Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11853-9 — Disability in Contemporary China Sarah Dauncey Index More Information

Index

100 Reasons to Live (Huozhe de 100 ge liyou, possibility of, 3, 33 Qian Mindan), 172 provided through internal monologue, 93 risk and contradictory nature of, 94, 192 ‘A Corner in the Shade’ (Mei you taiyang de Ah Q, 116 jiaoluo, Shi Tiesheng), 112, 118–123 amputees, 17, 104, See also ‘The Amputee’; challenging discriminatory language, Wu Yunduo; Wu Zhizhong; Xu 119–120 Xuehui; Yin Shujun collective and individual anxiety, 119 An Angel with Broken Wings: In Conversation dehumanisation of disabled people, 119 with Life (Zhechi tianshi: yu shengming need for societal change, 133 duihua, Yin Shujun), 179 possibility of love, 121–123 animals, disabled people likened to, A Private Life (Siren shenghuo, Chen Ran), 99–100, 129 35 asexuality, 191 A Showdown with Death (Duijue sishen, Yin ‘At Middle Age’ (Ren dao zhongnian, Shen Shujun). See Yin Shujun Rong), 35 A Song of Triumph for Chairman Mao’s audience Proletarian Line on Public Health (Mao challenged to change attitudes and zhuxi wuchanjieji weisheng luxian de behaviours, 32, 112, 158 shengli kaige), 55–56, 91–92 disabled and non-disabled, 94, 191 A Tragic Life (Beiju shengya, BaiWei), 35 expectations and assumptions of, 109, A Treasury of Inspiration (Shouhuo gandong, 148 Wang Xinxian), 161 for revolutionary propaganda, 37–38, able-bodied gaze 45–46, 60 and the female body, 35, 130 for self-help guidance and expertise, othering of the disabled body, 100, 107, 167–171 129 for talent shows, 153–155 superiority and normalcy, 109, 192 for the ‘socialist spiritual civilisation’ ‘able-bodied people’ (jianquanren), 77, 144, campaign, 65, 68, 72–74 150, 162, See also ‘normal people’ invited to ‘stare’,71 ‘robust’ (jianquan) citizenry, 21 reassured of their superiority and able-bodiedness and able-mindedness, 17, ‘normalcy’, 94, 130, 132 19, 27, 94, 109 Auntie. See ‘Woman woman woman’ (Nü ableism, 35, 94 nü nü) ableist society, 5 authority ablenationalism, 27 of experience, 38, 114, 122, 125, 171 abnormality, 18, 76, 113, 132, 148 and the production of life writing, 163 abortion, 27, 102 autobiographical ﬁction, 10, 32, 34–35, ‘absent citizens’, 26, 30 133, See also ‘beauty writers’; Dreams abuse, 35, 51, 103, 116, 118, 125 from a Wheelchair; How the Steel was agency Tempered in theories of citizenship, 30 autobiography, 32, 49, 161, 163–165, See lack of, 12, 187 also life writing; memoirs

218

Index 219

awards as metaphor, 11, 115 for ﬁlm, 97, 103–104, 141, 160 Nationalist conceptions, 19–22 for literature, 159 normative ideals, 14, 21 given to disabled people, 46, 65, 67, 79, Pavel Korchagin’s ‘hybrid form’,44–45 192 ‘body writing’ (shenti xiezuo), 184 Book of Rites (Liji), 17 Bai Wei, 34 Bosniak, Linda, 21 Barker, Clare, 5, 8, 89 bound feet, 19–21 Barnes, Colin Braester, Yomi, 12, 88 culture and identity formation, 15 Braille, 13, 143 disabling imagery, 27–28, 64, 84 Huang Nai (Father of Chinese Braille), ‘normalisation’ process, 27 51 paradoxes of development, 187 Brandtstädter, Susanne, 23 ‘beauty writers’ (meinü zuojia), 183 Breaking the Silence (Piaoliang mama, Sun Beckett, Angharad, ix, 91 Zhou), 10, 105–106, 141 begging, 51, 56, 58–59, 99, 138 Bright Eyes (Ming guniang, Dong Ke’na), Berry, Chris, 160 95–96 Bethune, Norman, 48 ‘broken in body but not in mind’ (shen can Bi Feiyu, 32, See also Tuina xin bu fei), 52 language of disability, 144–145 ‘broken in body but not in spirit’ (ren can zhi normalisation of blind people, 141–142, bu can), 55 144 ‘broken in body but not in spirit’ (shen can overturning stereotypes, 152 zhi jian), 78, 84, 157, 168, 189 realism, 136, 157 Yin Shujun, 181–182 satire, 139, 158 Zhang Haidi, 70, 81 special education training, 137 Brownell, Susan, 19, 22, 40–41 word play, 143–144, 150 Brueggemann, Brenda, 165 Big Breasts and Wide Hips (Fengru feitun,Mo Burch, Susan, 15, 193 Yan), 131 Bing Zai. See ‘Dad dad dad’ (Ba ba ba) ‘cage beds’, 100 biography and biographical writing, 49, 60, Cai Chusheng, 87 161–162, 164, 176, See also life writing; Cameron, Colin, 85, 189–190 Wu Yunduo; Zhang Haidi Candy (Tang, Mian Mian), 184 Blind Children Rejoice at the Sight of the Red canfei (crippled/useless) Sun (Mangtong xijian hong taiyang), early usage, 16 57–59, See also children not to be dreaded, 70 blind massage. See tuina shifting language of disability, 187 Blind Monthly (Mangren yuekan), 37, 39 switch to canji post-reform, 37, 58–59 Blind Orphan Girl (Mang gunü, Zhang as undesirable identity, 120, 145 Shichuan), 87 usage post-1949, 39, 49, 52 blind storytelling, 38, 138, See also Han canfeiren (cripple/invalid), 2, 45, 106, 186 Qixiang; ‘Life on a String’ canji (disability/disabled), 16, 37, 59, 145, blogs and bloggers, 82, 152, 161, 179, 182 178, 187 Blum, Susan D., 188 canji pengyou (disabled friends), 168, 178 body. See also able-bodiedness and able- canjiren (disabled person), 2, 186 mindedness; female body; nakedness canjiren qunti (disabled crowd), 178, 190 and nudity; sport and physical training canzhang (disabled person), 187 and nation, 11, 30 celebrity and celebrities, 72, 141, 155, 172 in Confucian thought, 17–18 cerebral palsy, 34, 171–172 in Daoist thought, 18–19 Chan, Shelley W., 128, 130 early Communist conceptions, 22 charity and humanitarian work, 6, See also healthy and active, 19, 22, 41, 45, 56, 59, civil society; welfare; humanitarianism 61 in Confucian thought, 17 medicalised, 11, 27 Du Hong performs at a charity event melodramatic potential, 32, 91 (Tuina), 153–154

220 Index

charity and humanitarian work (cont.) citizenship. See also ablenationalism; ‘model missionaries, 52 citizens’; para-citizenship; personhood participation by disabled people, 180, 190 critiques of ‘universal citizenship’,25 post-reform changes, 78 early Communist conceptions of, 22 Chasing the Sun (Zhuizhu taiyang,Hu and ethnic minorities, 23–24 Xiajuan), 172 five realms of, 26 Chen Guoxing, 105, 169 integrating disabled people post-1949, 38 Chen Kaige, 123 late imperial conceptions of, 19–21 Chen Ran, 35 and migrants, 22–23 Chen Zhuomin, 87 Nationalist conceptions of, 21–22 Chen, Nancy N., 193 normative expectations of, 28, 74 Chen, Tina Mai, 10, 40, 44–46, 54 as practice, 25 Cheng, William, 155, 169 productive, 39, 45, 77, 80, 140, 188 children and young people. See also shifting norms and expectations post- education; family; Mother; parenthood; reform, 105 special education; Venus as status, 25 abandonment of, 102 Western definitions of, 25 disabled children as a ‘tragedy’, 102 civil society, 3, 28, 190, See also charity and importance in Maoist discourse, 55–56 humanitarian work; welfare learning to be ‘civilised’, 101 civilising processes, 23–24, 107, 188 as para-citizens in waiting, 191–192 Clark, Paul, 54, 88, 92, 96 participation in revolution, 30 clothing. See also nakedness and nudity vulnerability of, 91, 109 and citizenship, 22, 24 China Disabled People’s Performing Arts deprivation of, 118 Troupe (Zhongguo canjiren yishutuan), in propaganda posters, 40 141 Colours of the Blind (Hei yanjing, Chen China Disabled Persons’ Federation Guoxing), 105, 169 (Zhongguo canjiren lianhehui, CDPF), ‘Come in the World’ (Lai dao renjian, Shi 4, 11–12, 73, 83, 135, See also Deng Tiesheng), 111–112 Pufang Communist Youth League of China awards and commendations, 79, 157 (Zhongguo gongchanzhuyi qingnian- film production, 88, 96–97, 106 tuan, CYLC), 66–67, 70, 182 as ‘guardian and voice’ of disability, 77 Confucian thought, 42, 117 Huaxia Press, 79, 161 civilising (wenming) process, 23 ‘new view of disability’ (xin canjiren and disability, 11, 17–18, 129 guan), 77–78 Convention on the Rights of Persons with policies and laws, 75–76, 138 Disabilities (CRPD), 6, 8, 26, 77, 187 promotion of a positive disabled identity, Couser, G. Thomas 178 absence of disability in life writing, 49 Xie Jin, vice-chairperson, 98 authority in life writing, 163 Zhang Haidi, chairperson, 10, 79, 82 ‘auto-somatography’ and disability China’s Second National Sample Survey of consciousness, 9 Disabilities (Di er ci quanguo canjiren difficulty of ‘coming out’ as disabled, 190 chouyang diaocha), 7 ‘empire of the normal’, 165 Chinese Communist Party (CCP/CPC), 2 Cui, Shuqin, 87 class consciousness, 42 cultural citizenship, 13, 28 ‘model citizens’, 47, 64, 67 Cultural Revolution, 2, 63, See also rewriting history, 43 miraculous cures; Shen Yuying; training of the body, 41 ‘zhiqing fiction’ ‘Chinese dream’ (Zhongguo meng), 31, 63, ‘cult of youth’,54 82–83 in Dreams from a Wheelchair, 165–167 ‘Chinese Dream Show’ (Zhongguo invisibility of disabled people, 3 mengxiang xiu), 155, 170 lack of welfare and support, 53–54 Choy, Howard Y. F., 116, 131 narratives of disability, 60 Christian influences. See missionaries; Shi physical and emotional scars resulting Tiesheng from, 95

Index 221

in Pleasure, 127 Ding Ling, 34 and Xie Jin, 90 Ding Ming, 163 in Youth,91–94 disability and Zhang Haidi, 71, 84 CRPD definition of, 77 cure and rehabilitation. See also miraculous as defined in Chinese law, 76 cures as distinct to impairment, 16 canji as an illness awaiting cure, 16 hierarchies of, 35, 107, 145, 177 desperation for, 101, 124 imperial classifications of, 16 during the Cultural Revolution, 55, 57 official categories post-reform, 7 importance in visual culture, 86 pre-modern terms for, 16 in Maoist discourse, 53 as socially undesirable, 18, 53, 92, 168 post-reform emphasis, 76 ‘disability consciousness’, 10, 15 as a way to overcome disability, 27, 50, ‘disability culture’,15 93 ‘global disability culture’,1 disability rights, 1, 15, 99, 163, See also ‘Dad dad dad’ (Ba ba ba, Han Shaogong), Convention on the Rights of 115–116 Persons with Disabilities (CRPD); comparison to Pleasure, 191 Law of the People’s Republic of Dai Guoqing, 133–134 China on the Protection of Daodejing,18 Disabled Persons’; legal Daoist thought safeguards and disability, 18–19 disability studies, 4–5 utopianism, 129 and citizenship, 26 Darke, Paul, 89, 93, 107 literature on culture and identity, 9 Darwinism, 19, 116–117 and postcolonial experiences, 89 Davis, Lennard J., 5 theoretical issues, 15, 89 ‘Deaf-Mute and his Old Suona’ (Feng chui ‘disabled but not useless’ (can er bu fei), 2, suona sheng, Han Shaogong), 115 37, 53, 78, 84, 186 ‘deaf-mute’ (longya), semantic linking of, 88 ‘disabled crowd’. See canjiren qunti deafness disabled identity, 2, 9, 179, 185, 190 in life writing, 163 complexity of, 8 Death and the Maiden (Sishen yu shaonü, Lin cultural construction of, 2, 29, 190 Hongtong), 96 cultural specificity of, 33 Decade for Disabled Persons, 74 narratives of, 64, 173 deformity and disfigurement as a site of negotiation, 14 ‘deformity’ (canque), 177 statistical shaping of, 11 ‘displayability of deformity’, 130 ‘disabling society’. See social model of overlooked in lifewriting, 49 disability ‘pantheon of deformity’ (jirenxing), 110 discrimination in Taiwanese literature, 43 as barrier to inclusion, 193 whitewashed in post-1949 cinema, 42 challenged in literature, 122, 125, 158, and Zhuangzi,18 191 dehumanisation of disabled people in choice of marriage partner, 149 as a result of satire, 118 discouraging adoption of disabled caused by animal analogies, 99, 129 identity, 190 caused by disabling stereotypes, 28 fuelled by disabling stereotypes, 28, 89 disability as dehumanising, 119 fuelled by fear of disability, 118 through exploitation and abuse, 132, 148 institutionalised, 22, 76, 102 Deng Pufang, 75, 79, 96 and language, 150 Deng Xiaoping, 65, 75, 78, 96 and vulnerability, 157 diaries, 161, 163 disempowerment and oppression, 3, 27–28, as evidence of correct mental attitude, 47 35, See also empowerment and Lei Feng, 67 emancipation Yin Shujun, 174, 179 allegories of feudal oppression, 87 Zhang Haidi, 62, 65 through language and culture, 29 Dikötter, Frank, 21, 129 Zhang Haidi narrative as, 85

222 Index

Dissanayake, Wimal, 93 ‘exemplars’ (bangyang). See ‘model citizens’ divination exploitation associated with blind people, 38, 43, 138 as a cause of disability, 5 Doctor Wang. See Tuina of disabled bodies, 35, 115, 176, 184 Dong Ke’na, 95 of disabled people, 28, 52–53, 91, 131 Dong Xi, 132 extraordinary lives, 72, 141, 192, See also Dongdong. See Mama ‘super-crips’ Dreams from a Wheelchair (Lunyi shang de meng, Zhang Haidi), 165–167 family, 27, 91, See also children; Mother; Du Hong. See Tuina parenthood; Venus Duara, Prasenjit, 23 active participation in, 17–18 dwarfism, 111, 126, 131, 171 desperation of parents, 105–106, 108, Dynon, Nicholas, 65, 70, 78 111, 192 dystopia disabled people as burden, 64, 80, in historical novels, 129 101–102, 107, 118–119 in Pleasure, 125–130 expectations of, 102 gratitude to, 162 education, 4, 163, See also special increased thematic significance post- education; illiteracy; Breaking the reform, 108–109 Silence individual rights subservient to, 7 barriers to, 7, 26, 171, 187 parental support, 62, 176, 179 and citizenship, 22–23, 28 tensions in Tuina, 149–150 and cultivation of para-citizens, 91, 107 Fang Dan. See Dreams from a Wheelchair of deaf people, 10 ‘Fate’ (Suming, Shi Tiesheng), 111 higher education, 105 ‘faulty citizens’, 189 hygiene and morality, 21 fear of disability, 113, 115, 117–118, 132, mainstream education, 105 148 post-1949 changes, 38 feiren (good-for-nothing/useless person), and ‘quality’ (suzhi), 101–102 52, 64, 178, 186 as route to social integration and feiwu (rubbish). See rubbish (disabled independence, 106, 192 people viewed as) socialist education, 41, 47, 64, 97 ‘fellow sufferers’ (bingyou), 177, 179 Edwards, Louise, 47, 72 female body. See also body; male gaze embodied practices, 24 and masculine anxiety, 132 ‘empire of the normal’, 165 as site of personal, cultural and political employment, 4, 163 significance, 33 barriers to, 7, 26, 119 ‘bodywriting’, 184 opportunities post-1949, 51 brutalised, 130 opportunities post-reform, 146 intimacies exposed, 60, 71, 117 targeted (impairment-specific), 105, social and political symbolic potential 138–139 of, 94 empowerment and emancipation, 35, See used to explore feminine subjectivities, 35 also disempowerment and oppression Yin Shujun’s troublesome body, 173–179 of women, 87 femininity, 35, 132, 176, See also ‘beauty through language and culture, 1, 14, 28 writers’; female body; male gaze through self-narration, 11, 192 and male anxiety, 132 Zhang Haidi narrative as, 85 ‘fend for oneself’ (zi shi qi li), 21, 52, ‘enterprising selves’, 188 150–152, 189 ethnic minorities, 23–24, 42, 188 Feng Deying, 43, 148 ethnicity, 25 ‘flexible citizens’, 188 euthanasia and infanticide, 101, 106–108, Flying in My Wheelchair (Lunyi shang de See also suicide and suicidal thoughts feixiang, Zhou Fei), 172 exclusion, 5, 18, 28, 116, See also isolation Flying Without Wings (Huan yi zhong fangshi and social marginalisation feixing, Zhang Yuncheng), 171 satire in Pleasure, 114 folk culture, 38

Index 223

foreigners, as enemies of disabled people, 52 ‘made’ not ‘born’,72 Foster, Kate, 11, 116 as online inspiration, 168 ‘four selfs’ (si zi), 78, 97, 156 post-reform changes, 64, 70 freak shows, American, 130 Hollywood, 88–90, 100 freaks, disabled people viewed as, 110, 191 Hong, Fan, 19–21, 87 French, Sally, 27 hooks, bell, 190 Friedman, Sara L., 21, 24, 85 How the Steel was Tempered (Nikolai Ostrovsky), 44–45, 48, 62–63, 171, See Gao Falin, 63, 66–67, 72 also Pavel Korchagin Gao Weiwei, 152 Hu Xiajuan, 172 Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie, 9, 71, 130, humanitarianism, 75, 78, 99, 103 165 promoted by Venus,96–97 Gartner, Alan, 9, 158 human–machine continuum, 45, 59 gatekeepers to citizenship, 24–25, 188 humiliation, 99, 128, 153, 157 gender, 25, 132, 183 Hung, Chang-tai, 37 Geng Xionglin, 65, 68 Huo Jianqi, 104, 131, 169 Giving My All to the Party (Ba yiqie xian gei husbands. See marriage dang, Wu Yunduo), 47–50 impairments glossed over, 48 idiots, disabled people viewed as, 100–101, spirit of selflessness, 49 106, 116, 131, 178 Gladney, Dru C., 23, 85 If I Were Helen (Jiaru wo shi Hailun, Zhang Goffman, Erving, 1, 84 Xini), 163 Great Leap Forward, 51, 127 illiteracy, 38, 54, 143, See also education Greenblatt, Stephen, 9 illness Grue, Jan, 168–170 and life narratives, 34, 49, 164 guilt, 175 linked with impairment, 16 parental, 101, 106 preferable to disability, 177, 179 illustrated stories, 40, 57, 71, 81 Haigh, Sam, 159 impairment Hallett, Stephen, 3, 139 and language, 17 Han Qixiang, 37–38 as distinct to disability, 16 Han Shaogong, 12, 32, 34, 131, See also causes and understandings of, 5 ‘Dad dad dad’; Darwinism; ‘Deaf- CRPD categorisation of, 6 Mute and his Old Suona’; ‘root- instability of, 3 seeking fiction’; ‘Woman woman impotence, 113, 191 woman’ Inamori Nobuaki, 11, 13, 16–17 comparison to Shi Tiesheng, 118 inclusion and social integration. See also comparison to Xie Jin, 120 isolation and social marginalisation and ‘root-seeking fiction’, 114–115 and para-citizenship, 3, 53 Hang Ying, 95–96 challenges to, 160, 193 Hao Dongfang, 172 difficulty for children with learning Happy Times (Xingfu shiguang, Zhang impairments, 103, 108 Yimou), 104 in theories of citizenship, 30 ‘harmonious society’ (hexie shehui), 31, 63, satire in Pleasure, 114 78, 103 through the mainstream job market, 105 Harrell, Stevan, 23–24, 188 thwarted by metaphorical exclusion, 136, ‘Help the Disabled Day’ (Zhu can ri), 84 184 ‘heroes’ (yingxiong). See also Lei Feng; ‘incompetent citizen’,15 ‘model citizens’; Wu Yunduo; Wu independence, 53, 102, 120, 145, 185, See Zhizhong; Zhang Haidi also ‘self-reliance’ of the Cultural Revolution, 54 through the mainstream job market, 105 early campaigns, 46 infantile, disabled people viewed as, 89, 93, in film and literature, 42, 44 107, 113, 117, 191 in illustrated stories, 81 asymmetrical power relationship, 109 and literary satire, 131 in ‘Dad dad dad’, 116

224 Index

inferiority, 77, 118, 140, 190 Larson, Wendy, 67, 183 Ingstad, Benedicte, 5, 7–8 Lau, Joseph S. M., 114, 116–117 inspiration, disabled people as, 177, 179, ‘Law of the People’s Republic of China on 185, 192, See also ‘heroes’; Lei Feng; the Protection of Disabled Persons’ ‘model citizens’, self-help; Wu (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo canjiren Yunduo; Yin Shujun; Zhang Haidi baozhangfa), 12–14, 75–76, 112 early examples, 46 Lee, Hermione, 164 ‘inspiration porn’, 168–169, 177 Leenhouts, Mark, 115–117 International Year of Disabled Persons, legal safeguards. See also ‘Law of the 74–75 People’s Republic of China on the invisibility/visibility, 35, 191 Protection of Disabled Persons’ dependent upon impairment, 41, 56, 69, and positive disabled identity, 190 129, 163, 172, 186 ‘right to be human’, 100, 103 injured heroes as reminder of right to life, 26–27 revolutionary sacrifice, 65 Tang Dynasty codes, 16 making visible contributions to society, used to restrain disabled people, 100 190 Lei Feng, 47, 62, 72, See also ‘heroes’; isolation and social marginalisation, 7, 66, ‘model citizens’ 133, 138, 183, See also exclusion Li Zuquan likened to, 157 isolation as a self-defence mechanism, posters of, 93 120 ‘Learn from Comrade Lei Feng’ (Xiang literal and figurative separation, 81, 100, Lei Feng tongzhi xuexi), 67 118 Zhang Haidi likened to, 67, 157 negative stereotyping, 89, 93, 107, 113, Lei Xianhe, 104 191 Lei, Wei, 170 in the ‘new view of disability’,77 Let Dreams Take Flight (Fangfei xiwang, and para-citizenship, 3 Wang Xinxian), 161 Li Bukui. See Yin Shujun Jasmine (Yingchunhua, Feng Deying), Liang Dan. See Mama 43, 148 Liang Qichao, 19 Jiang Qinmin, 132 Life on a String (Bian zou bian chang, Chen Jiang Zemin, 78 Kaige), 123 Jiangnan in the North (Beiguo Jiangnan, ‘Life on a String’ (Ming ruo qinxian, Shi Shen Fu), 42–43 Tiesheng), 112, 123–125 Joe, Tom, 9, 158 blindness as ‘narrative prosthesis’, 123, 125 Judou (Judou, Zhang Yimou), 104 as ‘root-seeking fiction’, 123–124 ‘Life Without Language’ (Meiyou yuyan de Kang Youwei, 19–20 shenghuo, Dong Xi), 132 Kaplan, E. Ann, 94 life worth living, 2, 102, 181 Keller, Helen, 63, 66 life writing, 32, 40, See also autobiography; ‘Kingdom of the Little People’ (Xiao airen biography and biographical writing; wangguo), 129–130, See also dwarfism memoirs Kinkley, Jeffrey C., 129 and authority, 163 Kipnis, Andrew, 21, 102 as counter narrative, 164–165 Knight, Deidre Sabina, 10, 34 as empowerment, 192 Ko, Dorothy, 19 heroic, 47 Kohrman, Matthew, 11 late advent in China, 164 canji identity, 147, 178, 190 recent incorporation of disability and men as ‘capable’ partners, 149 illness in, 48 post-reform narrative of disability, 76 and women’s voices, 35 Lin Guiguan. See Wu Qiaojin Lam Qua, 20 Lin Hongtong, 96 Lambert, Andrew, 18 Lingling. See Zhang Haidi Landsberger, Stefan R., 40, 47 Liu Hulan, 62, See also ‘heroes’; ‘model Lao She, 128 citizens’

Index 225

Liu, Jianmei, 129 focus on injury rather than disability, 49 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-chi), 55–57 paratextual elements, 173 Longmore, Paul K., 9, 64, 89 published by Zhang Danuo, 171 love and romance, 35, 132, See also ‘A memory, pluralisation of, 32, 164 Corner in the Shade’; marriage; Notes Mian Mian, 183 on Abstract Talks; sex and intimacy migrants, 22, 24, 30 between disabled people, 148 Ming Feilong, 137, 141 frustrated, 125 ‘mini-corporations’, 188 rarity in Chinese culture, 147 minority model of disability, 5 Lu Deyang, 11, 13, 16–17 miraculous cures, 55–58, 63, 73, 91 Lu Xun, 116, 128 ‘Miss Sophie’s Diary’ (Shafei nüshi de riji, Lu, Sheldon H., 12 Ding Ling), 34 missionaries, 20, 52 magical realism, 131 Mitchell, David T. Mairs, Nancy, 164 ablenationalism, 27 male gaze, 35, 93, 117, 130, 133 ‘enforcing normalcy’, 130 Mallett, Rebecca, 5–6 ‘narrative prosthesis’, 10, 43, 113–114 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 54, 59, 86, need to situate disability in specific social 92 context, 89 ‘A Study of Physical Culture’ (Tiyu zhi Mo Yan, 104, 131, See also Happy Times yanjiu), 22 ‘model citizens’ (mofan/dianxing), 46, 79, ‘cult of youth’,54 See also ‘heroes’; Lei Feng; Wu inspiring miraculous recovery, 43, 55–58 Yunduo; Wu Zhizhong; Zhang Haidi ‘Learn from Comrade Lei Feng’ (Xiang Mother (Mama, Zhang Yuan), 31, 90, Lei Feng tongzhi xuexi), 67 105–107 thought, 58, 63 disability as tragedy for family and and Wu Yunduo, 48 society, 107 at the Yan’an Forum, 41 experimental style and gritty realism, Marks, Deborah, 28 106 marriage, 148–149, 162, 178, See also love exposure of the disabled body, 106 and romance; sex and intimacy interviews with real life mothers of abandonment by husband, 181 disabled children, 106 disabled partner as burden, 59–60 thoughts of infanticide, 106 husband as hero, 42, 59–60, 71 motherhood. See parenthood Marshall, T. H., 24–25 motor neurone disease Martin, Emily, 188 in life writing, 163 masculinity, 35, 132, 176, See also male Murphy, Rachel, 102 gaze Murray, Stuart, 5, 8, 89 Ma-xu Weibang, 87 muscular dystrophy, 186 medical model of disability, 4, 73, 190, See in life writing, 163 also body (medicalised) music and singing hegemony in film, 89 associated with blind people, 38, 53, 138 influencing life narratives, 183 as evidence of ‘overcoming’ disability, Meekosha, Helen, 4–5, 27 152–155 melodrama, 90, See also Xie Jin as spectacle, 155, 169–170 and female experience, 93–94 ‘My Faraway Qingpingwan’ (Wo de yaoyuan potential of the disabled body, 12, 32, 88, de Qingpingwan, Shi Tiesheng), 111 91, 109, 140 memoirs, 32, 161, 163, See also nakedness and nudity, 106–107, 117, 128 autobiography; Ding Ming; life ‘narrative prosthesis’, 10, 32, 122, 158, 191 writing; Wu Yunduo; Yin Shujun; blindness as, 43, 123, 125 Zhang Xini; Zhang Yuncheng definition, 113–114 as empowerment, 181 and postcolonial locations of disability, focus on individual productivity and 89 social value, 181 in ‘root-seeking fiction’, 117

226 Index

Nationalists, as enemies of disabled overcoming disability, 61, 64, 176, See also people, 52 ‘triumph over tragedy’ neoliberalism, 31 and Shi Tiesheng, 133 and disability discourse, 78, 81, 83, 187 as ‘inspiration porn’, 155, 168 ideal disabled citizen, 157 crafting narratives of, 50, 182 ‘idioms of neoliberalism’, 189 in cinema, 169 loss of welfare, 105 in Victorian culture, 140–141 as marginalising force, 28 stories of children, 57 networks for disabled people, 168, 178 Zhang Haidi narrative, 70–74, 81, 83 New Life Movement (Xin shenghuo yundong), 21 Palsied Rhythm (Chandou de yinfu, Ding ‘new view of disability’ (xin canjiren guan), Ming), 163 80, 83–84, 156, 162 para-citizenship. See also ‘new view of critiqued in Tuina, 151, 158 disability’ in the ‘Chinese Dream Show’, 155 affective visions of, 103, 179, 191 internalisation of, 145 as conceived in other disciplines, 30 values and expectations, 75–78 cultivation of, 91, 97, 103, 108, 182, 188 Nielsen, Kim E., 15 definition, 3, 29–30 Nikolai Ostrovsky. See How the Steel Was equivocal and contradictory nature of, Tempered 108, 114, 122, 134, 164, 184, 192 Ning Jingwu, 10, 104, 141 as hegemonic discourse, 155, 164, 188 Norden, Martin F., 28, 89, 99–100 as heterogeneous discourse, 160 ‘normal people’ (zhengchangren), 120, 142, how to become a good para-citizen, 170 150, 168, See also ‘able-bodied people’ impact on individuals, 164 normalcy, 27, 35, 109, 162, 187 as an interdependent relationship, 14 and the able-bodied gaze, 132 new paradigms post-1949, 61 and the ‘narrative prosthesis’, 113 as a performance, 189–190 and para-citizenship, 134 structure and agency, 33 problematising normalcy, 151, 159 paraplegia. See also Deng Pufang; Shen ‘regularised normalcy’, 130 Yuying; Wu Qiaojin; Yin Shujun; Notes on Abstract Talks (Wuxu biji, Shi Zhang Haidi Tiesheng), 122–123 Paraplegic Woman (Pleasure), 129 Nuan (Nuan, Huo Jianqi), 104, 131 para-sport, 3, 29, 169, See also sport and physical training objectification of disabled people, 94, parenthood, 148, 162, 185 99–100, 170, See also ‘inspiration porn’ parents of disabled people. See family Oldfield, Adrian, 25 Parker, Peter, 20 Oliver, Michael Parker, Sarah, 26 culture and identity formation, 15 passivity and dependence, 50, 60, 64, 99, ‘interests’ of disabled people represented 183, 187 by non-disabled people, 28 Pateman, Carole, 25 ‘normalisation’ process, 27 paternalism, 9 ‘personal tragedy’ theory, 64, 84 imperial, 17 power of language, 1 of the party-state, 101, 109, 170, 188 social model of disability, 27 patriarchy, 19, 94 On a Narrow Street (Xiaojie, Yang Yanjin), Pavel Korchagin, 10, See also How the Steel 95 Was Tempered one-child policy, 102, 112 ‘hybrid form’,44–45 Ong, Aihwa, 25, 188 Wu Yunduo inspired by, 48 Ordóñez, Juan Thomas, 30 Wu Yunduo likened to, 46 orphans, 17, 108 Yin Shujun likened to, 183 in film, 87 Zhang Haidi inspired by, 62 othering Zhang Haidi likened to, 70 and citizenship, 25 ‘Peach Blossom Spring’ (Taohuayuan ji, of disabled people, 76, 100, 129, 135, 160 Tao Yuanming), 126

Index 227

Pear Blossoms in the Storm (Baoyu lihua, Ma- Qian Jiang, 95 xu Weibang), 87 Qian Mindan, 172 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 47, 55, quezi (cripple), 119, 123 57–58, 72, 91, 126 personal responses to disability, 1, 140, race, 21, 25, 142 184 Ragazzi, Francesco, 30 personal tragedy, disability as, 18, 27, 31, rape, 43, 128, 148 64, 84, 159, See also ‘triumph over ‘real man’ (nanzihan), 176, See also tragedy’; ‘unfortunate people’ masculinity personhood, 21, 30, 100 realism, 105, 128, 130, See also Breaking the and the body, 11 Silence; Tuina in Confucian thought, 18 religion, 25 diminished, ix, 102, 129 Rembis, Michael, 15, 193 Peterson, Carole J., 27, 112, 148 ‘repay’ (huibao), 64, 83 Phantom of the Opera (Gaston Laroux), 88 Du Hong’s debt (Tuina), 154–156 Phillips, Sarah D., 28 Yin Shujun’s debt, 175, 179–181 photography, 19, 50, 72, 159, 165, 172 Zhang Haidi’s debt, 83 pity restricted life choices, 139 disabled people rejecting, 154 ‘retarded’ (ruozhi) disabled people viewed with, 64, children in Venus, 98, 100 155–156 Erming (Shower), 12 evoked by ‘positive’ campaigns, 84 revolutionary realism and revolutionary fuelled by fear of disability, 118 romanticism (geming xianshizhuyi yu Please Call me Xu Sanduo (Qing jiao wo ‘Xu geming langmanzhuyi xiang jiehe), 54 Sanduo’, Hao Dongfang), 172 Riep, Steven L., 10, 34, 43–44, 159 Pleasure (Shouhuo, Yan Lianke), 114, ‘root-seeking ﬁction’ (xungen wenxue), 115, 125–130, 146, 148 117, 123, 125, 131, See also Han disabled people marginalised, exploited Shaogong; Shi Tiesheng and brutalised, 131 ‘The Roots of Literature’ (Wenxue de gen, as dystopia, 129–130 Han Shaogong), 115 rape of Mao Zhi’s granddaughters, rubbish, disabled people viewed as, 52, 99, 128 119–120 as upside-down world, 128 Runswick-Cole, Katherine, 5–6 as utopia, 126, 146 villagers as freak show, 130 satire, 118, 131, 139, 146, 158 villagers as tourist attraction, ‘scar’ or ‘wound’ (shanghen) genre, 95, 127 130 ‘poetics of culture’,9 Schein, Louisa, 188 poetry, 40 schools. See education; special education Yu Xiuhua, 34 Schuchman, John S., 89 polio, 5 ‘self-conﬁdence’ (zixin), 14, 152, See also Little Polio Boy (Pleasure), 127, 129 ‘four selfs’ Pomegranate Flower (Shiliuhua, Tang Huada self-help. See also Zhang Danuo; inspiration and Wang Xiuwen), 95 (disabled people as) portraiture, 20, 49, 165, 172 formula for, 183 poverty, 7, 38, 82, 138, 151, 157 interchangeability with ‘inspiration’, prejudice, 5, 136, 184 170–171 against ethnic minorities, 23 and neoliberalism, 189 Priestley, Mark, 6 ‘self-help stories’ (lizhi gushi), 167–168 Probation within the Village (Liu cun chakan, selfhood, 117, 170 Lei Xianhe and Wang Xingdong), 104 ‘self-improvement’ (ziqiang), 78, 100, 106, propaganda posters, 40–41, 68–69, 80 156, 181, 189, See also ‘four selfs’; prosthetics and assistive devices, 27, 44–45, ‘tireless self-improvement’ 53, See also Pavel Korchagin, Wu ‘Self-improvement Model’ (Ziqiang Yunduo, Xu Xuehui mofan), 79

228 Index

selflessness, 47–49, See also ‘heroes’; ‘model ‘narrative prosthesis’, 10, 43, 113–114 citizens’ need to situate disability in specific social Zhang Haidi, 67, 72 context, 89 ‘self-reliance’ (zili), 78, 106, 156, 181, 189, social and cultural life, 12, 75, 138, 156, 170 See also ‘fend for oneself’; ‘four selfs’; social model of disability, 4, 27 independence and the CRPD, 26, 76 ‘self-respect’ (zizun), 78, 80, 157, See also dominance in UK, 5 ‘four selfs’ reflected in canzhang (disabled person), ‘semi-citizens’,30 187 Sépulchre, Marie, 26 socialist realism (shehuizhuyi sex and intimacy, 35, 132, 148, See also rape xianshizhuyi), 32, 41–42, 44–45, 70, 90 in Tuina, 147–148 ‘socialist spiritual civilisation’ (shehuizhuyi Zhang Haidi, 73 jingshen wenming), 63, 65–66, 78 sexuality, 25 Solinger, Dorothy, 22–24 Sha Fuming. See Tuina Song at Midnight (Yeban gesheng, Ma-xu ‘shadow citizens’, 26, 30 Weibang), 88 Shakespeare, Tom, 26–27, 89, 99 Song of the Fisherman (Yuguang qu, Cai Shanghai Baby (Shanghai baobei, Wei Hui), Chusheng), 87 184 Song Xiwen, 63, 65 Shen Congwen, 128 Sons (Erzi, Zhang Yuan), 10 Shen Fu, 42 Soviet Union, See also How the Steel Was Shen Rong, 35 Tempered; Pavel Korchagin Shen Yamei. See Youth socialist realism, 41 Shen Yuying, 54–55 ‘Soviet new man’,41 Sheridan, Mary, 47, 54 and Wu Yunduo, 48 Shi Tiesheng, 32, 162, 191, See also ‘A Sparke, Matthew B., 30 Corner in the Shade’; ‘Come in the special education, 37, 52–53, 153, See also World’; ‘Fate’; ‘Life on a String’; My Venus; Wuhu School for the Blind Faraway Qingpingwan; Notes on Bi Feiyu experiences of, 137 Abstract Talks early Republican period, 21 autobiographical nature of his work, 111 as route to targeted employment, 105 creating a counter discourse, 120 suspension during the Cultural Death and the Maiden (Sishen yu shaonü), Revolution, 54 96 ‘special group’ (teshu qunti), 158 as a ‘disabled writer’, 133–134 spina bifida, 180 realism, 157 in life writing, 172 religious and metaphysical aspects, 111 sport and physical training, 13, 19, 22, See ‘root-seeking fiction’, 123 also para-sport ‘zhiqing fiction’, 118 Starr, Chloë, 111 ‘Shifu, You’ll Do Anything for a Laugh’ Stevenson, Nick, 28 (Shifu yuelaiyue youmo, Mo Yan), 104, stigma and stigmatisation, 1–2, 35 131 caused by medical labelling, 105, 148 Shower (Xizao, Zhang Yang), 12 and Chinese language, 51 Shu Xincheng, 21 and policy, 102 ‘Sick Man of Asia’ (Dongya bingfu), 19 role of language and culture, 27 sign language, 13, 75, 147 stigmatised identity, 165, 170, 178, 190 Jiang Xintian, 141 and suzhi,21 Silent River (Wu sheng de he, Ning Jingwu), Stone, Emma, 11 10, 104, 141, 147 disability in late imperial period, 16–18 ‘situated reading practices’,8 disability post-1949, 39 Sky Lovers (Tianshang de lianren, Jiang disability post-reform, 75, 102 Qinmin), 132 ‘disabled but not useless’,37 Snyder, Sharon L. disabled people as ‘unfortunate’,52 ablenationalism, 27 disabled people likened to animals, 129 autobiographical writing and disability, 165 special skills, 43, 53 ‘enforcing normalcy’, 130 ‘strong people’ (qiangzhe), 45, 64, 70, 83

Index 229

suffering, 128 Three Women (Liren xing, Chen Liting, 87 caused to others by disability, 102, 192 ‘tireless self-improvement’ (ziqiang buxi), of disabled women, 87 78, 84, 156, 189 in the ‘scar’ or ‘wound’ (shanghen) genre, in Chinese law, 13 95 and Du Hong (Tuina), 154 and Shi Tiesheng, 111, 121–122, 133 satire on in Pleasure, 127 and Yin Shujun, 173–175, 182 and Zhang Haidi, 70, 79–81 suicide and suicidal thoughts, 72, 171, 180 To Live (Huozhe, Zhang Yimou), 104 Pavel Korchagin, 46 To the Beauty of Life (Weile shengming de in Venus, 98, 108 meili, Wang Xinxian), 161–163 in Victorian culture, 140–141 ‘total institutions’, 100 Zhang Haidi, 62, 71 ‘triumph over tragedy’, 32, 72, 84, Sun Liying. See Breaking the Silence 93, 112, 156, See also overcoming Sun Zhou, 10, 105 disability Sun, Wanning, 170 tuina (blind massage), 136, 140, 146, See ‘super-crips’, 31, 191, See also superhuman also Tuina qualities Tuina (Blind Massage, Bi Feiyu), 32, and para-sport, 29, 105 136–160, 192 Du Hong (Tuina), 153 comedy, 146 Zhang Haidi, 64, 84 as counter-narrative, 156, 158 superhuman qualities, 32, 159, See also deﬁnitions and clichés, 143–145 ‘super-crips’ Doctor Wang, 145–150 and overcoming disability, 70, 86 Du Hong, 152–157, 169, 179–180 Sha Fuming (Tuina), 143 family tensions, 149–150 Yin Shujun, 183 individualising disability, 158 surrealism, 128, 130 mediated ‘voice’ for blind people, 158 suzhi (human quality/capital), 21, 23, overturning stereotypes, 141, 158 102–103, 189 playing with stereotypes, 143–144 Swain, John, 27 realism, 160 symbolic citizenship, 24 sex and intimacy, 147–148 Sha Fuming, 150–152 Tang Huada, 95 ‘super-crip’ narrative, 153 Tao Yuanming, 126 Tuina (Blind Massage, Lou Ye), 159 textbooks for moral instruction, 81, 183 Turner, Bryan S., 25 ‘The Amputee’ (Duanshou, Mo Yan), 131 Two Orphaned Girls (Er gunü, Wang The Common People (Guanyu ai de gushi, Naiding), 87 Zhou Xiaowen), 10, 34 The Garlic Ballads (Tiantang suantai zhi ge, ‘unfortunate people’ (buxingzhe), 122, 141, Mo Yan), 131 See also personal tragedy (disability as) ‘The Mute Carries the Cripple’ (Yazi bei Bi Feiyu assumption about blind people, feng), 87 140 The Mute Wife (Ya qi, Wu Renzhi), 87 changing focus of blame post-1949, 52 The Muted Lover (Ya qingren, Chen expected to ‘repay’ state and society, 64, Zhuomin), 87 83 The Orphan’s Tears (Gu’er lei, Zhou Li), 104 performing para-citizenship, 189 The Republic of Wine (Jiuguo, Mo Yan), 131 usefulness and uselessness, 35, 61 The Road Home (Wo de fuqin muqin, Zhang and citizenship, 74 Yimou), 104 and disabled children, 103, 192 The Strongest (Zui jianqiang de ren), 50 and revolution, 38, 50, 55, 57 theatre, 87 ‘beneﬁt/be of value to the people’ (you yi Tuina, 159 yu renmin), 48, 82 Wu Yunduo play, 47 in Zhuangzi, 18, 129 They’re in Love (Tamen zai xiang’ai, Qian individual transformation, 83, 173, 176 Jiang and Zhao Yuan), 95 ‘useful people’ (youyong de ren), 64, 81, Three Days to Walk (Jiaru wo neng xingzou 167 san tian, Zhang Yuncheng), 163 Zhang Haidi as symbol of usefulness, 72

230 Index

utopia ‘White Dog and the Swings’ (Baigou communist, 41, 86 qiuqianjia, Mo Yan), 131–132 in Pleasure, 126, 146 Whyte, Susan Reynolds, 5, 8 Wilcox, Emily, 87 Venus (Qimingxing, Xie Jin), 31, 90, Winner (Yingjia, Huo Jianqi), 104, 169 96–103, 192, See also children; special wives. See marriage education ‘Woman woman woman’ (Nü nü nü, Han child actors with learning impairments, Shaogong), 115–118, 132 98 comparison to Pleasure, 191 citizenship dilemma, 100–101 women writers, 34, 183, See also Yin dehumanisation, 98–99 Shujun; Zhang Haidi disabled children as tragedy, 101–102 ‘world of darkness’ (hei’an de shijie), 125, objectiﬁcation, 100 135–136, 141–143, 157–158 political interest in, 96–97 ‘world of silence’ (wusheng de shijie), 135 use of term ‘retarded’,98 Wu Qiaojin, 59–60, 71, 176, 181 vlogging, 161 Wu Yunduo, 51, 60, 63, 65, 72, 188, vocational and skills-based training, 101, See also Giving My All to the Party; 136, 139–140, See also education ‘heroes’ voyeurism, 20, 91, See also able-bodied career and awards, 46 gaze; male gaze and Mao Zedong, 48 vulnerability, 112, 157, 191 and Pavel Korchagin, 46, 48 of children, 107, 109 portraits and photographs of, 49 of disabled people in society, 152, 155 surgery in the Soviet Union, 48 of families with disabled children, 106 Wu Zhizhong, 65, See also amputees; of female bodies, 35, 132, 176 ‘heroes’; ‘model citizens’ and policy support, 38, 78 Wuhu School for the Blind (Wuhu shi and victimhood, 84 mangren xuexiao), 135, 140, 151, See ‘vulnerable people’ (wu gao zhe), 17 also special education

Waldschmidt, Anne, 26 Xiao, Hui Faye, 125 Wang Naiding, 87 xiazi (blindy), 123, 144, 150 Wang Xingdong, 104 Xie Changgeng. See Venus Wang Xinxian Xie Chenchen. See Venus ‘new view of disability’, 77, 162 Xie Jin, 31, 120, 191, See also Venus; Youth selection strategies, 163 career, 90 Wang Xiuwen, 95 melodrama, 102 Wang Zuoliang. See Zhang Haidi political connections, 96 Wang, Ban, 87 sons with learning impairments, 95 Wang, David Der-wei, 44, 110, 115 Xu Xuehui, 50, See also prosthetics and War of Resistance against Japan, 10, 46, assistive devices 159 ‘weak people’ (ruozhe), 45, 64, 70, Yan Baoyu, 79–81 83, 156 Yan Lianke, 32, 34, 114, See also Pleasure Wei Hui, 183 focus on suffering, 128 welfare, 7, 26, 100, 163, 182, See also political allegory, 128 charity and humanitarian work; civil realism, 128 society surrealism, 128 in Confucian thought, 17 Yan’an, 37 during the Cultural Revolution, 53 Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art institutions, 106 (Yan’an wenyi zuotanhui shang de legal safeguards, 75, 108 jianghua), 41 post-1949 changes, 38 Yang Songlin, 82 post-reform changes, 78 Yang Xingdong, 1–2, 178, 186 ‘well-off society’ (xiaokang shehui), 78 Yang Yanjin, 95 Wen Juan, 107 Yin Hua. See Jiangnan in the North

Index 231

Yin Shujun, 32, 35, 164, 188, See also growing up during the Cultural A Showdown with Death; An Angel with Revolution, 71 Broken Wings; ‘model citizens’ in visual propaganda, 68–69 abandoned by husband (Li Bukui), 181 inclusion in textbook for moral ‘body-writing’, 184 instruction, 79–82 CYLC model citizen, 182–183 influential narrative (‘Zhang Haidi disabled identity, 177–179, 184 effect’), 32, 63–64, 83 exposure of the body and its functions, as inspiration to Yin Shujun, 182 175, 180, 184 as inspiration to young people, 72 fear of disability, 175, 177 introduction to the public, 62–63 likened to Zhang Haidi and Pavel ‘Learn from Comrade Zhang Haidi’ Korchagin, 183 (Xiang Zhang Haidi tongzhi xuexi), 67 memoir as empowerment, 181 narrative of overcoming, 70–74 model citizen, 179 selection as a model citizen, 66–68 pain and suffering, 173–175 sexual relations with husband (Wang paying back her ‘debt’, 179–181 Zuoliang), 73 tutored by Zhang Danuo, 182 as ‘successful adapter’,84–85, 94 and Zhang Yuncheng, 176 suicidal thoughts, 71 Young, Iris Marion, 26 as ‘super-crip’, 143 Young, Stella, 168–169 Zhang Hongjie, 133–134 Youth (Qingchun, Xie Jin), 31, 90–94, 98 Zhang Jin, 10, 141 as cinematic bridge, 94 Zhang Shichuan, 87 effective resolution of the disability Zhang Xini, 163 ‘problem’, 92, 108 Zhang Yang, 12 importance of family, 93, 108 Zhang Yimou, 104–105 individual agency, 93 Zhang Yuan, 10, 31, 90, 105, See also Sons; melodrama and the female disabled body, Mother 93–94 Zhang Yuncheng, 11, 163, 186, 188, Shen Yamei’s miraculous cure, 91 See also Flying Without Wings; Three Shen Yamei’s ‘tragedy’,93 Days to Walk Yu Kedong, 45–47, 188, See also ‘heroes’ expectations of masculinity, 176 Yu Xiuhua, 34, See also poetry; cerebral family background, 164 palsy as inspiration to others, 171 stigma of disability, 178 Zhang Danuo and Yin Shujun, 176 and Yin Shujun, 182–183 and Zhang Danuo, 171 and Zhang Yuncheng, 171, 176 Zhang, Li, 189 self-help project, 171–173 Zhang, Yingjin, 42, 44 Zhang Haidi, 10, 31, 162, 176, 188, See also Zhao Yuan, 95 Dreams from a Wheelchair; ‘heroes’; Zheng Da. See Breaking the Silence model citizens ‘zhiqing fiction’ (zhiqing wenxue), 118, 125, appointment to CDPF, 82 See also Cultural Revolution; Shi audience, 73–74, 161 Tiesheng autobiographical fiction, 165 Zhou Fei, 172 awards and political life, 67, 78–79 Zhou Li, 104 ‘body-writing’, 184 Zhou Xiaowen, 10, 34 exposure of the body and its functions, Zhu Yaojing, 65, 68 70–71 Zhuangzi (Zhuangzi), 18, 129