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Gauging Environmental Variation in the Rejuvenation Potential of Disturbed Natural Ecosystems

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Gauging Environmental Variation in the Rejuvenation Potential of Disturbed Natural Ecosystems Gauging Environmental Variation in the Rejuvenation Potential of Disturbed Natural Ecosystems Kevin Edward Leeson BSc (Hons) NatEnvWldMgt, PhD (University of Tasmania) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania (28 April, 2011). Declaration This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. Kevin E Leeson BSc NatEnvWldMgt (Hons), PhD 20 April 2011 Authority of access This thesis may be made available for loan. Copying any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this declaration was signed; after that time limited copying is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Kevin E Leeson BSc NatEnvWldMgt (Hons), PhD 20 April 2011 Abstract There can be no purpose more inspiring than to begin the age of restoration, reweaving the wondrous diversity of life that still surrounds us — EO Wilson Ecological restoration is an expensive, time consuming and labour intensive activity. It is therefore important to understand the potential for disturbed natural ecosystems to recover without the need for intervention. This project investigates the rate of vegetation and soil recovery from different types of disturbance at 18 sites within four major ecosystems (grassy, dry sclerophyll, wet sclerophyll, and rainforest) in Tasmania. All sites have a known disturbance history (type and age). At each site, randomly located quadrats were placed in the disturbed and control areas and the percentage cover of species, bare ground and litter estimated using a modified Braun- Blanquet scale. The pH, N, P, C of surface soils from a subset of these quadrats was measured. Topographic and climatic data were obtained at the site level. Global non- metric multi-dimensional scaling was performed on the presence/absence data for all taxa. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices were produced and these were used to examine similarities and dissimilarities between disturbed and control areas. Vectors were fitted for all variables and significance determined by 1000 randomisations. Sorted tables were used to indicate the abundance and presence or absence of taxa at site and ecosystem levels. Relationships between independent variables and the mean distances between control and disturbance vegetation and soils were determined at the site level. The type of initial disturbance (superficial or severe) rather than the time since cessation of the initial disturbance or other factors was the best single predictor of the recovery of both vegetation and soil. Restoration effort should be directed towards areas that are known (as determined from site history) to have been subjected to extensive soil and vegetation disturbance. i Acknowledgments There are many people to thank and acknowledge for their assistance and encouragement in helping me undertake and successfully complete this project. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Jamie Kirkpatrick (a.k.a. the master of red ink who has manifested into the master of r-e-d track changes!) for providing advice, support, encouragement and assistance when needed and also a phone call to advise me that ‘…some scholarships are available, I think you should apply’. Thus, I would like to acknowledge the generous support of a University of Tasmania scholarship for allowing me to undertake this project. I am also indebted to Jamie for ‘Overnight Proof Reading’ and provision of the ‘Kirkpatrick Thesis Compression Service’. Thanks Jamie. Access to all study sites, was kindly granted by the respective landowners and I would like to acknowledge the following people: staff at the Lake Margaret Power Station, in particular Tony for his assistance and guided tour of the local area; Greg Doherty and Dr Andrew McNeill of Zinifex Rosebery Mine (formerly Pasminco Rosebery Mine) provided accommodation, access to historical records, my first independent consultancy, and 4WD recovery!; Henry Foster kindly gave his time and advice regarding the study sites at Fosterville; Margie Fitzgerald provided a detailed account of the field site at Kettering, introduced me to ‘the neighbours’ and supplied great coffee and biscuits during field work; Peter Tubb kindly allowed access to his property; Loraine allowed me the option to just drop in anytime; The Stanton family provided accommodation at Coles Bay and a fantastic place to escape civilization - thanks to Telstra for providing the disturbance! Charles Gossage provided an account of his early childhood days and an account of the history of Butlers Gorge and suggested other potential study sites within the region. My field assistants Pat Murray, Sutheemont Jitprapaikulsarn (Ying - ) and Supaporn Ingkhaninan (Tuke - ) kindly assisted with many aspects of fieldwork including data collection, photography and other unexpected events encountered during fieldwork including sub-zero temperatures, wayward wildlife and leech detection! !"#!$%& ' !%( ) * & +,! Rob Anders provided advice on all spatial matters and different aspects of scanning technology and kindly offered his time and advice with different aspects of this project I am grateful to Denis Charlesworth for having the patience to undertake the mammoth task of soil analysis for this project, collection of data, compilation of spreadsheets and also for taking the time to explain the methods for correct soil sample preparation. ii To Kate Charlesworth, thank you for your friendship and kindness. You were a great inspiration and office neighbour during my time in Room 111. I admire the way in which you always know about relevant and useful material for everyone’s project and … yes I will let you know about any publications! Thanks Kate. To Serena from the Student Counseling Service at Student Services, thanks for your time and advice with helping me through an unexpected crisis. My former office mates and colleagues Sapphire McMullan-Fisher (are they plants or animals?), Maj-Britt di Folco (resident pseudo-soils guru!) and Julie von Platen (dendro- chrono…what?) provided advice and assistance with the different facets of PhD life including world and local politics, disposal of coffee grounds, random thoughts about global scams and survival as a PhD candidate. All staff members of the School of Geography and Environmental Studies helped to make this project a memorable experience. In particular, thanks to Paulene Harrowby, Trish McKay, Tracey Payne, Julie Coad and Annette Young for keeping everything running smoothly and responding to my endless questions. Finally, to my wife Audra and our children, Ben and Sharna, I am forever grateful for something I can never repay, your patience and support for enduring this project, the late and sleepless nights, my many different moods, interstate relocation and everything I have forgotten or neglected during the course of completing this thesis. Thank you. Dedicated to the memory of the Pedder People and Lake Pedder …a priceless asset, temporarily inundated Lake Pedder before inundation. Image source: RPDC, Hobart iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1 - Introduction and Aims of Thesis .......................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Global Ecosystem Degradation ........................................................... 2 Australian Perspectives on Environmental Degradation...................................... 5 Recovery of soils from disturbance.......................................................................... 8 Alternative stable states............................................................................................ 8 Predictors of ecosystem recovery........................................................................... 10 Economic considerations ....................................................................................... 11 Thesis aims and structure ....................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2 - General Methods.................................................................................. 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 14 Study Sites - Overview ...................................................................................... 14 Bioregions .......................................................................................................... 15 Selection of Study Sites ..................................................................................... 17 Data Collection....................................................................................................... 19 Vegetation .......................................................................................................... 19 Species Nomenclature ........................................................................................ 19 Quadrat environmental data
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