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Expanding Nuclear Physics Horizons with the Gamma Factory Expanding Nuclear Physics Horizons with the Gamma Factory Dmitry Budker Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨atMainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Julian C. Berengut School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia and Max-Planck-Institut f¨urKernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany Victor V. Flambaum School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨atMainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany and The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand Mikhail Gorchtein Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨atMainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany Junlan Jin Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China Felix Karbstein Helmholtz-Institut Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, 07743 Jena, Germany and Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit¨atJena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny LPNHE, Sorbonne Universit´e,CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Yuri A. Litvinov GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Adriana P´alffy Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit¨atErlangen-N¨urnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Vladimir Pascalutsa and Marc Vanderhaeghen Institut f¨urKernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨atMainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany Alexey Petrenko Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia and Novosibirsk State University arXiv:2106.06584v1 [nucl-ex] 11 Jun 2021 Andrey Surzhykov Physikalisch{Technische Bundesanstalt, D{38116 Braunschweig, Germany Institut f¨urMathematische Physik, Technische Universit¨atBraunschweig, D{38106 Braunschweig, Germany and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany Peter G. Thirolf Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨atM¨unchen,85748 Garching, Germany Hans A. Weidenm¨uller Max-Planck-Institut f¨urKernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany Vladimir Zelevinsky Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratiory/Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2 (Dated: June 15, 2021) The Gamma Factory (GF) is an ambitious proposal, currently explored within the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders program, for a source of photons with energies up to ≈ 400 MeV and photon fluxes (up to ≈ 1017 photons per second) exceeding those of the currently available gamma sources by or- ders of magnitude. The high-energy (secondary) photons are produced via resonant scattering of the primary laser photons by highly relativistic partially-stripped ions circulating in the accelerator. The secondary photons are emitted in a narrow cone and the energy of the beam can be monochro- matized, eventually down to the ≈ 1 ppm level, via collimation, at the expense of the photon flux. This paper surveys the new opportunities that may be afforded by the GF in nuclear physics and related fields. CONTENTS 4.8.2. Neutron-skin measurements in coherent (γ; π0) reactions 26 1. Introduction3 4.8.3. Pion decay constant from the 1.1. The Gamma Factory3 Primakoff effect 27 1.2. The goals and main results of this paper5 4.9. Precision measurement of nuclear E1 polarizabilities 28 2. Nuclear spectroscopy in the ion beam5 4.10. Delta-resonance region and continuum 2.1. Low-energy nuclear transitions6 effects 28 2.2. The lowest-lying nuclear isomer 229mTh8 4.11. Parity-violation in photo-nuclear processes 29 2.3. Interaction of nuclear and atomic degrees of 5. Experimental considerations with fixed targets 31 freedom8 5.1. Thermal-load issues 31 2.4. Further experimental prospects involving 5.2. Parallel spectroscopy with spatially resolved nuclear transitions in the ion beam 10 detection 31 2.4.1. Spectroscopy of isomers 10 5.3. Gamma-ray/X-ray and 2.4.2. Laser cooling with nuclear gamma-ray/gamma-ray pump-probe transitions 10 spectroscopy 31 2.4.3. Production of higher-energy gamma 5.4. Highly monochromatic gamma beams 33 rays 11 6. Photophysics with a storage ring for 3. P - and CP -violating Compton scattering of radioisotopes 34 primary photons from stored ions 11 7. Colliding-beam opportunities 36 4. Nuclear physics with GF secondary-photon beam 7.1. Photoabsorption structure functions 37 on fixed targets 13 7.2. Production of ultrahigh-energy gamma 4.1. Narrow resonances 14 rays 38 4.2. Pygmy dipole resonances 15 7.2.1. Scattering of secondary photons off 4.3. GDR and multiphoton excitation 16 stored relativistic ions 38 4.4. Photonuclear response above particle 7.2.2. Scattering of secondary photons off threshold 17 a proton beam 38 4.4.1. Neutron-capture cross sections of s-process branching nuclei 18 8. Production of isotopes and isomers for medicine, 4.4.2. (γ,p), (γ; α) cross sections for dark matter search and gamma lasers 39 p-process nucleosynthesis 18 8.1. Production of medical isotopes via (γ; n) reactions 39 4.4.3. Direct measurement of astrophysical 0 S-factors 19 8.2. Production of nuclear isomers via (γ; γ ) 4.4.4. Alpha clustering in heavy nuclei 19 reactions 41 4.4.5. Fano effect in nuclear gamma 9. Induced gamma emission and gamma lasers 41 spectroscopy 20 4.5. Photofission with monochromatic gamma 10. Gamma polarimetry 44 beams 20 10.1. Polarimetry with narrow resonances 44 4.6. Odd harmonics in angular distribution of 10.2. Other polarimetric techniques 45 fission fragments 23 4.7. Photoinduced processes on the proton and 11. Quantum vacuum effects 45 light nuclei 24 11.1. Vacuum birefringence 46 4.8. Pion photoproduction 25 11.1.1. Quasi-constant magnetic field 46 4.8.1. Photoproduction of bound π− 25 11.1.2. High-intensity laser pulse 47 3 11.2. Photon Splitting 48 As a unique and unprecedented research tool, the GF 11.3. Photon Scattering 48 opens new possibilities across several fields of physics, from atomic physics (with the opportunities surveyed in 12. Nuclear physics with tertiary beams 49 [3]), to nuclear physics and related fields (the subject of 12.1. Tertiary beams at the GF 49 the present paper), to elementary-particle physics and 12.2. Polarized electron, positron and muon searches for physics beyond the standard model (SM). sources 49 While the GF today is still a proposal, some of its key 12.3. High-purity neutrino beams 50 components such as the production and storage of par- 12.4. Neutron and radioactive ion sources 50 tially stripped ions (PSI), for instance hydrogen- and 12.5. Production of monoenergetic fast neutrons 51 helium-like Pb and phosphorus-like Xe [4{6], have been 12.6. Metrology with keV neutrons 51 already demonstrated experimentally in the Super Pro- ton Synchrotron (SPS) and the Large Hadron Collider 13. Nuclear physics opportunities at the SPS 51 (LHC) at CERN. Moreover, the proof-of-principle exper- iment [7], further discussed in Sec. 13, will demonstrate 14. Speculative ideas and open questions 51 the full GF concept at SPS. The design of the experi- 14.1. Applying the Gamma Factory ideas at ments is complete, awaiting approval of the SPS Com- other facilities 51 mittee. 14.2. Nuclear waste transmutation 52 14.3. Laser polarization of PSI 52 1.1. The Gamma Factory 14.4. Quark-gluon plasma with polarized PSI 52 14.5. Ground-state hyperfine-structure transitions in PSI 52 The principle of the GF is illustrated in Fig.1. Highly 14.6. Detection of gravitational waves 53 charged partially-stripped ions circulate in a storage ring at ultrarelativistic speeds with a Lorentz factor γ = 2 −1=2 15. Conclusions and optimistic outlook 53 (1 − β ) , with β = v=c ≈ 1 being the ion speed normalized by the speed of light. The electrons bound Acknowledgments 53 to these ions interact with a (primary) laser beam and undergo transitions between the atomic shells. The res- Appendix 54 onance fluorescence photons, as seen in the laboratory frame, are emitted in a narrow cone with opening angle A. Survey of existing and forthcoming gamma of ≈ 1/γ, and form the secondary beam. The photon en- facilities 54 ergy is boosted by a factor of ≈ 4γ2 with respect to the original laser photons used for the electronic excitation. B. Gamma resonances in 13C 54 The anticipated secondary beam parameters are listed in 1. The 8.86 MeV M1 resonance 54 TableI. In many respects, the GF will be a qualitative 2. The 7.55 MeV E2 resonance 54 leap compared to the existing gamma sources, as well as 3. The 3.09 MeV E1 resonance 54 sources currently under construction. These are briefly discussed in AppendixA. C. Other reviews and nuclear databases 55 Successful excitation of an atomic shell relies on a res- onance condition involving both the relativistic factor γ References 55 of the PSI as well as the primary (optical) laser frequency !. Thus, the tunability of the secondary beam energy is achieved by simultaneously tuning γ and adjusting the 1. INTRODUCTION wavelength or the incident angle θl of the primary laser beam to maintain the resonance with an atomic transi- tion in the PSI ( !0): The Gamma Factory (GF) is a novel research tool pro- ~ 0 posed in Ref. [1] and subsequently developed at CERN ~! = ~!γ(1 + β cos θl): (1) as part of its Physics Beyond Colliders studies [2]. The main aim of the GF is the generation of high-intensity The ion beam energy variation is a routine procedure in gamma-ray beams of tunable energy and relatively small a storage ring. Indeed, at the LHC, the ions are injected energy spread. At the same time, the GF facility offers with an initial relativistic factor of around γ = 220, and unique scientific opportunities by far not limited to the are subsequently accelerated up to γ = 2900.
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