meaningful and enjoyable visitor experiences. Cedar Valley project's purpose, resources/ sites, and significance. Primary interpretive The growth and development of American themes help limit and focus the messages agriculture is a nationally significant story and. and programs .. The National Park Service in the Cedar Valley there are resources that recommends that an interpretive planning can help illustrate aspects of that story. professional be involved with the identification Because there are an unlimited number of and writing of primary interpretive themes stories that can be told about American agri­ and media decisions involving the planning" culture, the following discussion focuses on design,: and production of audiovisual those stories that can be told in association products, wayside exhibits, museum exhibits, with sites and resources in'the CedarValley. and publications. This professional should The following organizational framework (topic, also be involved with the planning and oper­ element, resource/site) is provided as an ation of any personal services program. example; it can be used to define what story . (Silos & Smokestacks has contracted with • is interpreted and which resources illustrate -Christopher Chadbourne & Associates and that story. The framework can be modified as Living History Farms to develop an more resources are identified, or as the story interpretive plan.) . is further defined. . The Amazing Science of Agriculture. This topic focuses on past, present, and future Principal Interpretation Topics research efforts leading to higher quality and larger quantities of food. Since Iowa's lands' For this study, the story of American agricul­ were first cultivated by Europeans, there has ture has been divided into four principal been an ongoing agricultural revolution in topics that could be interpreted in the Cedar mechanical, bio~ogical, chemical, and genetic Valley. These four topics are broad and technologies. New machines for cultivating, contain many secondary stories. Additionally, planting, and harvesting were. standardized representative resources and sites in the by the Civil War, and power sources changed Cedar Valley that could illustrate the topic are from human and animal to steam, and then identified. . . electric, gasoline, and diesel. The tractor was invented and developed largely in northeast Note: The topics are in no particular Iowa. Advancements in genetics and order, and the ·Iisting of elements and breeding are as revolutionary, with th,e resources is not considered complete. introduction of soybeans and hybrid corn in AI/ topics are interrelated, and aI/ ' , the 20th century having the greatest benefits resources and sites are extant. Some for Iowa farmers and for the world. All of are not open for visitors, others require . these change$ transformed not only agricul­ • rehabilitation/development, and still ture to agribusines$, but the farmers 23 VISITOR EXPERIENCES IN THE CE.DAR VALLEY . ' , , of America's global strength based. on its followed by an onsite visit to university agricultural resources. research plots, genetics laboratories, or animal breeding centers. Elements, • Agriculture as a'Way of Life. This topic feeding, a growing population focuses on the people involved with agri­ - national and international culture, both on and off the farm. The vast using American Indian hybrid . grassland between the Missouri and Missis­ corn sippi Rivers was first occupied by various researching ways to grow nomadic Indian tribes. After the Louisiana " . viable crops (hybridization, Purchase, land-hungry eastern farmers and disease resistance, new immigrants quickly displaced the hunting and' strains) food-producing Winnebago, Sauk, Meskwaki, , conserving genetic material, several Dakota Sioux tribes, and the Pota­ ensuring the future of diverse watomi; low'a became a state in' 1846 and . animal and plant stock boasted a population of nearly 200,000 by . defining the role of agricultural , 1850. fy1any settlers left their homes in the research colleges and uni- East, drawn by the tales of Iowa's rich land. versities - First, the high prairie grass had to be broken, creating the Green Revolution. a task followed by the ever-cyclic concerns of acknowledging public concern 'weather, pests, disease, transportation, and about "what is good, healthy market prices. By the 1880s Iowans had food", chemical use and food .. discovered their calling as the corn and hog (preservatives, antibiotics), producers for the nation. Railroads criss­ organically grown food, fat crossed Iowa by 1880, opening the entire content in animals and dairy state to cultivation and accessing the world products, developing vaccines market. The growth of food,processing and and animal feed manufacturing centers offered agriculture­ expanding animal science and related jobs, attracting many people in the • husbandry in northeast Iowa Deep South to move to Iowa's towns and expanding dairy technology cities. Revolutionary changes have fostering and promoting. farm transformed agriculture as a way of life for mechanization, especially the most farm families,_ however, several tractor constants remain 'in a farm family's life - recognizing research/inven­ economic uncertainty, respect for nature, tions/patents from northeast artistic and religious expression, and Iowa and the motivations foremost,, love of the land. behind them supporting medical research Elements (pig heart transplants) utilizing modern communica- Native American philosophy, . tion/technology systems on land use, and dislocation the family farm European immigration land acquisition, including The amazing science of agriculture topic cash sales, military bounty would be an interpretive challenge. Visitors warrants, state grants, and the would require some background orientation. 1862 Homestead Act and information regarding the chemical and south to north migration genetic revolutions, if not the mechanical rural to' urban migration revolution in agricultore. A basic grounding diverse agricultural practices could be provided through media in muse­ ums, historical societies, or visitor centers, . • 24

I Interpretation

• ' . evolution of family farms shows, and other gatherings to see and feel (acreage and impacts on the pride of womeo's contributions to farming. family size) , • agricultural architecture Organizing for Survival. This topic focuses women in agriculture - on on farming cooperative activities, past and the farm and i'n supporting present government farm policies, and the industries farming community's responses to those Midwest work ethic and policies. An early farming concern was the volunteerism power of the railroad companies. Railroads rural/urban interaction opened the state to cultivation and offered connections to the land access ·to world markets, but Iowa farmers (physical, spiritual, emotional, spent decades trying to control the railroads' collective memory) and how 'political and economic demands. Farmers - those connections are expres-' also responded to the economic·depressions sed (religion, literature,. humor, of the 1870s and falling farm prices,. by . art, music, ceremonies) joining the National Grange and demandiilg '. seasonal cycles and natural regulatory legislation for the railroads. During disasters (storms, floods, the 1880s farmers joined the Farmers' pests, tornados, droughts) Alliance to address economic and political concerns; in the late 1890s the People's Visitors coming to the Cedar Valley could Party or "Popu'list" movement sought recog­ have a variety of activities to enjoy and nition for farming contributions to America's interesting stories to learn under the topic of economy. Iowa produced four secretaries of "agriculture as a way of life." For example, if , agriculture - James "Tama Jim" Wilson, E. they chose to focus on women in agriculture,' T. Meredith, Henry C. Wallace, and Henry A. visitors would learn about the range of exper­ Wallace. The Wall aces fought for farmers iences women have had on farms and in during dreadful economic times (1921-1924 agriculture-related industries. Resources in and 1933-1940). Farmers" cooperative and. - • the Cedar Valley would illustrate the early self-improvement efforts have not completely agricultural practices of the Native American focused on political issues; they have also women, specifically the gathering and food­ directed their efforts toward self-education processing duties of Indian women. Nine­ and land stewardship. In addition; Iowa's . teenth century farmlife, with its backbreaking farmers have demonstrated a great willing­ labor, could be highlighted at historic farms ness to share their knowledge of agricultural through an emphasis on farmwomen's advances with others around the world. writings and personal belongings. The social and cultural upheavals immigrant women Elements endured and the adaptations they made in . this new country could be interpreted in secretaries of agriculture from Decorah, Spillville, and the Amana Colonies. . Iowa Improvements in the quality of farm women',s government farm policies lives, in terms' of work and isolation, could be soil conservation activities shown through visits to the Reeve REA agrarian revolt station to learn of electricity's tremendous Farmers' Alliance movement impact in rural areas. Tours of food Grange movement (National processing and manufacturing plants could Grange of the Patrons of emphasize the qpportunities women had to Husbandry) earn wages outside the home or off the farm. People's (Populist), party Just as club activities and attendance- at . farm journal publipations county fairs alleviated boredom for farm food export markets women and children, visitors could attend transportation infrastructure • . fairs, festivals, historical society events, stock 25 VISITOR EXPERIENCES IN THE CEDAR VALLEY ,

conservation/environmental Elements regulation education programs, including developing markets for 4-H, extension service, 1862 _ agricultural products -local," • Land Grant College Act state, national; international mutual insurance industry establishing transportation development, including systems from farm to market: Farmers Fire Insurance and the Mississippi River - river . Farmers Mutual Hail boats and barges, river towns Insurance Company as transhipment centers; railroad" systems - railroad This topic could be presented through towns as -important market museum and media presentations, and links; urban and county road " through site visits, rath-er than interactive infrastructure - faCilitating activities for visitors. The history of agriculture truck and automobile use and political action are complex, filled with developing food storage and both tragic and inspirational individual and handling systems - mills, group stories 'of survival. Land stewardship, elevators, refrigeration units . as expressed in soil conservation and scien­ establishing agriculture-related" tific farming methods, could be interpreted for industrial processes --. visitors through tours of th~ landscape, as vegetable canning, well as the writings of Aldo Leopold and the meatpacking, creameries work of Jay N. "Ding" Darling. " understanding the steps from soil preparation to planting, Crops from Field to Table. This topic" harvesting, and processing focuses on the work involved with growing raising healthy animals; . crops and raising animals, and the prepar­ ensuring genetic diversity ation, processing, transporting, and marketing developing new agricultural involved with getting food on the dining tables • " "products - plastics, ethanol of people around the world. This is a story of change: from wooden plows to steel plows; . There are numerous sites in the Cedar Valley from horses to tractors; from soil exploitation that could offer tours and activities to educate to soil conservation; from small-scale farming people about how their food is grown, - to large-scale commercial business; from processed, and marketed. People could visit' human and horsepower to steam, electric, " and gaSOline power; shift in population from farms to see planting and harvesting the farm to the towns and cities; decrease in .techniques at different times of the year, see numbers of farmworkers but an increase "in early farming implements, tour grist mills, production per acre;· from local markets to watch barges carry grain up and down the global markets;,and from home fodd­ Mississippi River, tour food-processing processing to agribusiness processing of companies, as well as purchase fresh farm meat, vegetable, and dairy products. This is produce at farmers' markets before they head the story of survival, flexibility, adaptation, for a local restaurant for a good meal.. and response to market demands. It is also Visit<::>rs would be offered the opportunity to the story of people's pride in produCing the see how all agricultural systems, from the highest quality and quantity of food in the field-to the.table, come together to benefit us world. all. ." 26 Interpretation

Tools for Interpretation National Cattle Congress Exposition, Cattle Congress Grounds, Waterloo TlJere are various techniques, or tools, that The September fair offers livestock could be used in interpreting American and horse shows, competitive agdculture. These tools, including audio exhibits, arid other entertainment tapes, slide shows, publications, costumed activities ' interpretation, or museum exhibits, would -' Vesterheim Museum, Decorah help visitors understand and erijoy the Cedar . The museum focuses on Scanda­ , Valley's stories, sites, and resources. The navian immigration history. following list highlights possibilities for Floyd County Historical Society Museum, interpretation and orientation, and describes Charles City , extant interpretive facilities and working The museum contains artifacts agricultural/industrial sites that currently offer relating to the development of the tours. The list is not considered Hart-Parr gasoline tractor and comprehensive. exhibits of veterinary medicine for pouitry. Current Activities/Facilities Within Ackley Heritage Center, Ackley _ - the Study Area The center focuses on Osfries­ land immigration history. University Museum, University 'Of Northern The Osborne Welcome and Nature Iowa, Cedar Falls Center, Elkader The museum has natural science,' The center serves as nature history, and anthropology center, historic site, and has a collections, exhibits, and outreach wildlife exhibit. educational programs . ' Grout Museum of History and $cience, • ~ Waterloo ' Proposed Activities/Facilities The museum features exhibits and programs on area history and the • Centr.al interpretation center in the environment. Cedar Valley _ Cedar Falls Farmers' Market, Cedar Falls ,Countryside interpretation The market offers local produce, • Auto routes, guides, audiotapes for the plants, baked goods, and crafts. Cedar· Valley Downtoym Farmers Market, Waterloo • Demonstration farm' The market offers local produce, • Agribusiness tours " , plants, baked goods, and crafts. .- Walking/auto tours and bus Ice House Museum, Cedar Falls guides for Waterloo-Cedar Falls The museum features ice­ • Visitor orientation and information harvesting. for trip planning John Deere Waterloo Works, Tractor Packaging of tours based on Assembly Division, Waterloo topic and resources . The Waterloo Works offers public tours of the tractor assemb,ly line. Waverly Horse Sales, Waverly The Horse Sales includes spring and fall horse and implement sales . • 27 •

AL TERNATIVES

This section presents three conceptual has been selected for this alternative alternatives for the conservation, develop­ because it represents a reasonable area -for .' ment, and interpretation of agriculture-related coordinating economic revitalization efforts _ resources in Iowa's Cedar Valley. The study and achieving related goals. Agricultural team emphasizes that the alternatives are heritage tourism development and groWth conceptual in nature and are simply a starting would be in harmony with the Silos & point for organizing the complex stories and Smokestacks' purpose and vision statement relationships inherent in America's 20th for the study area. century agricultural he-ritage. Additional planning efforts would need to be completed to determine the appropriateness or feasibility Focus of implementing any of the alternatives. In addition, the areas outlined in theLalternatives The focus of this alternative would be on are not meant to suggest fixed boundaries. economic revitalization through agriculture­ Flexibility must be maintained to allow for the related heritage tourism within the cities of addition of future unidentified resources or Waterloo and Cedar Falls in Black Hawk interested organizations. County, Iowa, and the counties immediately adjacent to Black Hawk - Benton, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Fayette, Grundy, and ALTERNATIVE 1: QUALITY ECONOMIC Tama. Economic revitalization' efforts would REVITALIZATION B'ASED ON be coordinated through & central entity that AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM 'Would encourage partnering with institutions, businesses, individuals, and agencies to Concept achieve the goals of this alternative. Addi­ .tional emphasis would be. on quality visitors Northeast Iowa's agricultural heritage is the experiences and support services and on foundation for the economic revitalization of protecting the area's rural landscape • an eight-county region. An eight-county ar.ea character and values (see alternative· 1 map).

28 • CEJJTC.P-. ~ ca::::FtDl NAnt-6 ECCNOM Ie.., \2GVITAlA~TIc:N ~T5. * G:VNT'>' "BEf'rT"" FOlENn Al.. ~~6 ~ 6-COJIJT'>' t-(l;::P-lTAe:t lQJP.IS~ !f.j !nATIVE

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ALTERNATIVE 1 QUALITY ECONOMIC REVITALIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY· IOWA u. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR· NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • 903· 20101A • DSC • 9/95 Alternative 2: Growth of Modem Agricultural America , Interpretation and Visitor Experience A priority would be ,to develop a variety of resources and attractions that would •• The overarching aspect of the visitor reestablish a vital economic base through experience would be, an emphasis on the increased sales and tax revenues. Visitors evolution of 20th century American agricul­ would be encouraged, through the diversity of ture as a way of life and as a science. Inter­ opportunities, to spend more time in the area, pretive messages would focus on the past, , resulting in renewed support of local present, and future of .American agriculture businesses. and resources in the eight counties that illus­ trate that story. Visitors would recognize northeast 'Iowa as a prime destination for ALTERNATIVE 2: GROWTH OF MODERN vacation's, commercial opportunities, . AGRICULTURAL AMERICA extended visits, conferences, and educational opportunities related to the story of American Concept agriculture. Participation in entertaining, interactive, and meaningful activities would This alternative proposes that by fostering an ' allow visitors to leave Iowa: with an appreci­ appreciation of the evolution of modern agri­ ation of the impact agriculture has had on the cultural practices through th.e protection, nation's development and its continuing role interpretation, and accessibility of agriculture­ in our daily lives. related resources, agricultural illiteracy can be reduced. As mechanical and technological advances changed lives and created a major Resources shift away from self-sufficient family farms to today's agribusiness operations, the Ameri- Development and marketing of theme-related can people have lost an understanding and extant visitor facilities, resources, and historic appreciation for how the food production sites within the eight-county area would system has evolved or how it continues to • contribute to economic revitalization goals. deliver food efficiently and safely to homes. Emphasis would be placed on development or conservation efforts that would increase' economic viability and enhance the quality' Focus and diversity of the visitor experience at these sites. Additional theme-related sites The focus of this alternative would be on the and attractions outside the eight-county area presenta,tion, conservation, management, and would be able to tie .into the 'primary att~ac­ use of a variety of agricu!ture-related tions through the central coordinating entity .. resources across the following 17 counties: Allamakee, Benton, Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan', Butler; Chickasaw, Clayton, Development Delaware, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Grundy, Howard, Mitchell, Tama, and Winneshiek. To help visitors view northeast Iowa as a The city of Waterloo would have a central prime destination area, a central facility would visitor contact facility from which visito{s be developed to give the area a physical and would venture out into the agricultural marketable identity. The facility would serve - landscape to learn and expertence some of as an ideiltifying feature of Iowa's agricultural the elements that make up the nation's' heritage and would serve several functions, agricultural character (see Alternative 2 map). including orientation, interpretation, and visitor support aGtivities . • 31 ALTERNATIVES . -

Interpretation and Visitor Experience and dynamiG nature of the land that has sustained a complex network of plant and The visitor experience under this alternative animal life and has created the opportunity to would be achieved by bringing visitors into provide food for people around the world. • contact with the divers~ agricultural heritage in the region. Visitors may already be familiar with some of northeast Iowa's farm products, Development but few know the story behind the scenes. Why did farming and agriculture-related A priority for development related to this industries develop here? How did the region's alternative would be conservation of existing resources influence the evolution of one of historic structures that could be used to the most dynamic agricultural areas in the convey the stories related to northeast Iowa's country? Who were the people with such agricultural heritage. Similar to alternative 1, strong ties to the land? Who grew the crops, visitors would be directed and/or encouraged harvested the bounty of the fields, and built to start their northeast. Iowa visit at a central the machinery to make it all happen? By facility. In this case, the facility would prefer­ experiencing the answers to these and other ably be located at a rehabilitated historic questions, visitors would also gain an . structure and would serve several functions, appreciation for the characteristics of the land. , including orientation, interpretation, and visi­ and the environment that helped shape the tor support services. course of the nation's economic and agricul­ tural development. Visitors would then gain Along with the physical development of a . new insight into the remarkable achievements visitor facility, it would be important to of northeast Iowa's people in the ever­ develop and distribute pamphlets, brochures" changing work of feeding the nation and the maps, and tour guides that would begin to world. Above all, visitors would begin to inform the public of northeast Iowa'S agri­ understand how the ability to feed people culture-related attractions. In addition, survey around the world has changed d!amatically work to identify ~nd nominate historic proper­ • over time. ties and districts to the national register . would continue with the goal of enhancing ,the documentation of the region's role in Resources American agricultural development.

Resources directly related to the develop­ ment of modern agricultural practices would ALTERNATIVE 3: AMERICA'S be emphasized under this alternative .. For AGRICULTURAL HEARTLAND example,visitors might be directed to the Norman Borlaug farms in Howard County to Concept become familiar with the ground-breaking work of this Nobel Peace Prize winner in Across the nation there are many stories that plant genetics. Visitors also might be directed convey t.he importance of American farming to a rehabilitated structure at the former Rath in creating and maintaining an abundant, 'safe packing Company plant to learn how animal food supply for the nation and the world's . food is prepared for our consumption and populations. States across the Midwest have how that process has changed over time. each contributed greatly to the development Because northeast Iowa's rich soil and of American agric~lture. Cincinnati, Ohio, landforms are integral to the agricultural became a gateway city and jumping-off point heritage of the region, visitors might be for thousands of settlers moving through directed to the Aldo Leopold Wetland America's heartland during the 19th century. Complex in Bremer County or Hayden Prairie Illinois and Indiana, like iowa, became corn in Howard County to experience the dralT1atic belt producers in their own rights. In addition, • 32 • HOBAT WAT~/' c.eD~ FALL~ *D atU12CH TQ)l2..AlZEA , ,-~ , 'EFFIS,;/ MCUNDS , , M~F~ NATIONAL .. .., MaltJMBJT \ ..... - n::::JO(2- Af2.EA G ~TEWA"» NAnCNAL PAtZlC-- ~ c..e:. 'E?I TE- • t:.eY f?CQ:V R.C& ••••• • . H ('i?TOJ2.{C F~ ~~ FIFL-C OF rp..e;:AMS • ...... '. . ~ 1UJf2- AlZfA ~ HI6TOfC.{C Br2:lC€£:... Tt::Vr2-~ • ' \.)

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ALTERNATIVE 2 GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL AMERICA SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY· IOWA u. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR· NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • 903 • 20102A • DSC • 9/95 Alternative 3: America's Agricultural Heartland

Chicago, Illinois, became home to the resources in northeast Iowa specifically and nation's stockyards, slaughterhouses, and the other Midwest states in general. , transportation hub for food produced in the • West and Midwest. St. Louis, a major - Waterloo's multipurpose facility would serve shipping point on the Mississippi, has its own as a model for-future development of centers story to tell ,about American agricultural throughout the Midwest, each focusing on a production and the people who made their .particular aspect of the Midwest's agricultural living in related industries. Nebraska and heritage. As other hubs were identified, Kansas'illustrate in different ways the visitors would be directed from the Waterloo transitions between the abundant, crops of the facility to other facilities to gain a more hot, humid, tall grasslands and the large - complete picture of America's agricultural tracts of, 'dry land' wh~at farming and cattle, developments. ranching of their western sections. It goes without saying that Wisconsin's dairy products are nationally renown, while the wild Interpretation and Visitor Experience and cultivated rice of Minnesota's northern tier are also important national products. At each of the hub facilities identified throughout the Midwest, visitors would gain_ These stories merely touch on a few of the , an understanding and appreciation for the hundreds of agriculture-reJated stories to be diversity of agricultural developments in each , found around the Midwest. And the most, state. Each hub would also present the con­ important stories running through them all are nections between the different agricultural the stories of the people who have lived their regions so that visitors could appreciate the lives close to the land that bears such interrelationships between the various agricul­ bounty. This alternative would touch all tural areas. Diverse activities, including tours, aspects of agriculture in the Midwest and , viSits to different types of farms throughout would try to convey a,sense of the inter­ the Midwest, and irinovative interpretive '. relationships between farmers, products, and media at the hub facilities would combin~ to the nation they serve. This alternative would give visitors a sense of the magnitude and place the Midwest states at the center of divers.ity of the nation's awicultural heritage. agriculture-related'innovations'that have evolved and continue to influence everyday lives. Northeast Iowa's contributions within Resources' the larger region would be highlighted and would be the first in a series of opportunities A large, 'rehabilitated historic structure in that would convey to visitors the magnitude Waterloo,lowa, would serve as the first of a , of the region's contribution to the nation's series of central hub facilities. Initially visitors food-supply network (see Alternative 3 map). would be able to choose several tours and/or activities within northeast Iowa to experience the region's diverse agricultural heritage. As Focus other facilities were developed around the'­

, . Midwest, visitors would have a variety of This alternative would use a "hub and spoke" options from which to develop an itinerary for network of facilities that would focus on the experiencing the Midwest's agricultural food production heritage of the'nation's heritage. An emphasis would be placed on Midwest states. The creation of a multipur­ directing visitors to extant historic sites and pose 'hub' facility at Waterloo; Iowa, would active farmsteads to gain a better appreci­ be an initial step in attracting and informing ation of the changes that have laken place in • visitors about the variety of agriculture-related American agriculture ,over the years . 35 , ,~ 0;;;; DAKOiA. ••

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ALTERNATIVE· 3 CA'S AGRiCULTURAL HEARTLAND SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY· IOWA_ "V,M:CA CT'''''.'T OF THE INTERIOR. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 903 • 20103A • DSC • 9/95

, I • Alternative 3: America's Agricultural Heartland

• Development ment. Another important element of tl:lis hub . facility would be its "think fhank" function - a The central facility would~ setye visitor orien­ - center for exploring agricultural policy issues tation, interpretation, and support activities and aninternatiooal place for training and and would also support a headquarters/ workshops and preparing deliberative studies administrative function. In addition, the center on agricultural research. Development of would serve as a repository of information' other 'hub facilities would depend on future , modeled on the Smithsonian Institution and plan~ing efforts initiated bY each of the focused on America's agricultural develop- - Midwest $tates.

•

• 37 •

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

This section outlines several possible sector and government to work together approaches or management options to cooperatively and productively. translate the Silos & Smokestacks vision into - reality. Any of these five. management options , Implementation of any management option in - or combination of options - could be the Cedar-Valley study area would involve • used with any of the three alternatives _ the continuation of individual option and presented above. They are not presented in 9hoice in the ownership, preservation, any ranked order. management, and interpretation at any individual site. If property owners wanted to An initial approach to management of the participate in a management option, they complex mix of resources, stories, and could establish a partnership agreement with organization's in the study area would be for - the management entity within the framework - Silos & Smokestacks to convene a confer­ of existing local guidelines, ordinances, and ence of experts and interested parties to regulations. Other lands and ,resources in the discuss a viable management organization to study area would continue to be managed by - meet the goals of the agriculture heritage present owners, including private, city, tourism initiative. county, state, and federal entities.

The management entity must have the power . In presenting these five management options, and the, means to ensure effective conser­ there is no agreement or commitment by the vation of the resources crucial to the project National Park Service - or' any other private , -and have t~e wherewithal to develop, imple­ or public entity mentioned herein - to ment, and manage a comprehensive'interpre­ assume any responsibility to develop these tive program that would enhance the various options. In the case of the National economic base of the Cedar Valley study Park Service, responsibility could only occur area. The organization also must be able through specific congressional direction. operate across federal, state, and local Normally, a special resource study would jurisdictions, enabling all levels of the private include cost estimates for planning, • 38 Option 3: Area Affiliated with the National Park System

development, operations, and staffing for the businesses, and agencies pa.rticipating in the project area. However, since the level of initiative with a high degree of citizen •• federal government involvement is unknown. involvement. at this time, they are not included here. If Congress and local groups adopt one or a combination of alternatives and management OPTION 3: AREA AFFILIATED WITH THE options from those presented here, cost NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM estimates will be needed at that time. Consideration of this option would depend on national historic landmark designation for ' OPTION 1: AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE those resources identified in this study as TOURISM AND PRESERVATION EFFORTS needing further evaluation of their potential COORDINATED BY THE SILOS & national significance. - SMOKESTACKS ORGANIZATION -Areas are defined as being affiliated with the This option would build on existing condi­ national park system if Congress or the tions. Silos & Smokestacks would expand its secretary of the interior has determined that current role and establish all policies.-Existing they meet criteria for national significance, if committee structures would work through the resources can be most efficien~ly and their own organization to accomplish objec­ effectively managed by a cooperative tives. The success of this manageme!1t entity . arrangement with the Nationa~ Park Service would reside in its ability to organize volun­ instead of direct operation as a unit of the teer forces in the study area to raise funds national park system, and' if the National Park and implement action items. In addition to its Service has some continuing responsibility for current volunteer work and fundraising technical, financial, or management assis­ -e- efforts, Silos & Smokestacks would take on tance. added responsibility to coordinate' conser­ vation efforts in the study area. Future Under this option., upon final determination of funding would continue to come through national significance, the former. Rath private contributions. The National Park . Packing Company plant, Black Hawk County, Service would provide only limited technical or the Reeve REA power plant, Franklin assistance in developing, implementing, and County, could be considered for affiliated coordinating strategies. . area status. Determination of national signif­ icance would be completed through tl)e . national historic landmark nomination OPTION 2: AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE process. Further assessment would then be TOURISM AND PRESERVATION EFFORTS completed to more fully explore appropriate COORDINATED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH management options, including affiliated area THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE status for these resources.

Under this option, the National Park Service The ownership and management of either . and the Silos & Smokestacks organization national historic landmark, if so designated, would work together to develop and imple­ . would remain unch'anged and NPS involve­ ment the goals of the regional heritage ment in this option could range from provid­ initiative. Silos & Smokestacks would ing some .support through existing technical continue its role in building .grassroots assistance programs to sharing in the design support and would work in partnership with and construction activities at either site. The the National Park Service to meet agricultural extent of NPSinvolvement and financial' heritage tourism goals. Silos & Smokestacks assistance would depend on legislation and would continue to be community-based with funding from Congress. e· members representing the comm~nities, 39 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

OPTION 4: NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA The requirements include a feasibility study that includes a description and analysis of the National heritage area partnership legislation, area's resources, an assessment of and . introduced in the 103rd Congress, would impact on potential partners, a description of • continue through the legislative process in tentative boundaries for a national heritage the 104th Congress. This legislation provides area, and identification of a possible manage­ for private/public partnerships as a means of ment entity for the area. In addition, the bill establishing, preserving, and maintaining the requires a statement from the governor of. the natural, cultural,and historical resources of state of Iowa that he approves of the an area. Much of tlie groundwork toward requested national heritage area designation. designation as a national heritage area for A compact would also be submitted to the study area is being accomplished Congress that would include information currently by the Silos' & Smokestacks . relating to the objectives and management" organization. . of the area.-

As outlined in H. R. 1280, recently introduced The National Park Service would provide in the House of Representatives, the Cedar technical assistance in preparing documenta­ Valley Special Resource Study begins to give tion for designation . . a "description of the natural, historic, and cultural resources and recreational opportun­ ities presented by the area." The study also' OPTION 5: AMERICA'S AGRICULTURAL begins to give Congress an idea of the HERITAGE PARTNERSHIP "potential partners, units of government, nonprofit organizations and other private Under this option Silos & Smokestacks, the entities" that have indicated an interested in Unite'd State Department of Agriculture, the the agricultural heritage initiative. By National Park Service, the state of Iowa, and completing the studies recommended in the other federal, state, and local agencies, "Recommendations (or Further Study" private enterprise, professional associations, section, local agencies and organizations and volunteer organizatipns would join in could complete the requirements for nomina­ partnership to fully develop and implement tion of the area as a national heritage area. the agricultural heritage tourism initiative in northeast Iowa. (

• 40 •

RESOURCE PROTECTION EFFORTS

- Since 1991 local efforts within the study area PRIVA TEiNONPROf;lT EFFORTS have foc'used on creati,ng a vi~itor attraction based on America's agricultural heritage by Silos & Smokestacks: The Partner using historic and cultural resources. The Organization in the Cedar Valley • _Silos & Smokestacks organization has been ~ at the forefront of those activities and has Silos .& Smoke,stacks is dedicated to recog­ realized that no one particular group can nizing, preserving, promoting, and celebrating coordinate and implement a plan for agricul­ , our contributions in feeding the world. This tural heritage and tourism af!d preservation private, nonprofit agricultl:Jral partnership in efforts over a 17-county area. The region is eastern Iowa carries out its mission by facili­ large and complex and many of the resour­ tating private/public and rural/urban partner­ ces and concerns are represented by numer- . ships. Partnerships projects include tourism, ous interest groups. The Silos & Smoke­ recreation, and interpretation, as well as stacks organizatJon has actively, pursued education, research, cultural events, and partnership relationships with local, state, and economic revitalization. federal entities. Together, the groups are working to develop and implement a plan that Silos & Smokestacks te/ls the story of how would serve future generations. The following American agriculture combined with industry is a representative list of agencies and organ­ to' help feed the world. It is the story of izations that have been_ aCtive in northeastern invention and technology from hand tools to Iowa's agricultural heritage tourism project. tractors, the story of labor and transportation The list is not meant to be inclusive but to from farm to market, and the story of . give examples of different heritage protection America's agricultural revolution and the, efforts in the study ~rea. . development of international agribusiness from seed to table. • 41 RESOURCE PROTECTION EFFORTS

Institute fC?r Agricultural Biodiversity implementation of various preservation projects. The Institute for Agricultural Biodiversity was established in 1991 at Luther College in One of the goals of this agricultural heritage • Decorah, Iowa. The fundamental aim of the initiative is for visitors to venture into the institute is. to ensure genetic options for the . countryside and experience, firsthand, life in sustainable production of food and fiber by the agricultural heartland. To make that preserving the genetic legacy (cultural as well experience as enjoyable as possible for as biological) of American agriculture. The tourists and residents alike, the department's institute is committed to developing the tools Ameri Corps members and Iowa State Uni­ for practitioners and policy makers to initiate versity students have begun to study-the programs preserving genetic resources within safest and most desirable routes for visitors the context of sustainable agricultural to use during, their stay in the region. The systems. result of the study will be a travel guide and accompanying audiocassette tapes. The institute has completed a cultural resource analysis under contract to Silos & , Smokestacks and is devel,oping an agricul- . STATE EFFORTS tural tourism attraction in Decorah. The institute continues its efforts to maintain General Assembly of the State of Iowa ,gen~tically diverse plant material and animal breeds at the Farm Park at Decorah, a The General Assembly has funded two . project on the campus of Luther College. The rounds of market research through the Iowa Farm Park at Decorah opened July 1995. Department of Economic Development, . Division of Tourism, to determine the market for agriculture heritage tourism in northeast Northwest Area Foundation (Saint Paul, Iowa. A third round will fund rehabilitation of Minnesota) an agriculture-related structure for an initial • Silos project. .The Northwest Area Foundation has awarded Silos '& Smokestacks a grant to develop a comprehensive interpretive plan identifying State Historical Society of Iowa interp~etive themes, media, and priority development of interpretive programs for the The State Historical Society has provided study area. Christopher Chadbourne & consultation with the state historic prese~­ Associates and Liying History Farms are vation officer and senior staff related to under contract to Silos & Smokestacks to background material for national register and develop this interpretive plan. local preservation planning efforts. Senior staff have also been directly involved in the NPS special resource study resource anal­ FEDERAL EFFORTS, 'ysis and review. u.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural - Resources Conservation Service Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation

In addition to the National Park Service, at The Iowa National Heritage Foundation was the (ederal level, the Department of one of the initial partnership organizations Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation under contract to Silos & Smokestacks and Service has provided five Ameri Corps has provided an analysis of rural interpretive members to Silos & Smokestacks to aid in opportunities and priorities. - • the r~search, planning, marketing, and

42 Local Efforts

Iowa State University - College of Transportation Efficiency Act and to the Design, Department of Landscape Department of Commerce, Economic Devel­ Architecture opment Administration. The council's • executive director serves on the Silos & Students of Iowa State University have been Smokestacks Board. involved in research and planning in the past and continue investigating roles in rural and urban, cultural resource planning and cultural LOCAL EFFORTS landscape management. University students are also working with Ameri Corps volunteers Cedar Valley Economic Development to develop a Tourism Route Plan. . Corporation, Waterloo Community Development Board, and Waterloo Redevelopment Authority Hawkeye Community College These three local economic groups have Hawkeye Community College has provided provided background information, national faculty liaison through Administration, Minority register materials, site inspection services, Affairs, and Agriculture Services and also, and continuing oversight in the development provided fundraising assistance and advice. of the heritage tourism initiative. The director The Hawkeye Community College president of the economic development corporation and serves on the Silos & Smokestacks executive the co-chair of the redevelopment authority committee. serve on the Silos & Smokestacks Board.

University of Northern Iowa Waterloo Chamber of Commerce Waterloo Convention & Visitors Bureau The University of Northern Iowa has provided faculty liaison through the College of , Use of' Waterloo's hotel/motel tax is • Humanities and Fine Arts and the Depart­ administered through these two groups. They ment of Leisure Studies. The Institute for have granted hotel/motel tax dollars for Decision Making has provided consultation in general operational and programming' support the area of management analysis. The direc­ to Silos & Smokestacks, and the executive tor of conferences and visitor services at the director of the Bureau serves on the Silos & univerSity serves on the Silos & Smokestacks Smokestacks Board. The Bureau and Board and is the official representative of the Chamber also have sponsored community city of Cedar Falls. meetings 'and coordinated events in support of the agricultural heritage tourism initiative.

REGIONAL EFFORTS Black Hawk County Conservation Board Iowa Northland Regional Council of Grout Muselim of History and Science Governments The Grout Museum has provided access to The Iowa Northland Regional Council of historical files and artifacts and sponsored Governments is the regional planning body. It public meetings at the museum. The Conser­ has sponsored community meetings wifhin vation Board has assisted in the preparation the area and is the processor of grant of materials and interpretation in support of , applications for the Intermodal Surface the agricultural heritage tourism initiative .

• 413 •

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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

The Cedar Valley Special Resource Study development. The Franklin County Histor~cal has identified a variety of resources in the Society owns the power plant but does not study area related to agriculture and have the expertise to complete the landmark agricultural/industrial development. The study nomination process. Electric power not only has recognized that the development of brought improvements to rural farmhouses '. American agriculture is a nation-ally'significant but brought power to the barn in the form of story and that the Silos & Smokestacks study electric mirking machines and electric motors area contains'many viable resources appro­ to run farm tools and machinery. Women's priate to telling that story. The study team lives changed" dramatically in their homes as also recognizes and recommends further . electric lighting and electric appliances study in the following areas outside the scope entered their lives. of-this study. The Silos & Smokestacks organization could take the- lead in hiring some of the services needed to complete RESOURCE INVENTORIES additional studies, or other organizations could conduct joint projects related to the " Some resource inventories have been under­ goa(of creating agricultural heritage tourism taken in Black Hawk and Bremer Counties. It attractions in the region .. is. imperative to ,extend that work to the other 15 counties of the study area to identify as marw of the study area's important landscape NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK features as possible. The wide-ranging study NOMINATION area encompasses 17 counties that contain hundreds of farms, field system's, buildings, A national historic landmark nomination and landscape arrangements -that have npt should be completed for the REA Power _ been sufficiently addressed. The baseline, Plant in Franklin County. Now on the national data that resource surVeys supply is vitally , register, the power plant represents a important in assessing threats to the significant era in rural agricultural resources and developing appropriate • 44 - Main Street Program Assessment

conservation strategies. In addition, identi­ which humans altered the natural landscape fication of agriculture':related resources and to create agricultural lands to support the an analysis of their eligibility for listing on the ~uman population. National Register of Historic Places would aid in presenting a comprehensive view of the / region and would be invaluable in future MAIN STREET PROGRAM ASSESSMENT planning efforts. Communities are remembered by residents and visitors_because of the soCial and CULTURAL lANDSCAPE STUDY economic character of their downtowns and especially their Main Streets. Burlington, As northeast Iowa's prairie has been turned Vermont, and Red Wing, Minnesota, are two by the plow to produce an abundance of food excellent examples of this statement in products, Iowa's residents have also altered . practice in smaller American towns. Nor:th­ its prairie .landscapes in ways. that reflect their east Iowa's farm towns and urban centers cultural attitudes and beliefs. A cultural present opportunities for residents and landscape study would reveal the practical visitors to remember a first visit and want to and utilitarian layout of the family farm as return. An enhanced Main Streeflowa well as uncover the ways family flower and' program focusing on these opportunities vegetable gardens served aesthetic and could help enhan,ce a community's interpre­ practical purposes. 'In addition, a cultural tation of its rural heritage and help maintain landscape study would illuminate the ways in its singular character. •

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APPENDIXES • I . •

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• APPENDIX A: LEGISLATION • (COPY)

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 1993

July 29 (legislative July 23), 1992 - Ordered to be printed

Mr. BYRD, from the Committee on Appropriations, submitted the following

REPORT

[To accompany H.R. 5503]

,The Committee on Appropriations, to which was referred the bill (H.R. 5503) making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, and for other purposes, reports the same to the Senate with various amendments and presents herewith information relative to the changes recommended:

The Committee has included the funding requested in the budget for special studies and general management planning. An increase of $200,000 is provided for the general management plan· [GMP) at Adams National Historic Site. The Committee understands that the budget request includes $450,000 for work on the GMP ·at Grand Canyon National Park. If the- proposed legislation authorizing the Monroe School National Historic Site, Kansas, is approved prior to the end of the fiscal year 1993, the Service should allocate funds such as to allow work to begin on a GMP for this site. • The Committee ha~ not recommended additional funds above the budget request for special study areas. The Committee received numerous requests for such study efforts, and . commends to the consideration of the Service the proposals regarding Cedar Valley, lA, Revere Beach, MA, and the Tenement Museum, New York.

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• 49 APPENDIXB: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE THEMATIC fRAMEWORK

The National Park Service uses a thematic III. Expressing Cultural Values • framework of American history and prehistory in Educational and intellectual currents studying and interpreting historic sites. Until Architecture, landscape architecture, 199'0, the publication History and Prehistory in and urban design ' the National Park Service and the National IV. Shaping the Political Lanqscape Landmark Program (NPS 1987) was used for Parties, protests, and movements' that purpose. The revised thematic framework Governmental institutions outline is reflected in this study. V. Developing the American Economy, Distribution and consump~ion As indicated by the new thematic framework, Transportation and communication the topic of American agriculture in the 20th Workers and work culture century is a; complex subject that covers such Labor organizations and protest diverse topics as local reform movements and Exchange and trade the changing role of the United States in the Governmental policies and practices world economy. The migration of people from Economic theory , rural farmland to urban areas as well as VI. Expanding Science and Technology technological advances in farm machinery Experimentation and invention technology are key to understanding our agri­ Technological applications' cultural heritage. Northeast Iowa ,has played an Effects on lifestyle and health integral role in the development of our modern V/1. Transforming the Environment ' food production and processing systems, and Manipulating the environment and its many of the historic sites in the study area ~ resources represent these diverse yet interrelated facets Adverse consequences and stresses . of agricultural history. The historic and cultural on the environment resources identified in the study area relate to , Protecting and preserving, the the following thematic framework themes and environment • topics: VIII. Changing Role of the U.S. in the World Economy I. ,Peopling Places " Commerce Family and the life cycle Migration from outside and within For this study, the story of 20th century Community and neighborhood American agriculture has been divided into four II. Creating Socia/Institutions and principal topic,s that.could be interpreted in the Movements. study area. These topics contain many Clubs and organizations', elements or secondary stories, which were Reform movements . described in the "Visitor Experience" section of the document.

( • 50 • APPENI;)IX C: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CRITERIA FOR NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

To be eligible for favorable consideration as a are associated importantly with the unit of the national park system, an area must lives of people nationally significant (1) possess nationally significant natural, in the history of the United States cultural, or recreational resources, (2) be a represent some great idea or ideal suitable and feasible addition to the system, of the American people and (3) require direct NPS management embody the distinguishing character- ' instead of alternative protection by other istics of an architectural type agencies or the private sector. These criteria specimen, exceptionally valuable for are designed to ensure that the national park study of a period, style, or method of system includes only outstanding examples of .construction; or represent a the nation's natural, cultural, and recreational significant, distinctive, and resources. They also recognize tliat inclusion in exceptional entity, whose the national park system is not the only option components may lack individual for conserving the nation's outstanding distinction resources. are composed of integral parts of the environment not sufficiently A natural, cultural, or recreational resource will significant by reason of historical be considered nationally significant if it meets association or artistic merit to all of the following criteria: warrant. individual recognition,but It is an outstanding example of a collectively. composing an entity of particular type of resource. exceptional historical or artistic It possesses exceptional value or significance; or outstandingly quality in illustrating or interpreting commemorate or illustrate a way of the natural or cultural themes of our , life or culture , nation's heritage. have yielded or may be likely to ------­ • It offers superlative opportunities for yield information of major scientific recreation, public use, and importance by revealing new enjoyment or for scientific study. cultures or by shedding light on It retains a high degree of integrity periods of occupation over large as a true, accurate, and relatively areas of the United States: unspoiled example of a resource. Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of Nationally significant cultural resources include historic figures, properties owned by religious ' districts, sites, buildings, structures, or objects institutions or used for religious purposes, that possess exceptional value or quality in structures that have been moved from their illustrating or interpreting our ~eritage and that original locafions, reconstructed historic possess a high degree of integrity of location, buildings; and properties that have achieved design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, significance within the last 50 years are not' and association. Examples of cultural reS0urces considered appropriate for addition to the that may be nationally significant include'those national park system unless they have

,that ' ) transcendent importance, unless they possess are associated with events that have . inherent architectural or artistic significance, or made a significant contribution to unless no other site associated with that theme and are identified with, or that remains. outstandingly represent, the brpad national patterns of United States history and from which an under­ standing and appreciation of those • patterns may be gained .51 APPENDIX D: SELECTED CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY

The-cultural resources visited and evaluated for gables of the exhibit halls are repeated in ather • this project are described below and present buildings around Waterloo af the spme periad .. some of the key resources important to the , Silos & Smokestacks agricultural heritage initi- , National Register Status: Tlie Edward 'Estel ative. The descriptions include information House, 1142 Grant Street, is cansidered related to location, ownership, and national eligible for listing in the Natianal Register af register status. They are by no means the only Historic Places. Edward Estel was manager of agriculture-related resources in the study area, the Dairy Cangress and was clasely assaciated rather, they are representative of the diversity' with the dairy industry in Iowa. He edited and of resources related to agricultural heritage. managed the Creamery Journal from 1920 to available in the study area. 1947. '

JOHN DEERE WATERLOO WORKS­ NA TIONAL CA TiLE CONGRESS WESTFIELD AVENUE SITE COMPONENT EXPOSITION WORKS

Location: Rainbow Drive,Waterloo, Black Location: Westfield Avenue, Waterloo., Black Hawk County Hawk Co_unty

Ownership: Private' Ownership: Private

Resource Description: The National Cattle Resource Description: The Jahn ·Deere Congress Exposition dates to the year 1910 Waterloo Works is an operating manufacturing when the Iowa State Dairy Association and a. plant that producescampanentsaf Jahn Deere small group of Waterloo business leaders initi­ farm tractors. Deere & Campany acquired the ated a program of dairy exhibits in ccnjunctian Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company in 1-918 • with their annual meeting. The Dairy Cattle and has been producing tractors at the plant Congress, as the exposition was first called, since then. The_histaric structures assaciated served several fl!nctions: it provided a venue with the original Waterloo. Gasoline Engine for exhibiting purebred dairy cattle; it distributed Company are no longer extant. However the informatian about the latest improvement~ in structures that hcused early Deere assembly dairy farming and milk pr:oductian; and, by lines are still extant (T1-1935, T2-1936), extension, impraved dairy herds and mil~ although apparently scheduled for demoliticn. praduction -among the region's dairy farms. The The Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company was Dairy Cattle Congress grew into the leading significant for designing and developing a dairy show in the regian and, by 1949, was workable farm tractor. Today, the Jchn Deere recagnized natianally. Poultry, corn, 4-H Club Waterloo Works is a market leader in tractor exhibits, soybean, and alfalfa shaws were manufacturing, research and development, and . added to. enhance the dairy cattle show. By sales. Tours of the plant are regularly held and 1979, facing increased financial prablems that are a popular tourist attraction. reflected the lossaf family larms and the number of farmers left on the land, the agri­ National Register Status: The John Deere cultural show was renamed the- Natianal Cattle Waterl00 Works is not listed on the National Congress. In 1990 the shaw became the Register of Historic Places. Natianal Cattle Cangress Expasition.·

The entire complex contains numerous WATERLOO DAIRY COOPERATIVE buildings, exhibitian halls, and suppart structures, all dating after 1912. The step- Location: 1302 Commercial Street, Waterloo, Black Hawk County • 52 Appendix D: Selected Cultural Resource Inv~mtory

• Ownership: Private 1930s, the company's Waterloo Plant was widely regarded as a model for the industry. Resource Description: The Waterloo Dairy 'Cooperative was one of the most successful The Rath complex design was largely the work creameries in Iowa. The creamery's butter was of Hans Peter Henschein of Chicago, the marketed throughout the nation. Formed in nation's foremost packinghouse architect during 1889 by farmers in Orange Township, it was the first half of the 20th century. The packing the first cooperative in Black Hawk County. plant is also associated with the period during which meatpacking plants were located closer The extant structure on Commercial Street was to the source of animal production. (The advent the result of the cooperative's expansion into of refrigerated railcars allowed slaughter opera­ the Waterloo market and opened in 1922. This tions to locate further from markets and cl.oser dark red, brick building with decorative light to producers.) The fLJlly integrated plant stone details resembles in many ways the style complex reflected many of the changes in meat of the buildings in the Rath Packing Company, processing implemented following the passage although there is no known connection. of meat inspection laws after the turn of the century . . The significance of the Waterloo Dairy Cooperative in the history of Iowa's dairy The Rath Packing Plant complex, once the site industry and its place in the. history of coop­ of a major employer for the Waterloo/Cedar erative creameries needs further investigation. Falls area, is now bein'g used by food distri­ The Waterloo Dairy Cooperative is an important bution and manufacturing entities. Buildings, example of farmers' responses to economic 148 (grease interceptor) and 149 (vertical kill) needs in the face of economic downturns, along with the administration building remain at especially the Panic of 1893. Farmers in Iowa the site for possible interpretation efforts, The formed co-ops in order to save their dairy majority of machinery associated with hog and businesses and created a way to successfully beef killing operations has been removed, market their products in urban markets. although the movement of animal carcasses • through the structure'is still easily identifiable. National Register Status: The Waterloo Dairy This complex is integrally related to the Cooperative is considered eligible for listing on development of the agriculture-related indus­ the National Register of Historic Places. Docu­ tries in Waterlcio and the Midwest. mentation has not been completed. National Register Status: Buildings 148 and - 149 have been determined eligible for listing on RATH PACKING COMPANY PLANT the National Register of HistoriC Places. The Newberry Library, in conjunction with the Location: .Sycamore and Elm Streets, National Park Service's National Labor Theme Waterloo, Black Hawk County Study, .is determining whether the site is eligible for national landmark deSignation. Owners~ip: Private and City of Waterloo (Buildings 148-149) WAPSIPINICON MILL Resource Description: The Rath Packing Company, following a disastrous fire at its Location: Independence, Buchanan County Dubuque plant and enticed by incentives offered by the Waterloo Improvement Syndi­ Own~rship: Buchanan County Historical cate, began slaughtering animals at the new SOciety . Waterloo location during the winter of 1891-92. Primarily a hog operation, beef and sheep were Resource Description: The Wapsipinicon Mill also being processed by 1929. By the mid- was .designed and built by millwright Samuel • Sherwood in 1867 for use as a flouring mm. By 53

\ APPENDIXES 1878 the mill was grinding flour, buckwheat, Description: This two-story railroad. freight e and cornmeal for local farmers. Much of the building was constructed in 1903 near the heart mill's interior is intact. One original set of of downtown Waterloo. The walls are, rough' : grinding stones, along with turbines, leather , cast concrete blocks over a limestone founda­ belts, grain bins, and other equipment remain 'in tion. Large arched loading bays, raised slightly the structure. In 1911 the Wapsipinicon Mill and 'above ground level, punctuate each side. A belt' Power Company installed a generator and used course of smooth concrete blocks ties the water turbines at the mill to produce power for freight bays together. Built during the rising the city of Independence. ,Today" the mill is a economic boom in Waterloo at the turn of the museum, dedicated to preserving the mill (one , century, this freight house is an ,excellent of only a few flour mills left in Iowa and the only example of the major role 'rail transport played . one with a brick facade) and to telling the story in developing the area's commerce. of the early settlement along this 'section of the Wapsipinicon River. National Register Status: The Chicago & Great Western freight depot is not listed on the National Register Status: The Wapsipinicon National Register of Historic Places. Millis listed on the National Register of Historic Places. CEDAR ROCK

MAYNARD STATION (Lafayette Street Location: Quasqueton, rural Buchanan County Station) Ownership: Iowa Department of Natural Location: West Lafayette Street, Waterloo,­ Resources -. Black Hawk County Description: This Frank Lloyd Wright Usonian­ ,e Ownership: Midwest Energy Company style residence is the only "signed" Wright house in Iowa. Cedar Rock (the Lowell Walter Description: This power station was built in residence) wasthe first and most elaborate of 1917 aJ")d put on-line to generate elec!ric power 10 houses that Wright deSigned in Iowa after

in 1918. Originally put in service by the Citizens o World War II. Completed in 1950, Cedar Rock Gas & Electric Company, Lafayette Street is a testament to Frank Lloyd Wright's belief Station contained two 5,OOO-kilowatt turbines that architecture should directly relate to its and five 600:'horsepower boilers. This station environment. provided power from water and gas for Wat~r- 100 residents between 1918 and the mid- National Register Status: Cedar Rock is listed 1980s. on the National Register of Historic Places and is being evaluated for national landmark National Register Status: Maynard Station is - eligibjlity. considered eligible for listing on. the National Register of Historic Places, however, the documentation has not been completed. NORMAN' BORLAUG BIRTHPLACE AND CHILDHOOD HOME

CHICAGO & GREAT WESTERN FREIGHT . Location: Cresco, rural Howard County DEPOT Ownership: Iowa Natural Heritage ,Foundation i:.ocation: Sixth and Sycamore Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk.County De~criptio~: Norman Borlaug has played a key role in agricultural genetiCS research and '.0 '' Ownership-: Private received the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. Borlaug's lifetime work refl~cts the "value and

" 54 Appendix 0: Selected Cultural Resource Inventory

heritage that I acquired from family and REEVE, ELECTRIC .ASSOCIA TION PLANT community in northeast Iowa early in life." His birthplace and childhood home sites are Location: Hampton, rural Franklin County • connected and include farm buildings, a barn, chicken house,'and machine shed. The Ownership: Franklin County Historical Society- surrounding meadows and pastu~eland are intact and reflect the character of the family Description: The Reeve REA plant was built farm of the 1910 - 1930 era. during the severe winter of 1937 and "went on the line" on Wednesday, March 7,1938, only National Register Status: The Norman , -sev~n months after construction began. The Borlaug birthplace and childhood home are not plant stands in testimony to the efforts of listed on the National Register of Historic farmers in north central Iowa to overcome Places. Documentation is underway. major barriers put up by power companies in refusing to negotiate reasonable rates. John M. Carmody, administrator of REA, successfully CARRIE LANE CHAPMAN CAn FAMILY broke the power companies' stranglehold by HOME agreeing to fund independent generating plants in Iowa that would serve rural electric coop­ . Location: Charles City, rural Floyd County eratives. The Reeve plant was built by and serviced one of those cooperatives. It delivered Ownership: National 19th Amendment Society electric power to north central Iowa farm .. , communities until 1950. Today the plant is Description: In 1866 Carrie lane's father built owned and maintained by the Franklin County this 1 1/2-story Late Victorian brick farmhouse. His.torical Society and is a reminder of the This house of her youth marked an early event immense changes brought to the farm with the that helped shape her life's work. After arri~al of electric power.

accompanying her father at several political \ , rallies for Horace Greeley in 1872, she watched National Register Status: The Reeve Electric • in amazement on election day as her father Association Plant was listed on the National and the hired hands went off to the polls to Register of Historic Places in 1990. This study vote. What Carrie Lane did not understand was recommends further evaluation of the plant for why her mother was not allowed to vote along national landmark eligibility. with the others. When her father returned from the polls, Carrie Lane declared "the real reason mother couldn't vote was because no one had STAR CLIPPER BUILDING ever thought about giving the vote to ,women, and that when I grew up I should tell everyone Location: Second Street, Traer, Tama County it ought to be done." With the death of her first husband, teo Chapman, and subsequent mar­ 9wnership: The Traer Museum, Inc'. riage to George Catt, Carrie Lane Chapman Catt dedicated her life to the cause of women's Description: James ("Tama Jim") Wilson, one suffra,ge~ Her experience· as a young girl in an of Iowa's four prominent secretaries of agricul­ Iowa farmhouse shaped Carrie's life and ture, served for 16 years under three different . changed the political life of millions of American presidents. Several important agricultural women across the nation. programs were initiated during his tenure, including federal food and drug inspection National Register Status: The Carrie programs. In addition to his years as secretary Ch.apman Catt childhood home is listed on the of agriculture, Tama Jim served sIx years in the National Register of Historic Places. Iowa legislature, most of three terms in the U:S. House of Representatives, taught at the Iowa ·College of Agriculture, and was part owner of • his hometown newspaper, the Star Clipper. At 55 APPENDIXES the Star Clipper Wilson had a syndicated Indian burial mounds are found in a relatively column for 10 years that appeared in as many small area in northeast Iowa, southeast ' as 75 publications. He was part of a growing Minnesota, and southern Wisconsin. Within the •• trend in agriculture to create papers and/or boundaries of the monument there are four magazines dedicated to agriculture-related different types of mounds: conical; linear, topics. Wallace's Farmer and Successful compound, and effigy mounds. Farming were two Iowa farm magazines that' grew out of this desire to put agricultural topics in the hands of farmers .. AFRIC~N-AMERICAN NEIGHBORHO.oD, MESKWAKI .SETTLEMENT, AMISH National Register ·Status: The Star Clipper COMMUNITY building is not listed on the National f3egister of Historic Places. . . These human communities are resources . identified within the study area. Each EFFIGY MOUNDS NATIONAL MONUMENT community has sites, physical resources, and significant stories associated with. America's Location: Rural Clayton County agricultural/industrial history. Further contact with these groups to identify their desired .@vel Ownership: National P~rk Service of participation in telling those stories is imperative so that appropriate levels of privacy Description.: Effigy Mounds National and respeet for the diversity of cultures is Monument in northeast Iowa was established in . maintained. Members of the African-American 1949. The monument preserves a represen.:. community have been involved with present tative and outstanding example of a significant planning efforts and should maint!3-in or phase of the prehistoric American Indian . increase that inv.olvement as the project moundbuilding culture and protects wildlife, progresses. Direct contact with the Meskwaki . scenic, and other natural values of the area. and Amish communities needs to·take place before. further planning or interpretation efforts The 1,475-acre monument preserves over 200 are undertaken in relation to these • mound sites, some dating to 2,500 years old; communities. including 26 in the shape of animal effigies.

56 APPENDIX E: SELECTED NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY

From a refuge established for the benefit of migratory birds, fish, plants, and animals to a 240-acre • prairie sporting at least 149 species of prairie plants, the 17-county study area contains a fascinating variety of natural resources protected at federal, state, and local levels. The fol!owing chart lists selected natural resources in the study area.

Name Location - County Remarks

Upper MissisSippi River Allamakee, Clayton 200,000 acres - wooded National Wildlife & Fish Refuge islands, waters, and marshes, river bottom 2 to 5 miles wide; the refuge is for the benefit of migratory birds, fish, plants, - and animals

Turkey River Wildlife Area Howard 410 acres - Turkey River floodplain, upland timber

Aldo Leopold Wetland Complex Bremer Wetland

Hayden Prairie State Preserve Howard National natural landmark, 240 , acres - prairie tract with at least 149 species of prairie plants - Rowley Fen , Buchanan 43 acres - a "fen" is a calcareo!,Js, boggy wetland once common throughout Iowa, .' now an endangered habitat and last refuge of several I endangered plants and animals

Otter Creek Marsh Tama , 3,400 acres - 1/2 marsh, 1/4 river bottom, 114 timber semi- open;. waterfowl refuge closed to trespassing in fall -

Bearbower Sand Prairie Buchanan 40 acres - ranges from sand prairie to wetlands containing some rare Iowa species

Idlewild Access Floyd 254 acres - river access, timber, deer squirrel, rabbit

Troy Mills Buchanan 75 acres- borders Wapsipinicon River, marsh, timber

Manchester Fish Hatchery Delaware 30 acres - trout hatching and .

, rearing areas, Spring Branch .trout stream

Shearer Wildlife Area Delaware Wooded hills and river bottomland, dissected by small , • spring-fed stream 57 , "

APPENDIXES

Name Location - county Remarks

Spring Creek Wildlife Area Franklin 20 acres - gr.-?ssy lowlands - • Effigy Mounds National Allamakee, Clayton 1,475 acres- wood bluff tops, Monument tallgrass prairies, arid, wetlands Grannis Creek Fayette 179 acres - timber, trout , stream, wildlife management area

Wildwood Nature Center Fayette 7 acres - nature center and historic site, live animal and - - raptor exhibit , Chipera Prairie Winneshiek 77 acres - prairie preserve

Ludwig Reserve - - Winneshiek 3.5 acres - red pine plantation and native prairie

Cardinal Marsh Winneshi~k 1,165 acres - 1/8 marsh, 7/8 , Turkey River floodplain, upland timber, deer, squirrel,. grouse, , waterfowl, woodcock ,

Union Grove Wildlife Area Tama 108 acres - open upland, 10- acre pond, pheasant, rabbit,

\ waterfowl

Wittenbreer Marsh Howard 40 acres - marsh, three large pine plantings ." Hartman Reserve Nature Black Hawk 260 acres-":"'" floodplain Center adjacent to large upland mature forest - Blackhawk Creek Green Belt Black Hawk 255 acres '- floodplain, timber, wetlands

Wapsipinicon Wetlands/County Bremer 750 acr~s - along Forest Wapsipinicon River, floodplain, timber, wetlands , " Little Pain Creek All am akee 864 acres - timber upland, Paint Creek Trout Stream - , , Lansing Wildlife Allamakee 1,955 acres - timber upland,

" deer, squirrel, grouse, turkey, woodcock

Otter Creek Wildlife Area Buchanan 100 acres - creek bottom and wetlands

- " , Osborne Visitor Welcome and" Clayton 260 acres - nature center, Nature Center historic site, wildlife exhibit

Volga White Pine Forest Clayton 22 acres ~ white pine forest Preserve • 58 J Appendix E: Selected Natural Resource Inventory

Name Location - County Remarks

Ackerson-Easterly Wildlife Area Chickasaw 115 acres - timber, grassland, - and wetland habitats Jerico Wildlife Area Chickasaw· 37 'acres - grassland and Woody vegetation with small stream

Sleeping Duck ~arsh Mitchell . 62 acres -: marshland and upland game bird habitat

Pinicon Alders Wildlife Area Mitchell 310 acres - upland hardwood, floodplain, and prairie - New Haven Potholes Mitchell 168 acres - marsh, prairie, woodland, and prairie potholes

, Restoration Marsh , Floyd 117 acres - 1/3 marsh, 2/3 grassland, waterfowl, pheasant

Wolters Prairie Preserve- Butler 44 acres - native prairie, . controlled burns for woody plant control, wildlife refuge

Hauser Wildlife Area Butler 25 acres - upland game habitat, refuge

Dudgeon Lake Benton 1 ,364 acres -borders Cedar - River, 1/4 water, 3/4 open , timber, waterfowl, pheasant, • deer, quail, turkey

••• 59 APPENDIX F: SELECTED RECREATIONAL RESOURCE INVENTORY

. - Public lands in the study area offer a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities for residents and visitors. A network of state, county, and local parks, open space, and mUltiuse trails can be found • -throughout the region. The following chart lists selected recreational resources found in the study area.

-, Name Location . Remarks Backbone State Park Delaware Camping, nature trails,. lake and stream fishing, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCG) , Museum B!3eds Lake State Park Franklin _ Camping, nature trail, scenic CCC dam, 99-acre man-made - lake

Bixby State Park and Preserve Clayton 184 acres ~ rugged woodland with stream, trails; picnic shelter Pike's Peak State Park Clayton 970 acres - camping, hiking / . ( trails, scenic overlooks' - , Turkey River Mounds State - Clayton 82 acres - forested ridge Preserve containing numerous conical and linear Indian mounds Echo Valley State Park Fayette 100 acres - built by CCC in ." - 1930s, hand:-built dam, keystone archway, camping, ski and hiking trails Volga River State Recreation Fayette 5,422 acres - camping, Area nature trail, bridle and hiking trails, -lake and stream fishing Fort Atkinson State Preserve Winneshiek 5 acres - reconstructed fort· built in 1840, museum, annual .-- "Rendezvous" Bluffton Fir Stand State ~ Winnes.hiek 124 acres - Upper Iowa River Preserve , floodplain " Union Grove State Park Tama 172 acres - camping, hikIng trails, swimming Union Grove Wildlife Area Tama 108 acres - open upland Otter Creek Marsh Tama 3,400 acres - 1/2 marsh, 1/4 \ 1/4 . - river bottom, timber semi- open .- , ( - 60 Appendix F: Selected Recreational Resource Inventory

Name Location - ' Remarks G~orge Wyth State Park Black Hawk 494 acres - lodge rentals; • camping, hiking and biking trails; swimming; lake and stream fishing

Sweet Marsh . Bremer 2,242 ,acres - 1/2 marsh, 1/2 - open timber prairie

Brush Creek Canyon ~tate Fayette 217 acres - forested, steep, Park wooded terrain with diversity of habitats, flora, and fauna

- Yellow River Forest, Lost 40 Allamakee 160 acres ~ forest area Unit . Cutshall- Access Area Buchanan 70 acres - wetlands, camping

Otterville Bridge Buchanan 187 acres - borders Wapsipinicon River, boat ramp

Prairie Bridges Park Franklin 70 acres - prairie, ponds, trails, Beaver Creek

Split Rock Park Chickasaw 80 acres - camping, lake and stream fishing, hiking, crqss- country skiing, and bridle trails / Wapsi River Wildlife Area Mitchell 114 acres .,- timbered river • - - bottomland, river access Idlewild Access Floyd. 254 acres - river access, camping, picnicking, hiking

Restoration Marsh Floyd 117 acres - 1/3 marsh, 2/3 - grassland

Heery Woods State P~rk Butler 394 acres - timbered, food plots, 1930s CCC stone lodge, camping, picnicking, hiking and bridle trails, fishing, nature center, boat ramp

Big Marsh Butler 3,049 acres - 1/3 marsl1, 2/3 timber, prairie, boat ramps

WOlf Creek Recreation Area Grundy 93 acres - camping, picnicking, hiking and bridle - .' trails, fishing, baseball • 61 APPENDIX G: RECREATION TRAILS

Hiking, biking, and bridle trails are found throughout the study area. The Iowa Statewide Recreational Trails Plan was prepared in 1987 to provide a comprehensive long-range plan for • development of trails in the state. A representative, sample of trails found in northeast Iowa are listed below. ' .

Name Location - County - . Remarks

CNW Nature Trail Butler ,5.4 miles of abandoned - railroad right-of-way - hiking and biking, cross-country skiing

Pioneer Trail Grundy 96 acres- hiking, bridle, biking, and cross-country skiing trails

Comet Trail Grundy - 5 miles - hiking, biking, and - - cross-country skiing trail

Cedar Valley Nature Trail Black Hawk 52 miles- connects Buchanan Waterloo/Cedar Falls with Benton Cedar Rapids, hiking, biking, Linn running, nature study

Cedar'River Canoe Trail Bremer 30 miles - Nashua to - Finchford Wapsipinicon River Trail Bremer - ,20 miles - Tripoli to Littleton Chickasaw County Trail Chickasaw 10 miles - Alta Vista to New • Hampton , Pony Hollow Trail Clayton 2.5 miles- hiking, eq(Jestrian, nature, cross-country ski trail Prairie Farmer Trail Winneshiek - 16 miles - Calmar to Cresco , , , Winneshiek County Recreation, Winneshiek 210 acres - (under' Trail , development) bikil)g, hiking, cross-country skiing, HowardlWinneshiek.county line , to Calmar ,

• 62 , . • APPENDIX H: LETTERS OF SUPPORT

OFFICE OF THE GOVE RNOR

'STATE CAPITOL

DES MOINES, IOWA 50319

515 261-5211 TERRY E, BRAN5TAD GOVERNOR February 7, 1995

Mr. Alan M. Hutchings Deputy Associate Regional Director Planning & Resource Preservation Midwest Region, National Park Service 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, Nebraska 68102

RE: Cedar Valley Special, Re~ource Study -, • Dear Mr. Hutchings: I want to convey my wholehearted support for the Silos & Smokestacks initiative and to commend you and its sponsors for this innovative approach to telling the story of American agriculture. Agriculture .is the largest industry in the United States. It directly or indirectly supports 18 percent of our nation I s population and 60 percent of all Iowans. Thus, since 1993, the­ State Historical Society of Iowa, the Iowa Department of Economic Development Division of Tourism, and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship have participated in shaping silos & Smokestacks. The Iowa General Assembly is currently exploring additional participation by these and other State of Iowa agencies. '

We are justly proud of our agricultural heritage and as Iowa I s Governor, I stand ready to work with you in any way to make this visionary project in the Cedar Valley a reality. ' Sincerely, ~-r~ Terry E. Branstad Governor • ,TEB/ps 63 I~

'. APPENDIXES, CITY OF WATERLOO. IOWA 'CITY HALL 715 MULBERRY STREET 50703 •

March 30, 1995 J()H:'\ Rt ,,-)FF

COL',Ul Mr. fJ-lan M. Hutchings, Deputy ME\IBERS Associate Regional Director , Planning and Resource Preservation Midwest Region"National Park Service 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, NE 68102 ,:-U)rT II )i~DA" , \1"".;: Dear Alan:

It is fitting that the City of Waterloo was. one of the original parties in developing the Silos & Smokf!stacks vision. It contfnues to be an active and enthusiastic participant. After a/l, this ~ our story - past, pr~sent ' .' IC>F and future. Waterloo was one of the major - sites in America's COLLlE~, agricultural revolution. An' American heritage area which will tell the story of this city's :,and Northeast Iowa's - rich agricultural history is a 13,-'\RI) major priority for this administration. ,,1"7::';': !\',:' ,i , We are pleased andproud to acknowledge the National Park Service's 11,\ '\k Cedar Valley Special Resource Study. Further, we pledge our support to , \lC):,\.!',\HOFF , the full development of the Silos & Smokestacks vision.

Please let us know how we may be of additional assistance.

.I.: . if~ John R. Rooff Mayor

JR:dc

WE'RE WORKING FOR YOU!, .'., An Equal Opportunity/AlllnnatiVe Action Employer • 64 Appendix H: Letters of Support C'E'D'A'R OITllT 01 TilE MAYOR CITY OF CEDAR FALlS, IU\\'.-\ 2211 Cl.AY STlUFT CEDAR FALL~, IOWA 'linD 319-27J-~1OO • FAX )19-273-1'1655 F·A·L·L·S

April 17, 1995

Alan M. Hutchings, Deputy Associate Regional Director Planning and Resource Preservation Midwest Region, National Park Service 1709 Jackson Street '. Omaha, NE 68102 Dear Alan: - . The City of Cedar Falls, Iowa, joins Waterloo and Northeast Iowa in suppOrt of the Silos and Smokestacks initiative.

This visionary organization, by calling national attention to our regional agricultural heritage, is worthy of the continuing support necessary for the preservatio"; of our history.

Sincerely,

Ed Stachovic, Mayor City of Cedar Falls • 65 APPENDIXES IOWA )tlll Illilkl'lIlP smile.-'· •

April 14, 1995

Alan M. Hutchings , Planning and Resource Preservation Midwest Region, ,National Park Service 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, NE 68102 Dear Alan: ThIs letter expresses my support for: the Silos & Smokestacks vision of a heritage tourism network throughout northeast 16wa. The Division of Tourism has been involved with this project since its inception: first, as a funding agent and participant in the tourism market research stage in 1993 and 1994; currently, as a funding agent and participant in the marketing, communications, and business planning stages. The results of the tourism marke,t research were most impressive -- between 545,000 ,and, 645,000 net new guests in northeast Iowa; $60 million in annual expenditures; 1,100 new jobs~ $4.1 million in new state tax revenues; $800 ,thousand in net new local tax revenues. We have recently undertaken a state-wide Heritage Tourism program • in partnership with the National Trust for Historic Preservation. / This program, the first in the nation, stres~es local grassroots eff6rts such a~ Silos & Smokestacks, and we look to Silos to ' provide a model for other area-wide enterprises.' We are pleased with the National Park Service's Cedar Valley Special Resource Study and look forward to working with Silos & Smokestacks in all implementation phases. _We pledge our support to help tel~ ~he full story of Americ,a' s agricultural revolutio'n. Please let us know,how,we may be of any assistance . . Sincerely, fv:::~t;'!!~ ct~i~'istrator . Iowa Division of Tourism 515/242-4710 DKR/cas

DI\'ISION OF 10URIS,'vI, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOI'\\E;-';T 21J0 East Gr3nd An:nut;. Des \Ioines, Iowa ;0.309· (;);) 2~2-~"O;. Fax: 1;)'\) 2-+2-4-i9 • 66 , Appendix H: Letters of Support

• TERRY E. BRANSTAD. GOVERNOR DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS WILLIAM H. JACKSON. DIRECTCR April 6, 1995

-Alan M. Hutchings, Deputy Associate Regional Director Planning and Resource Preservation Midwest Region~ National Park Service 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, NE 68102

Dear Mr. Hutchings:

Your agency's Cedar Valley Special Resource Study is a welcome contribution indeed. Visitors to America's regions are increasingly enjoying the distinct historical experience that such areas have to offer. They are more easily discovering and appreciating the region's sense of place because communities within these areas are working both together and with state and federal partners to develop economic possibilities offered by their unified vision of the history they share. Silos and Smokestacks, we are pleased to say, is well on its way to organizing the effort for presenting the rise of our nation's modem agriculture. '.

Northeast Iowa is nicely poised to call visitor attention to the many facets of our . remarkable food production system. Her farms and factories make known the features of America:s vast commercial agriculture that has produced ever greater harvests with fewer hands .. Her museums and settlements illustrate the'character of those who came to farm • ~ere. Her restaurants and summer festivals recall the varieties of ethnic experience: And " numerous rural landscapes dotted with country churches, early bridges and mills bring forth memories of earlier agricultural times. .

We urge and endorse efforts being made by Silos and Smokestacks to bring before the public genuine and authentic historic resources of this region, to foster their stewardship, and to connect that past to the many ways that modem farming is practiced today.

Please feel tree to contact me if you have "any questions. My office phone number is (515) 281-3306. .

Sincerely,

~~~~ --(Wvt <:)L( . ~ ~~, ( je~me Thompson, Acting Administrator Patricia Ohlerking, Acting State HiS~ \~ Preservation Officer cc: Tom Gallaher, Silos and Smokestacks

• CAPITOL COMPLEX / DES MOINES. IOWA 50319 / 51 5-281-6258 67 APPENDIXES " 3 L!~. Economics Research Associates,

February 2, 1995

Mr. Alan M. Hutching Deputy Associate Regional Director Planning and Resource Preservation National Park Service 1709 Jacksofl Street Omaha, Nebraska 68102

Dear Alan: . . I was delighted to learn that the National Pru:k Service has nearly completed its special resource study of the Cedar Valley. As you know, my firm's analysis of Silos & Smokestacks concluded that the region's contribution to agriculture and food processing offers compelling interpretive opportunities which will attract interest from·a broad range of market segments. Moreover, our work suggests that the dozens of sites which collectively comprise the Silos & Smokes~cks experience could generate substantial • visitation for Northeast Iowaand yield impressive economic benefits. We found that: • • Silos & Smokestacks can, with proper asset develop~ent, interpretation and promotion, expect to attract between 575,000 and 683,000 net new visitors by maturation in 2004. These visitors are defined as those who will spend at least one night and go to two or more Silos & Smokestacks affiliate attractions; • In additio~, Silos & Smokestacks will enjoy visitation from local residents. We believe that local residents will generate the equivalent of an additional 25,000 two­ 'attraction visit-equivalents each year, for a total net new visitation of between . 600,000 and 708,000 annually at maturation; • In the near term, visitation will range between 545,000 and 645,000 people per year. The eCl:morrii~ impact associated with this visitation will be substantial, totaling approximately:

• 1 ,100 jo~s; • $12.0 million in new payroll; • $4.1 million in new state taxes; and • $800,000 in new local tax revenues ..

These dollars will circulate in the local economy and exert a multiplier-effect, furthering' the economic impact associated with Silos & Smokestacks .

. \

_ 8300 Greensboro Drive, SUite 1050, Mclean. Virginia 22102· (703) 893-1560 Fax;.(703) 893-2928 . los Angeles : ~a,; FranCISCo' San Diego; Chicago' Washington. D.C .• london • 68 Appendix H: Letters of Support • , ~ ~~ Economics Research Associates

Mr. Alan M. Huching February 2, 1995 Page 2

• In addition, there are many other collateral economic benefits: • Waterloo's status as a convention and meetings location will be enhanced; • The region will be exposed to more people who make business location decisions wbo may ultimately choose it for their facilities. For example, a location in the Silos & Smokestacks region will lend cachet to agri-business enterprises who can tout their location at the buckle of the farm belt; • the quality of life in the region will be immensely enhanced; • Private sector investment will respond to the new market pos{!d by the . ' ' visitors; • Iowa's image as a place without cult~ral resources will be corrected.

In short, I believe the Silos & Smokestacks initiative offers real economic opportunity for Northeast Iowa and I am pleased that, with the completion of the National Park Service's • study, another giant step forward to realizing its potential has been taken; Sin,cerely,

Elaine Van S. Cannichael, AICP Principal

• 69 BIBLIOGRAPHY

America's Agric~lturalllndustrial Heritage Madson, John, Photos by Frank Oberle • landscape, Inc. 1993 Tal/grass Prairie. Falcon Press 1994 Various national register nomination Publishing Co;, Inc.: Helena and forms, state of Iowa resource survey . Billings, MT. ' forms,' and organization pamphelts and newsletters. . National Park Service _ 1963 Agriculture and The Farmer's Andrews, Clarence A. Frontier: National Survey of Historic 1972 A Literary History of Iowa. University Sites and Buildings. of Iowa Press: Iowa City, IA.. Sportsman's Atlas . Beck, Bill 1993 . Iowa Sportsman's Atlas: Back Roads 1991· The Service People. An Illustrated & Outdoor Recreation. Sportsman's History of Midwest Energy Company. Atlas: Lytton, IA. Iowa Public Service Company: Sioux City,IA. National Trust for Historic Preservation 1994a Information received from Amy S. Conard, Rebecca and Jan Nash' . Jordan, Program Associate, Heritage 1993 Silos & Smokestacks. Planning study Tourism Division, Denver, CO. for a National Register of Historic Places multiple property document. 1994b "Regional Heritage Areas: Tallgrass Historians: Iowa City, IA. Approaches to Sustainable Development," edited byT. Allan Economics Research Associates and Mary' Compo Information Series No. 88. Means and Associates ' Washington, D.C. 1994 "Tourism Market Analysis" Draft. Mclean, VA. Prentice, Richard • 1993 Tourism and Heritage Attractions. Hart, John Fraser Issues in Tourism Series. london 1991 The Land That Feeds Us. W. W. and New York: Routledge. Norton & Company: Nevy York, NY. Riley, Glenda , Heilman, Grant / 1988 Cities on the Cedar: A Portrait of 1988 Farm. Abbeville Press Inc.: New Cedar Falls, Waterloo and Black York, NY. Hawk County. Mid-Prairie' Books: , Parkersburg, IA. Iowa Department of Natural Resources 1990 Iowa Statewide Comprehensive Sage, Leland l. Outdoor Recreation Plan. Des 1974 A History of Iowa. Iowa State Moines,lA. University Press: Ames, IA.

Iowa Department of 'Transportation and Iowa Sayre, Robert F. Editor Department of Natural Resources ' . 1989, Take This Exit. Rediscovering the . n.d. Iowa's Recre~tion Trails. Iowa Landscape. Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA. long, Barbara Beving 1986 Waterloo: Factory City of Iowa. Wall, Joseph Frazier Survey of Architecture and History. 1978 Iowa: A History. W.W. Norton & Midwest Research: Des Moines, IA. Company, Inc.: New York, NY. • 70 STUDY PARTICIPANTS

'. STUDY TEAM CONSULTANTS

National Park Service Silos & Smokestacks Board of Trustees

Nancy I. Baker, Landscape Architect, Carl Adrian, Jan Andersen, Linda Anderson, Bill Former Team Captain, Denver Service Appelgate, Phillip Barry, Judy Burtiend, Rene Center Dupont, Geof Grimes, Robert Heaton, Michael Harold Brown, Landscape Architect, Hollen, Joni Hollen, Sharon Juon, Duane Denver Service Center McDonald, Bernie McKinley, Rosalyn Middieton, Sharon A. Brown, Interpretive Planner, Donna Nelson, Bob Neymeyer, Bryan Nichols, Harpers Ferry Center Rich Penn, Terry Poe Buschkamp, Jack Roehr; Judy Dersch, Visual Information Specialist, John Rooff, Fred Rose, Jim Sage, Ed Denver Service Center Stachovic, Mary Swelha, Ada Tredwell, Teri Mary E. Frye, Team Captain, Denver Walker, Mary Ellen Waren, Junean Witham, Service Center ~ Willie Mae Wright Alan, Hutchings, Deputy Associate Regional Director', Planning and Resource . Preservation, Midwest Regional Office Other Consultants Ronald W. Johnson,'Section Chief, Denver Service Center Michael Bureman, NPS, Denver Service Paula Machlin, Landscape Architect, Center Denver Service Center Elaine Van S. Garmichael, Economics' Sandy Schuste(, Editor, Denver Service Research Associates Center Rebecca Conard, Tallgrass Historians' , Jan Harris, NPS, Denver Service Center • Silos & Smokestacks John Haubert, NPS, Washington Office Patricia H. Henry, NPS, Washington Office Tom Gallaher, Executive Director Loren N. Horton, State Historical Society of Duane Sand, Director of Partnership Iowa Development Mary Means, Mary Mean~ & Associates 'Lonnie Fischels, Administrative Secretary Linda N. Moery, NPS, Denver Service Center State Historical SocietY'of Iowa Jan Nash, Tallgrass Historians John Paige, NPS, Denver Service Center Lowell J. Soike, Historian, Community Linda Romola, NPS, Denver Service Program Bureau Center Michael Spratt, NPS, Denver Service Center Shan Thomas, The Farm. Park at Decorah Sherry Kafka Wagner, Kafka Wagner Associates

• 71 •

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\ .•" I, •

•

As the nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationaily owned public I~mds and natural resources, This includes fostering sound -use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major responsibility for. American Indian reservation communities and for people wh<;> live in island territories under U:S. administration.

NPS, MWRO, 0-43 September 1995 ---,

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