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And Xylopia Aethiopica (Fruit) Show Phytochemical Synergy in Its Anti-Fungal and Antioxidant Bioactivities

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And Xylopia Aethiopica (Fruit) Show Phytochemical Synergy in Its Anti-Fungal and Antioxidant Bioactivities Crimson Publishers Research Article Wings to the Research Aqueous Co-extract Mixture of Combretum molle (stembark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) show Phytochemical Synergy in its Anti-fungal and Antioxidant Bioactivities ISSN: 2637-7802 John Kenneth Mensah1*, Mustapha Abubakari1 and Yakubu Jibira2 1Department of Chemistry, Ghana 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Ghana Abstract Background: Ethnomedicinal practices typically employ botanical medicines as complex mixtures of two or more plants whose net bioactivity is the culmination of its phytochemical additivity or phy- tochemical synergy or phytochemical antagonism among discreet phytochemical entities. The aqueous co-extract mixture of Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) is an example of this practice where the two botanicals are popularly co-used ethnomedicinally for the promotion of healthy wound healing. Aim: To evaluate the potential phytochemical synergy of the combined methanol extracts of Com- *Corresponding author: John Kenneth bretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) and to examine the effect of this co-extract on the Mensah, Department of Chemistry, Kwame in vivo, on the relative attenuation of microbial growth in vitro and on Nkrumah University of Science and the relative mitigation of oxidative stress in vitro. Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana relative anti-inflammation efficacy Methods and Materials: The antioxidant effect of the combination was assessed through the DPPH Submission: July 10, 2020 radical scavenging activity in vitro. Broth dilution evaluations of anti-microbial susceptibility was taken Published: July 24, 2020 as the in vitro anti-microbial response. Oral administration of co-extract to suppress the carrageenan-in- duced foot oedema in 7-day chicks was chosen for the in vivo - sponse. Volume 6 - Issue 2 assessment of the anti-inflammatory re Results: Although the phenolic content of Combretum molle (stem bark) was 1.6-fold higher than How to cite this article: John Kenneth that of the Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) co-extract, its DPPH radical scav- Mensah, Mustapha Abubakari, Yakubu enging activity was 38.2-fold lower leading to the conclusion that the co-extract yielded robust synergis- Jibira. Aqueous Co-extract Mixture of tic attenuation of oxidative stress through DPPH radical scavenging activities in vitro. Co-extracts pro- Combretum molle (stembark) and Xylopia duced a synergistic inhibition of fungal cell growth (2-fold higher inhibition over individual extracts) in aethiopica (fruit) show Phytochemical the two fungal species (Candida albicans and Taenia corporis) in vitro Synergy in its Anti-fungal and Antioxidant - Bioactivities. Adv Complement Alt Med. Not only did the co-extract efficacy 6(2). ACAM.000634.2020. outperformed the efficacy of individual extracts at the dose-response endpoints of the carrageenan-in DOI: 10.31031/ACAM.2020.06.000634 ducedConclusion: inflammation Clinically in 7-day relevant old chicks phytochemical but it also matched combinations the efficacy from of ethnomedicinal the control drug sources Diclofenac. acting synergistically can exert net potent biological effects of medicinal importance. The Combretum molle Copyright@ John Kenneth Mensah. This (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) co-extract ethnomedicinal wound care have implications for article is distributed under the terms of healthy wound healing and can be brought forward into the clinical and public health realms for trans- the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 lational impact. International License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution Keywords: Combretum molle, Xylopia aethiopica provided that the original author and phytochemical synergy source are credited. , anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, Introduction Ethnomedicinal practices typically employ botanical medicines as complex mixtures of two or more plants whose net bioactivity is mechanistically linked to its phytochemical addi- tivity or its phytochemical synergy or its phytochemical antagonism evoked by discreet phyto- chemical entities at multiple target sites. The aqueous co-extract mixture of Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) is an example of this practice where the mixture Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine 560 ACAM.000634. 6(2).2020 561 of the two botanical extracts is popularly used ethnomedicinally to activities during wound healing. The study results agree with the as to manage wound-related diseases including the management of emerged concerning the proposition that the net biological effect increase its efficacy for skin, epithelia and mucosal wounds as well ample extant literature support for the scientific consensus that has diabetic wounds. of crude botanical extracts is the result of the combined bioactivi- ties of multiple constituents that are either additive, synergistic or Individual extracts from each plants have been shown in vitro antagonistic in functional consequences and in bioactive outcome. and/or in small animals to be anti-cancer [1], anti-malarial [2], an- - Materials and Methods oxidant [8], anti-microbial [9-11], anti-diabetic [8,12,13] and anal- ti-inflammatory [3-5], antihelmintic [6], neuroprotective [7], anti Combretum molle and Experimental goal Xylopia aethiopica have a long history of traditional use in wound The study evaluated the relative ability of the co-extract of Com- gesic [5,14]. While the co-use of extracts of bretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) to synergis- tically: inhibit growth properties of pathogenic microbial cell lines healing, the underlining mechanism for its therapeutic efficacy has co-extract of Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica in vitro, evoke DPPH anti-oxidative response in vitro and, mitigate not been previously described in the scientific literature. Since the (fruit) continues to be popular alternatives to conventional phar- in vivo using well-established battery of bio- macological treatment of wounds, it is urgent that its purported chemical assays. A two-fold approach was utilized to test the hy- inflammatory effect - pothesis that the co-extracts of Combretum molle (stem bark) and tion and the breadth and scope of its underlying mechanism of ac- Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) offers a therapeutic advantage over that ethnomedicinal efficacy be assessed through scientific investiga of individual Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) plant extracts through its mechanistic evocation of a robust tionHealthy on wound wound healing healing be clarified. encompasses a broad spectrum of phytochemical synergy that is unavailable when either features, most notably suppression of microbial proliferation and Combretum (stem bark) and (fruit) plant is used alone. repression of microbial virulence, mitigation of concurrent cellu- molle Xylopia aethiopica The experimental effort, therefore, concentrated on comparison of the individual effects of (stem bark) and events. But the clinical management of chronic wounds has become Combretum molle Xylopia lar oxidative stress and inhibition of downstream inflammatory (fruit) alone with the combined effect of a vexing problem for healthcare professionals, particularly because aethiopica Combretum (stem bark) and (fruit) on microbial antimicrobial resistance to existing cures has developed in wound molle Xylopia aethiopica growth proliferation and on healing where co-infections among multiple microbial species, in- in vitro in vitro in vivo. - , on antioxidant efficacy tive stress have combined to cause both diagnostic and therapeutic anti-inflammation activity flammation of tissues and cells and the evocation of cellular oxida Co-extract mixture ratio and concentrations of extracts complications. The study hypothesized that treatment of wounds with the potentially synergistic bioactivity was maintained at a ratio The optimal co-extract mix, with an efficacious balance of combined extracts of Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia of 3:2:Combretum molle (stem bark):Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) aethiopica (fruit) offers a therapeutic advantage over that of indi- (weight/weight) using the historical precedent set by ethnomedi- vidual plant extracts through the robust mechanistic evocation of cine as its reference source. Stock solutions of 20mg/mL botanical phytochemical synergy in mechanisms that are absent when either Combretum molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica extracts and plant is used alone. This study utilized a two-fold approach to test of Combretum molle (stem bark)-Xylopia aethiopica co-extracts, this hypothesis. First, it investigated the effects of Combretum molle throughout this work, were prepared in 99% ethanol and kept fro- (stem bark) alone and that of Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) alone on zen until the day of use. All bioassays included a solvent/vehicle anti-microbial and antioxidant effects in vitro and on Combretum control and the synergy assay contained Combretum molle (stem molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica - bark):Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) (3:2 ratio weight/weight). tion effects in vivo. Second, it investigated the effects of Combretum (fruit) on anti-inflamma Botanical acquisition and authentication molle (stem bark) and Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) in combination on anti-microbial, antioxidant effects in vitro Botanically authenticated Combretum molle (stem bark) and effects in vivo. Xylopia aethiopica (fruit) plant materials for extraction were ac- and on anti-inflammation
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