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Sahel Region Case Studies in Mali, Niger, and Chad

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Sahel Region Case Studies in Mali, Niger, and Chad GENDER, MARKETS AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: SAHEL REGION CASE STUDIES IN MALI, NIGER, AND CHAD Women assembled for community meeting, Komdili Béri, Niger Report Submitted to World Food Programme Vulnerability Analysis Mapping (VAM) Unit Dakar, Senegal by: Micah Boyer, MA and Tara Deubel, PhD UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY TAMPA, FLORIDA OCTOBER 2016 World Food Programme, Gender, Markets and Women’s Empowerment: Sahel Region 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: MALI .......................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: NIGER ........................................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: CHAD ....................................................................................................... 11 LITERATURE REVIEW OF EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................... 13 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 20 CASE STUDY PROFILES: MALI, NIGER, CHAD ................................................................................. 23 MALI .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Country Background ............................................................................................................. 23 Site selection ......................................................................................................................... 24 Village and household organization ..................................................................................... 25 Women in the household ..................................................................................................... 26 Livelihood strategies ............................................................................................................. 28 Migration as a livelihood strategy ........................................................................................ 30 Land tenure ........................................................................................................................... 31 PROGRAMS IN CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 31 NIGER: ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Country background ............................................................................................................. 38 Site selection ......................................................................................................................... 39 Life before WFP programs .................................................................................................... 41 Livelihood strategies ............................................................................................................. 41 Male migration as livelihood strategy .................................................................................. 42 Women’s migration as livelihood strategy ........................................................................... 44 Market access and constraints to women’s participation .................................................... 45 PROGRAMS IN CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 46 CHAD: ........................................................................................................................................ 53 Country background ............................................................................................................. 53 Site selection ......................................................................................................................... 54 Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................ 55 Women’s possessions and rights within the household ...................................................... 58 Livelihood strategies ............................................................................................................. 59 Pastoralist strategies ............................................................................................................. 62 PROGRAMS IN CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 63 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 84 APPENDIX A: NOTES ON CHAD PASTORALISM ............................................................................. 86 APPENDIX B: Data collection instruments (selected) ................................................................... 89 World Food Programme, Gender, Markets and Women’s Empowerment: Sahel Region 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS ALIMA Alliance for International Medical Action AMCP Malian Alliance Against Malaria CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CFW Cash for Work DEF Fundamental Studies Diploma FFA Food Assistance for Assets FO Farmers’ Organizations GEM Gender Empowerment Measure HEA Household Economy Approach IMF International Monetary Fund LASDEL Laboratory for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Local Development MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition NGO Non-Governmental Organization ONAPE National Office for Employment Promotion P4P Purchase for Progress PLA Participatory Learning and Action PPA Participatory Poverty Assessment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRASAC Regional Axis for Applied Research in the Development of Central African Agricultural Systems PRRO Protracted Relief and Recovery Operations SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition SAP Structural Adjustment Program SECADEF Catholic Aid and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAM ulnerability Analysis and Mapping WEAI Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index WFP World Food Programme XAF Franc CFA (Central Africa) XOF Franc CFA (West Africa) World Food Programme, Gender, Markets and Women’s Empowerment: Sahel Region 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The consultants would like to thank all of the many people who supported us in the field. Both WFP personnel and the staff of partner organizations gave freely of their time and experience in the design and implementation of this research, often with very little advance notice. This report has also benefited from debriefings given in each country in which WFP personnel gave valuable feedback. The consultants would also like to thank the members of the research teams hired in each of the three countries, who performed above and beyond our expectations under what were often very physically challenging conditions. The strength and validity of the data presented here owes a tremendous debt to their efforts. Thanks also to the support staff who oversaw the safety and well-being of the research staff while in the field: the security officers in Dakar and in each of the three countries. The consultants would also like to recognize the extraordinary support provided by the drivers, who often acted as a sort of hybrid of fourth research assistant and logistics coordinator in addition to their usual duties. Most of all, the consultants would like to thank the sellers and wholesalers in the markets and community members in all of the villages where we worked, who were extraordinarily forthcoming and patient with us without exception. Thanks particularly to the community leaders who received us and supported our data collection in the communities, and to the key informants who gave so generously of their time in explaining emergent details over the course of multiple conversations. The households who so graciously welcomed the teams and provided their lodging in the villages also deserve special recognition. The hospitality and generosity of the Sahel is unparalleled, and the consultants are especially grateful to their hosts during their village stays. World Food Programme, Gender, Markets and Women’s Empowerment: Sahel Region 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: MALI Research in two villages around Dioîla, a city in the agricultural belt about 165 kilometers from Bamako, found that the success of WFP programs is conditioned by gender dynamics at the village and household level. As is typical in Malian households, the household head (dutigi) controls labor input for the household’s collective fields, and has the deciding voice in the use or sale of the unit’s collective production. Migration in the region has become an increasingly important livelihood strategy, particularly for young men drawn to work in the gold mines nearby. The region selected for this research has relatively productive soils and is accessible by many state and non-governmental organizations, allowing for a diversity of livelihood strategies. Agriculture, and particularly the production of staple grains, dominates household
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