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Joan McGregor | 9781351926157 | | | | | Is It Rape If You Say Yes? 5 Types Of Sexual Coercion, Explained

Statutory rapein many jurisdictions, nonforced sexual relations between an adult and an individual who legally is not old enough to consent to the behavior. Laws, though variable, define when an individual is capable of making sexual activity decisions. The laws about are complex and diverse. Most address the age at which a minor can agree to sex consentthe acceptable age difference Is it Rape? 1st edition sexual relations between a minor and adult, and to what extent the adult is in a position of authority e. Although laws first arose from concern about girls having sexual intercourse with men, most laws now are gender neutral. The United States has defined a higher age of consent than in most other countries for a minor to have sex with an adult. In most states, a year-old can legally give consent for sex with an adult. Some states also specify that to qualify as statutory rape, in addition to the victim being under the Is it Rape? 1st edition of consent, there needs to be an age difference of at least 2 to 5 years between the youth and adult. Generally when a youth is 12 years old and younger, the sexual activity is considered child . In contrast, in half of the jurisdictions in Europe, a year-old can legally give consent for sex with adults. In some culturesit is completely acceptable for young girls to have sexual relations with older adult men. When adults are interested in sexual relations with minors, they may give gifts and money to youth and their Is it Rape? 1st edition, and this is perceived as acceptable and a sign of attention or love. Furthermore, some minors may not view themselves as victims, often saying that they are in love with the adult and therefore do not think a crime has been committed. Statutory rape Article Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Wendy A. See Article History. Read More on This Topic. The age at which an individual may give effective consent to sexual intercourse is commonly set in most countries at between 14 and 18 years Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: rape: Statutory rape. The age at which an individual may give effective consent to sexual intercourse is commonly set in most countries at between 14 and 18 years Is it Rape? 1st edition it is as low as 12 Is it Rape? 1st edition in some countries. Sexual intercourse with a person below the…. Sexual intercoursereproductive act in which the male reproductive organ in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract. Rape, act of sexual intercourse with an individual without his or her consent, through force or the threat of force. In many jurisdictions, the crime of rape has been subsumed under that of , which also encompasses acts that fall short of intercourse. Rape was long considered to be…. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered Is it Rape? 1st edition to your inbox. - Wikipedia

With California's recent adoption of the nation's first Yes Means Yes law — which asserts that the absence of the word "no" does not constitute sexual consent — we seem to finally be grasping the reasons why a person might not be able to say "no" to sex, even though they want to. But what about people who say "yes" to sex under duress? Why aren't we educating people about the times when "yes" might not actually mean "yes"? Sexual coercion is when tactics like pressure, trickery, or emotional force are used to get someone to agree to sex. It can be as as simple as encouraging someone to have a few too many drinks, or it can hide inside threats like "I'll leave you if you don't sleep with me. Sometimes, it even falls within the realm of rape; studies have documented that victims of sexual coercion can suffer from , , and PTSD at rates similar to to those who have experienced . But because there is so little public knowledge about sexual coercion, many women who have been sexually coerced might not even be aware that what happened to them qualifies as sexual assault, and may instead themselves for their trauma. Sexual coercion is a tricky thing to define — so it scares me that we aren't talking about it more. Because when it really comes down to it, we need more than just knowledge about what constitutes rape; we need a greater understanding of everything that can happen between "yes" and "no," so that we can feel confident that we are only saying "yes" to sex because we truly want to. Here are five warning signs that a sexual encounter may be coerced. Many cultures teach us that sex is an Is it Rape? 1st edition part of marriage. Many people take that a step further, and believe that being in a romantic relationship with someone makes you entitled to have sex with them. The problem with that skewed thinking is that it leads some people to act as if taking on the label of "wife," "girlfriend," or "partner" suddenly makes your body their property. Being in a relationship with someone does not give them a right to your body; and Is it Rape? 1st edition you are having sex because you are constantly being reminded by your significant other that it is your job and it is expected of you, that sex is not being freely given. It is being demanded. But we do that because we want to. If you didn't want Is it Rape? 1st edition sleep with me, you shouldn't have been flirting with me either. If he really loved you, he would respect you. is one of the biggest tactics used in sexual coercion. Every relationship has its dry spells, and while mutual respect and communication can help sort it out, a guilt trip is emotionally manipulative and unhealthy — and pressuring a partner to have sex using guilt Is it Rape? 1st edition absolutely a form of coercion. A healthy sex life is built on a foundation of respect, not manipulation. I want you to be relaxed. There has been a lot of discussion recently about whether a drunk woman can give consent to sex. If you know that turning someone Is it Rape? 1st edition for sex might mean Is it Rape? 1st edition with an explosively angry reaction, you are dealing with more than just sexual coercion — this is also a major red flag that you are in an abusive relationship. Sex should never be something that is done out of , or to protect yourself. Sex like that is not only Is it Rape? 1st edition — it is assault, and most likely part of a larger abuse problem. If you find yourself saying yes to sex as a means to avoid harm, then there is no excuse for your partner's behavior; please consider talking to someone and getting help. By Eden Strong. Results for:. NPR Choice page

The concept of rapeboth as an abduction and in the sexual sense not always distinguishablemakes its appearance in early religious texts. From the classical antiquity of Greece and Rome into the Colonial periodrape along with arson, treason and murder was a capital offense. In Medieval Europe, a woman's parents could forcibly marry her to a stranger without her consent, and, once she was married, she could no longer refuse to consent to sex: the medieval concept of rape did not allow for the possibility of being raped by one's husband. Medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas argued that rape, though sinful, was less sinful than masturbation or coitus interruptusbecause it fulfilled the procreative function of sex, while the other acts violated the purpose of sex. The rape of women or youths is a common theme in Greek mythology. Among the or abductions committed by Zeusthe supreme deity of the Greek pantheon, are EuropaGanymedeand Leda the Nymph. The rape of Chrysippus by Laius was known as "the crime of Laius", a term which came to be applied to all male rape [ citation needed ]. It was seen as an example of hubris in the original sense of the word, i. In Roman lawraptus or meant primarily kidnapping or abduction; [6] sexual violation was a secondary issue. The "abduction" of an unmarried Is it Rape? 1st edition from her father's household in some circumstances was a matter of the couple eloping without her father's permission to marry. Rape in the English sense of "forced sex" was more often expressed as stupruma sex crime committed through violence or coercion cum vi or per vim. Raptus ad stuprum"abduction for the purpose of committing a sex crime," emerged as a legal distinction in the late Roman Republic. Although Roman law in the historical period recognized rape as a crime, the rape of women is a pervasive theme in the myths and legends of early Rome. The Augustan Is it Rape? 1st edition Livy seemed "embarrassed" by the rape motif and emphasizes the redeeming political dimension of traditional stories. The "rape" of the Sabine women was interpreted as showing that Rome was constituted as a "blended" population in which people resolved violence and coexisted by consent and treaty. The rape of the exemplary woman Lucretia by the king's son led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Republic. Intercourse by force or compulsion, even if it took place under circumstances that were otherwise unlawful or immoral, [13] left the victim legally without blame. The laws punish the foul wickedness of those who prostitute their modesty to the lusts of others, but they do not attach blame to those who are compelled to stuprum by force, since it has, moreover, been quite properly decided that their reputations are unharmed and that they are not prohibited from marriage to others. Although the law recognized the victim's innocence, rhetoric used by the defense indicates that jurors might harbor attitudes of Is it Rape? 1st edition. As a matter of law, rape could be committed only against a citizen in good standing. The rape of a slave could be prosecuted only as damage to the owner's property. A person who made his or her body available for public use or pleasure had in effect surrendered the right to be protected from or physical violence. There was no statute of limitations for rape; by contrast adulterywhich was criminalized under Augustushad to be prosecuted within five years. The victim's consent was usually not a factor in Roman rape cases, since raptus could refer to a successful seduction as well as abduction or forced sex. What had been violated was primarily the right of the head of household paterfamilias to give or withhold his consent. The consequences of an abduction or an elopement were considered a private matter to be determined by the couple and their families, who Is it Rape? 1st edition choose to recognize the marriage. Attitudes toward rape changed when the Roman Empire became Christianized. Augustine believed Lucretia's suicide was likely prompted by her at being violated and her fear over possible accusations of complicity. Historian of early Christianity Peter Brown characterized this section of Augustine's work as his most vituperative attack on Roman ideals of virtue. Augustine redefines sexual integrity pudicitia as a purely spiritual quality that physical defilement cannot taint; the Romans had viewed rape and other forms of stuprum Is it Rape? 1st edition crime" within a political context as crimes against the citizen's body and liberty. The first Christian emperor Constantine redefined rape as a public offense rather than Is it Rape? 1st edition a private wrong. If she had not consented, she was still considered an accomplice, "on the grounds that she could have saved herself by screaming for help. Under the Emperor Justinian Inew penalties were enacted for the abduction raptus of nuns. Even attempting the abduction of nuns for marriage or sexual purposes was to be punished by death. Constantine's law against sexual abduction was changed to shift blame to the man, on the assumption that the participation of the woman, even if voluntary, was caused by male seduction. The law for other kinds of sexual violence continued to be handled by means of the older Roman legal principles governing cases of 'stuprum. In some culturesrape was seen less as a crime against a particular girl or woman than as a crime against the head of the household or against chastity. As a consequence, the rape of a virgin was often a more serious crime than of a non-virgin, even a wife or widow, and the rape of a prostitute or other unchaste woman was, in some laws, not a crime because her chastity could not be harmed. Furthermore, the woman's consent was under many legal systems not a defense. In seventeenth-century France, even marriage without parental consent was classified as rape. The penalty for rape was often a fine, payable to the father or the husband, as they were in charge of household economy. In some laws, the woman might marry the rapist instead of his receiving the legal penalty. This was especially prevalent in laws where the crime of rape did not include, as a necessary part, that it be against the woman's will, thus dividing the crime in the current meaning of rape, and a means for a couple to force their families to permit marriage. Modern doctrines today have different views on the type of crime that rape is; it may be seen as: [35]. According to a Sunni hadiththe punishment for committing rape is death, there is no sin on the victim, nor is there any worldly punishment ascribed to her. Note that it has to be extra-marital, i. The Islamic law approach to rape provides a range of possible charges, and thus penalties, which the qadi may posit, hirabah being but one, yet the most severe of them. Thus the charge of zina may bring about a penalty of lashes upon the perpetrator and the element of Is it Rape? 1st edition use of force and or compulsion may be quantified, and thus punished serially or consecutively, that is a year's banishment, a prison sentence, a corporal sentence etc. Is it Rape? 1st edition is to be noted that Hirabah is a Hadd penalty i. If the offence is deemed to not be a Hirabah offence then the penalties available to the qadi would be those of ta'zeer and will not be permitted to reach the level of either severe retributive physical harm i. The interpretation and application of these laws is very controversial, not least due to modern ill-fated legislation, [ according to whom? In Islamic military jurisprudenceclassical jurists laid down severe penalties for rebels who use "stealth attacks" and "spread terror ". In this category, Muslim Is it Rape? 1st edition included abductionspoisoning of water wells, arsonattacks against wayfarers and travellers highway robberyassaults under the cover of night, and rape. The punishment for such crimes were severe, including death, regardless of the political convictions and religion of the perpetrator. Rape, in the course of warfarealso dates back to antiquity, ancient enough to have been mentioned in the Bible. According to the Roman ius gentium "law of nations" or international lawinhabitants of a conquered town were spared personal violence Is it Rape? 1st edition the war or siege ended through diplomatic negotiations. But if the army victoriously entered the town by force, the conquering men could and would rape women and sometimes adolescent boys of the defeated peoples as one of the spoils of war. Rape, as an adjunct to warfare, was prohibited by the military codices of Richard II and Henry V and respectively. These laws formed the basis for convicting and executing rapists during the Hundred Years' War — Napoleon Bonaparte Is it Rape? 1st edition rape committed by soldiers Is it Rape? 1st edition distasteful. War rape as well as abduction of women was common both on behalf and Spanish and Mapuches in the Arauco War in Chile. may feature rape, but this is not necessarily so. The practice of bride capture has become elaborate and ritualised in some cultures, with suggested links to the origin of the honeymoon. Bride capture is common in the cultures of Central Asiaand is also found in Southern Europe and is additionally practised traditionally by the Hmong. Inthe Council of Trent Is it Rape? 1st edition declared that legal Catholic marriages had to be done with consent of both parties, but did not require parental consent, essentially declaring forced marriages invalid. The criminal justice system of many countries was widely regarded as unfair Is it Rape? 1st edition sexual assault victims. Both sexist stereotypes and common law combined to make rape a "criminal proceeding on which the victim and her behavior were tried rather than the defendant". Adult women were often extremely reluctant to bring up charges of rape: public admission of having been raped was severely damaging to one's social standing, courts tended to be skeptical of the charges, conviction rates were low, and, in the event that the accusation could not be proved, the victim could then be accused of committing adultery with the rapist traditionally a serious offense that could have been punished by mutilation [47] or even death. Certain classes of women, such as prostitutes, were banned from raising accusations of rape altogether. Since the s, many changes have occurred in the perception of sexual assault due in large part to the feminist movement Is it Rape? 1st edition its public characterization of rape as a crime of power and control rather than purely of sex. Is it Rape? 1st edition some countries the women's liberation movement of the s created the first rape crisis centers. One of the first two rape crisis centers, the D. [4]opened in It was created to promote sensitivity and understanding of rape and its effects on the victim. first became a crime in the United States in the state of South Dakota in InNorth Carolina became the last state to outlaw marital rape. In the s, date or first gained acknowledgment. Rape crisis centers were created to serve survivors of all forms of sexual violence during any phase of their healing process. Rape crisis centers and other community-based service providers continue to grow and serve their communities by providing direct services and prevention programming. On September 2,the United Nations International Is it Rape? 1st edition Tribunal for Is it Rape? 1st edition delivered a precedent- setting verdict that made sexual violence a war crime. Current topics being debated are the marginalized victims of rape — and rape victims, marital rape victims, male rape victims of both male and female rapists, female-female rape victims, parental-rape incest victims, and child sexual abuse victims. Other emerging issues are the concept of and its causes, male rape survivors, male-male rape, female sexual , new theories of rape and gender, drugs and their effects as well as the psychological effects of . The ius primae noctis "law of the first night" is a term now popularly used to describe a fictional legal right allowing the lord of an estate to take the virginity of his serfs ' maiden daughters since little or no historical evidence has been unearthed from the Middle Ages to support the idea that such a right ever actually existed. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the social and legislative historical evolution Is it Rape? 1st edition the crime of rape. Further information: Sexuality in ancient Rome. Main article: Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Main article: Rape in Islamic law. Main article: . Main article: Bride kidnapping. After it Is it Rape? 1st edition incest With regard to the other species of lust, they imply a transgression merely of that which is determined by right reason, on the presupposition, however, of natural principles. See also Digest North, and S. Adams and Marie M. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Under the category of crimes of terror, the classical jurists included abductions, poisoning of water wells, arson, attacks against wayfarers and travelers, assaults under the cover of night and rape. For these crimes, regardless of the religious or political convictions of the perpetrators, Muslim jurists demanded the harshest penalties, including death See also Sex in the Is it Rape? 1st edition military.