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Environment Minister Jim Prentice 'Old-fashioned conservationist'

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Satya Das On superpower canada

George Fetherling on Canada’s man in Moscow Fen Osler Hampson on the rise and fall of piracy Jennifer Campbell’s Q&A with Cuba’s ambassador Established 1989 CDN $5.95

PM 40957514 e Westin Ottawa Unveils Its

$35-million ‘refreshing’ transformationBy John Charles

The guest rooms have been renovated at an average expense of $33,000, well repaid by the clean contemporary look, the large at-panel televisions and the glass-enclosed showers that many of the rooms now boast. “Our new look reects our commitment to help our guests retreat from the rigours of the road and help them to perform at their best,” says General Manager John Jarvis. Even before entering the lobby, prospective guests sense in the transformed 496-room hotel a new sense of welcoming and openness. “Out front, just as throughout the hotel, we’re giving our guests a William Verhey, Director of Protocol Events and Diplo- For very large events, the hotel retains its Confederation new sense of arrival, a sense of ‘hominess,’” says General Manager John Jarvis. “With the more exten- matic Hospitality, says the Westin is anxious to re-establish Ballroom, host over many years to diplomatic functions. its longtime connections with the diplomatic community. The Westin continues to offer top-level services as well as sive windows and heightened ceiling, you can see into the lobby with the replace and the beautiful And with highly attractive new facilities, he is sure that the offsite catering to embassies and to DFAIT. chandeliers … and you quickly nd yourself relaxing from your travels. That is the Westin Experience.” Westin will be more useful than ever to embassies planning National Day celebrations or holding other social events. ´,ZDQWWRJHWUHDFTXDLQWHGZLWKDOOWKHDPEDVVDGRUVHYHU\KLJK FRPPLVVLRQHUDQGDOOWKHLUDWWHQGDQWVWDIIPHPEHUVµsays Mr. The new Westin brings an upscale sense of openness and light When guests arrive at the front desk, for example, they no He is particularly proud of the Governor General ballroom 9HUKH\ZKRLVÁXHQWQRWRQO\LQ(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFKEXWLQ for a whole new lifestyle experience -- whether guests stay longer speak across a long counter to a hotel agent. Instead, RIIHULQJVTXDUHIHHWRQWKHWKÁRRU German and Dutch, and is working on Spanish. overnight in a lavishly-renovated guestroom, or come to the the agents step out from behind the counter and approach hotel for professional meetings, diplomatic functions or social our guests to welcome them, shake their hands, and speak to “When diplomats come over and see this beautiful room with its ´,QWKHSDVWZHKDYHZRUNHGZLWKHPEDVVLHVZLWKWKH302DQG events. them at an intimate distance. ÁRRUWRFHLOLQJZLQGRZVDQGLWVYLHZRIWKH5LGHDX&DQDODQG ZLWK')$,7DQG,NQRZZHFDQEHFRPHD¶RQHVWRSVKRS·ZKHUH WKH3DUOLDPHQWEXLOGLQJVWKH\LPPHGLDWHO\IDOOLQORYHZLWKLW,W ZHFDQVXSSO\QRWRQO\WRSGUDZHUVHUYLFHEXWDUHDOUHODWLRQ The Westin Ottawa announces a $35-million transformation. ´$OORXUHPSOR\HHVDOOWKURXJKWKHKRWHODUHQRZIRFXVHGRQ ZRXOGEHKDUGWRWRSIRUDQ\GLSORPDWLFFHOHEUDWLRQµ VKLSµ that offers guests a whole new lifestyle experience … whether SURYLGLQJDSHUVRQDOLQVWLQFWLYHDQGUHQHZLQJH[SHULHQFHµ they are staying overnight, or have come to the hotel for professional meetings, diplomatic functions or social events.

General Manager John Jarvis says the changes amount to “a FRPSOHWH UHSRVLWLRQLQJ RI WKH :HVWLQ IURP D KRWHO H[SHULHQFH OLNH RWKHUVRIIHUWRRQHWKDWDIWHUWKUHH\HDUVRIKDUGZRUNSURPLVHVSHR SOHDFRPSOHWHVHQVHRIUHQHZDODVWKH\HQWHUWKHSUHPLVHVµ

There’s a new and elegant SRUWFRFKHUH, a beautiful lobby that now stands two stories high with elegant accoutrements and lighting, many meeting rooms, and a huge premium ballroom overlooking the Rideau Canal and the Parliament buildings.

The guest rooms have been extensively renovated to give a contemporary and upscale sense of openness and light. And the ‘people experience’ of staying at the Westin has been brought to new heights. > The light-drenched Governor General ballroom promises to be a ´,WPD\VXUSULVHEXWRXUSDUDGLJPLVQRORQJHUWRSURYLGHVHUYLFHµ prime choice for diplomatic events and celebrations. The oor-to- Past host to Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, to Mikhail Gorbachev and Vladimir Putin, to Chinese President Hu Jintao, to the Sultan says Mr. Jarvis.´1RQRZRXUDLPLVWRSURYLGHPHPRUDEOHH[SHUL ceiling windows give a view of Parliament, the Rideau Canal and the of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah and other statesmen, the Westin has served the diplomatic community since its opening in 1983. With HQFHVWRRXUJXHVWV:HZDQWSHRSOHWRIHHOEHWWHUDQGPRUHVSHFLDO very core of the city. With a new convention centre attached to the its recent refurbishment, it stands ready to provide even ner service and experiences to its guests … to oer, in the words of General ZKHQWKH\VWD\DWWKH:HVWLQµThat explains why his second Westin soon to be completed, with renovations to the Rideau Centre Manager John Jarvis, “a relaxing and refreshing sense of arrival and of home to the people we are honoured to host.” WLWOHLV¶&(2·²WKDWLV&KLHI([SHULHQFH2IÀFHU planned, and with the ByWard Market only steps away, the Westin has “the best location of any hotel in any G-8 city – and an ideal place from which to serve the entire diplomatic community,” says John Jarvis. thewestinottawa.com e Westin Ottawa Unveils Its

$35-million ‘refreshing’ transformationBy John Charles

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Volume 21, Number 2 PUBLISHER Donna Jacobs ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Neil Reynolds EDITOR Table of Jennifer Campbell ART DIRECTOR Paul Cavanaugh ADVERTISING ADVISOR CONTENTS Cu Van Ha cu@cuative .com 1-613-262-4908 BOOKS EDITOR George Fetherling DIPLOMATICA| CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Verbatim: Looking ahead to Canada in 2015 ...... 9 Don Cayo CULTURE EDITOR Opinion: Fen Hampson on pirates ...... 11 Margo Roston Good Deeds: The diplomat’s wife at a church sleepover ...... 13 INTERNS Diplomatic Agenda: Ukraine’s close relationship to Canada . . . . 14 Brook Simpson Tim Stiles Questions Asked: Cuba’s ambassador on the U .S ., CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Fidel and the OAS ...... 16 Donna Brown Detection: A customs officer on ‘reading’ criminals ...... 19 Satya Das Margaret Dickenson Fen Osler Hampson Paul McKay DISPATCHES| Laura Neilson Bonikowsky Canada’s oilsands Ihor Ostash Environment Minister Jim Prentice: A Diplomat Q&A ...... 24 Aaron Shull Alastair Sweeny Satya Das on Canada as a reluctant oil superpower ...... 32 Pieter Van den Weghe Alastair Sweeny on how Canada stopped ‘peak oil’ ...... 34 Fred Donnelly Paul McKay on the perils of nuclear power ...... 40 CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS Ulle Baum Law: Why Bill C-35 — suing terrorist states — won’t work ...... 42 Larry Dickenson Frank Scheme Dyanne Wilson DELIGHTS| Business Management Books: An old-school diplomat; Canadian Who’s Who is 100 . . . . .45 Jessie Reynolds WEBMASTER Wine: What makes the Niagara Escarpment special ...... 48 Leslee McCabe Entertaining: Spring food is on its way ...... 50 DIPLOPORTAL WEB PARTNERS Residences: Argentina’s classic abode ...... 52 www .diploportal .com Alastair Sweeny Canadiana: Drawing the world’s longest unprotected border . . . .54 Richard Evers Envoy’s album ...... 56 (Northern Blue Publishing) PUBLISHER EMERITUS Lezlee Cribb Dignitaries| ADVERTISING INQUIRIES New arrivals in the diplomatic corps ...... 60 Contact Neil Reynolds or Donna Jacobs info@diplomatonline .com SUBSCRIPTIONS Diplomat & International Canada is published four times a DATES| year . Subscription rates: individual, one year $35 .70 . For National day events for April, May and June ...... 63 Canadian orders add 5 per cent GST . U .S . orders please add $15 for postage . All other orders please add $25 . SUBMISSIONS DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS ...... 64 Diplomat & International Canada welcomes submissions . Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, at editor@diplomatonline .com or (613) 231-8476 . DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL destinations| CANADA The Rosetta Stone is worth seeing in person ...... 74 P .O Box 1173, Station B Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2 Phone: (613) 422-5262 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material . Fax: (613) 422-7557 No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the E-mail: info@diplomatonline .com publisher . The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors . © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343 www.diplomatonline.com Publication Mail # 40957514 . Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Diplomat Magazine, Published by P .O . Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 Sparrow House Enterprises Inc . DIPLOMATICA|EDITOR’S NOTE

how Canadian technology, developed by a CONTRIBUTORS late visionary named Roger Butler, solved Paul McKay the problem of dwindling reserves worldwide by coming up with a revolutionary process of extracting oil from the oilsands . And to address those inaction accusations flung Canada’s way, publisher Donna Jacobs sat down with Environment Minister Jim Prentice . His priorities, in terms of clean-

jennifer campbell energy production, he told her, are to get the Copenhagen Accord in place so Canada can “fulfill its responsibilities in support of the A reluctant (oil) superpower accord” and to harmonize Canada’s policy with that of the United States . The full inter- Paul McKay has won many of Can- n the international stage, it’s safe to view begins on page 25 . ada’s top journalism awards for in- say Canada’s had a roller-coaster Further on energy, author Paul McKay vestigative reporting, business and Ofew months . Throughout March, argues that it’s simply too risky to declare feature writing . He is a past winner the country rode high as “the one to beat” nuclear a safe energy source . As he puts it, of the Atkinson Fellowship in Public after February’s gold medal success at the “a fissioned mass of plutonium the size of Policy, and was the 2005 Pierre Berton Olympics . But as Canada looks ahead to a stick of chewing gum destroyed the civil- Writer-in-Residence . A series he wrote its next high-profile job of hosting the G8 ian city of Nagasaki in 1945 ”. for the Ottawa Citizen was a finalist Summit, there’s little doubting a return of In our books section, we learn about the for the Governor General’s award (the the dirty-Canada talk from the United Na- life of R .A .D . Ford, who was Canada’s am- Michener prize for public service jour- tions climate conference in Copenhagen . bassador to the Soviet Union for 16 — yes, nalism) . He has also written four criti- That’s when the country was awarded the 16 — years . He was there for Khrushchev’s cally acclaimed books covering public “Fossil of the Year” distinction by a net- tenure, as well as that of Brezhnev . Books policy, business biography and true work of some 400 environmental groups editor George Fetherling also gives us an il- crime subjects . His feature writing has for its inaction on climate change . luminating look at the institution that is Ca- appeared in the Globe and Mail, Toronto It’s been compellingly argued that nadian Who’s Who on its 100th anniversary. Star, Vancouver Sun and Macleans . Visit Canada’s position was simply an honest In wine, we look at the unique geo- www paulmckay. com. to buy his latest one — that the current federal government graphical properties of the Niagara region, book, Atomic Accomplice . was no longer willing to do what its pre- the result of 200,000 years worth of glacier decessors had done in paying lip service movement . Then food writer Margaret Donna Brown to Kyoto promises they didn't keep . Either Dickenson brings us an appreciation of way, as Canadians are discovering, a lot of the spring vegetation that will soon hit our responsibility comes with having vast oil plates, while culture editor Margo Roston reserves in Alberta, and the technology to takes us on a tour of the family home clean up the mess that extracting it pro- which Argentinean Ambassador Arturo duces . By 2012, Canada will have proven Bothamley shares with his wife, Maria reserves of 300 billion barrels or more of Angelica, in Rockcliffe . Our Canadiana fea- oil, writer Satya Das points out in an article ture is about the way the border between written for Diplomat and based on his book, Canada and the U S. . was drawn, a border Green Oil . That gives the country serious, if with few adjustments since a 1907 survey . not “super,” power, particularly as it’s the We finish off with a Destinations feature only fully democratic country among its about the storied Rosetta Stone, which now Donna Brown, a federal customs of- oil-rich counterparts — Venezuela, Saudi resides at the British Museum in London . ficer in the Greater Toronto Area, Arabia, Iran and Iraq . We hope you enjoy our spring edition . has spent nearly 25 years studying We also excerpt from Alastair Sweeny’s human behaviour and interviewing new book, Black Bonanza, where he explains Jennifer Campbell is Diplomat’s editor . techniques . A certified body-language specialist, statement analyst, threat- assessment specialist and author, she is UP FRONT considered an expert in reading people and detecting deceit . She has trained “Last year, our government increased the size of Na- thousands of police officers, customs hanni National Park Reserve to six times its original and immigration officers, compliance size . It now covers an area equivalent to the size of a officers, auditors and investigators . She country like Belgium,” said Frédéric Baril, Environ- gives lectures through her company ment Minister Jim Prentice's press secretary, who Ana(lies) Enterprises (analiesenter- took the cover photograph of his boss on the bank prises@yahoo ca). . She lives in Toronto of the South Nahanni River . At the time, Mr . Prentice with her husband, who is also in law canoed the river, accompanied by a group of native enforcement, and three daughters . Canadians and journalists .

8 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN verbatim|DIPLOMATICA

A look ahead to mate change has also made the Arctic much more accessible and, coupled with 2015 a global thirst for natural resources, the region is garnering attention as one of the This excerpt comes from a paper entitled last great potential reserves of oil, natural Canada in the Medium Term: What is gas and a host of minerals . Shaping our Policy? by the Policy Research Canada’s northern people view the Initiative's Thomas Townsend and reviews attention with both optimism, as their the work being undertaken by the orga- chance at a piece of the pie and, with nization to highlight the issues that will concern, over the possible loss of environ- affect policy-making in Canada though ment and a way of life that remoteness has 2015. protected . Northern policy will be one of The paper was a centrepiece for the most difficult to get right as it vies for discussion at the Canadian International attention with a host of other competing Conference “The World In 2015: preoccupations but is driven by many Implications for Canada,” which took place factors which the government will not in Ottawa in January. be able to (anticipate) . What is wanted is that northerners themselves can write the The Canada brand and the changing narrative . That will be ensured through in- nature of media vestments in education and leadership de- Canadians like to see themselves as a posi- velopment . Education has been identified tive force in the world and the world has as the area of critical short-term relevance tended to have a positive view of Canada . as the North is the youngest of Canada’s The Macleans Poll (How Canada is Seen by regions . the World) in December 2007 suggested Open waters: There is much in the me- that Canada is seen as a tolerant nation, istock dia about international shipping using the a peacekeeper and a leader on important Northwest Passage . A clear passage could issues that matter to the world . Indeed, in global influences can play on local issues save between one and two weeks over cur- that poll, Canada was seen as a leader in in new ways . Our brand becomes more rent routes for ships moving between Asia the climate change debate . We are a coun- important in a less steady world, where and the eastern seaboard of the United try that has a policeman as a national sym- countries and important and influential States . Those savings are attractive for the bol underscoring our commitment to the non-state actors are trying to size up who industry and trading partners . Access to rule of law . There are a number of symbols is aligned and who to include in groups of the passage is through a narrow channel that reinforce our self-image as good . the willing . Canada, like all nations, will controlled by Russia and the United States . In the developing world, our image increasingly have to consider not just its The passage itself is more complicated . as a tolerant country and honest broker conduct, but how that conduct is seen by Canada considers the (Northwest) Pas- still continues as the prevalent narrative, others as portrayed in a whole new pano- sage internal waters, a position not held but recent foreign media characteriza- ply of information channels . News out by the United States . Filings of claims in tions have created strains . We are eager of Canada targeted at specific ethnic and the region will continue throughout the to increase our dealings with China and national audiences is no longer produced next five years and negotiations over the India, but (we) have been characterized in exclusively by state-licensed media and use and control of the waterway will in- their media as somewhat slow and fitful . has the ability to shape the debate . tensify . Climate change is potentially a significant On the other side, how will we embrace One important aspect of more open sore point for Canada as it was character- new media and organize non-institutional arctic waterways is the implications for ized by environmental groups in Copen- actors in the promotion of Canadian international defence policy and operations hagen . What would have only a few years ests? Can we, as (former ambassador to in the region . Inaccessibility and extreme ago been exclusively domestic events are the U S. ). Derek Burney put it, light up the conditions of the North has meant that getting wider attention, in some cases “hidden wiring” that is represented by a the region could be managed with only based on a “back home” interest in how deep networked connection of Canadians modest investments . These conditions are immigrants are getting along in Canada, and nodes of influence on a range of im- changing and the Canadian military is and in other cases, along a line of focused portant issues we will face? Suddenly in a more visible in the region . But the North interest . world of Twitter and Facebook, Canada’s is an evolving story for the military and A major influence on our image as we million-strong diaspora become our am- scaling operations in a synchronized way see ourselves and as others see us is new bassadors . will be key . media . There are an increasing number of Development: Northern development examples where social media has shown The North is capital intense . There is uncertainty its ability to mobilize public attention New interest: Canada’s North has re- about the availability and the cost of the and opinion . The Internet has created an ceived much attention in the last few capital needed to pursue large-scale de- important capacity for what is becoming years . Climatic change has made the pos- velopment in Canada’s North . The gov- known as “private politics .” Issues we sibility of an ice-free Northwest Passage ernment of Canada may be constrained thought were local and domestic policy during the summer, which has increased as it deals with restoring fiscal balances now have global feedback loops and international interest in the region . Cli- and the private sector, in the absence of a

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 9 DIPLOMATICA|verbatim

strong government presence, may not be prepared to play first mover . On the other hand, there is likely to be a significant in- Inspiration found here crease in exploration to prove out the potential of the Arctic’s treasures . It is likely What does your daughter want to be? Who will that foreign-owned companies, including she become? She can get there from here. some that are wholly or partly controlled by sovereign wealth funds, will be inter- At Elmwood School, each girl is inspired to reach her full potential. In our all-girls ested in large exploration and develop- environment she is encouraged to take on ment activities in Canada’s Arctic . Walking new challenges, develop her self-esteem and the thin line between development, the conﬁ dence, motivate others and of course, environment and the traditional way of excel in the classroom. life in the North has never been easy . A number of Canadian companies through Elmwood School Highlights: decades of northern development have é Academically rigorous IB Programme amassed knowledge and are sensitive to é Outstanding graduate achievement the special circumstances of the region . It é Inspiring, dedicated faculty will be a challenge to communicate this é Small class sizes and supportive atmosphere knowledge to new players . It will also be é Creates compassionate global citizens new to regulate enterprises that have both é Builds conﬁ dent, caring leaders corporate and political motivations . Government presence: The one part of For more information on the advantages of an Elmwood education, please visit the North that is likely to play a big fea- elmwood.ca. To schedule a private ture in government budgets over the next tour, please call (613) 744-7783 or email few years is the extent to which climate [email protected]. change is affecting infrastructure, both existing and planned . With respect to existing infrastructure, thawing permafrost Inspiring girls elmwood.ca (new oxymoron) is threatening structures that were expected to have a much longer lifespan . Warming will require significant replacement of infrastructure over the next few years . New builds have to take into account a rapidly changing set of climatic conditions that will require a new set of planning assumptions . Northern infrastructure is costly and the premature replacement of significant portions of the installed base will be another funding pressure for governments . The story in Canada’s North is rapidly evolving and the next five years will be a critical period that will set the direction for the next two to three decades . Like many other areas of Canada’s policy, there will Offering Exclusive be substantial external pressures based on other nations' ambitions in the region - Rates For Diplomats and the potential push to commercialize assets . The timing is uncertain and the At Accu-Rate Corporation our For your personal extent and source of the pressures unsure, team of highly experienced currency consultation please call: but this will be an active policy space over traders and foreign banking partners Marie Boivin the period . allow us to negotiate currency prices Managing Director lower than any other currency dealer 613-596-5505 ext. 101 Thomas Townsend heads the Ottawa- or commercial institution. [email protected] based Policy Research Initiative, an organization that researches emerging issues for Canada’s federal government . Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza Information compiled by Tim Stiles, Accu-Rate Corporation Diplomat magazine intern from Carleton 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. University’s Norman Paterson School of Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 International Affairs’ master’s program .

10 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN discourse|DIPLOMATICA

Dangerous Seas

The growing threat of maritime piracy and what can be done about it

fen Osler hAmpson

he American writer and satirist Ambrose Bierce called piracy “com- Tmerce without its folly-swaddles, just as God made it ”. Piracy is one of the world’s oldest professions, certainly as old as merchant shipping itself . Since ancient times, traders who have plied the seas have risked attacks from maraud- ers and buccaneers . In the ancient world, Crete and the Lipari islands were pirate patrick lennox patrick havens because of their proximity to key shipping lanes in the Mediterranean . Pi- HCMS Protecteur's boarding party approaches a suspicious dhow on the high seas in the Gulf of Oman. rates threatened the existence of both the Greek and Roman Empires for centuries . Western Cilicia — now the southern part Ocean where Somali pirates have boarded patrol area extends to almost 9,000 kilome- of Turkey bordering the Mediterranean — and hijacked everything from oil tankers tres of coastline . It is also clear that Somali was also a key centre for piracy and posed returning from the Persian Gulf to cruise piracy is a booming growth industry with a growing threat to the Roman Empire as ships to fishing trawlers to even small estimates placing the number of pirates at it expanded eastward into the territories pleasure craft piloted by unsuspecting close to 2,000 who are members of some of Asia Minor . Julius Caesar himself was yachters . Many of these attacks take place seven “syndicates” which are controlled, captured by Cilician pirates and only re- far out at sea at distances that exceed 1,000 financed and brokered by “bosses” who leased after his captives were paid a tidy nautical miles from Somalia’s coastal capi- operate out of Kenya, Dubai, Lebanon, ransom of 25 silver “talents ”. tal city of Mogadishu . Somalia, and even Russia . The so-called “Golden Age” of piracy, In 2009, of the 406 reported piracy in- Although some, including Chantale however, was the late 17th and early 18th cidents worldwide, more than half (217) Lavigne, CBC’s Radio-Canada reporter Century when buccaneers, supported by originated in Somalia . In some instances, for The National, attribute Somalia’s piracy the English crown, attacked Spanish and captured crew and vessels have been held problem to overfishing by foreign fleets in French galleons as they returned from the for many months until ransom has been Somali waters and the illegal dumping of New World laden with gold and silver paid for their release . Ransom payments toxic and radioactive wastes on Somalia’s treasure . Piracy played a key role in bring- have soared into the millions of dol- shores, there is no real hard evidence that ing the Spanish Empire to its knees . One lars . Earlier this year, a Greek-owned oil Somali pirates are former fishers who have of the most famous buccaneers was Sir tanker was only released after its owners lost their means of livelihood or that such Henry Morgan who was rewarded for his agreed to pay more than $5 million . By dumping has occurred .Most of the pirates efforts by gaining a knighthood and the some estimates, these attacks are costing are young men who come from one of governorship of Jamaica . the commercial shipping industry almost Somalia's two major clans and/or were Today’s buccaneers are a less glam- $100 million a year . former members of the militia who fought orous, but no less lethal lot . From the With the escalating number of attacks, in Somalia’s brutal internal civil war . Malacca Straits of Southeast Asia to the international naval, anti-piracy patrols in There are two pieces of good news in Chittagong anchorages of Bangladesh to the region increased last year . But the task this otherwise troubling picture . The first the waters off Lagos and the Bony River of has proven a daunting one . Not only is is that Somalia’s pirates do not have ties — Nigeria, mariners face the constant threat the Somali coastline vast — almost 3,000 at least not yet — to al-Shabab, the power- of attack . However, the most dangerous kilometres long — but if one includes the ful Islamic fundamentalist movement in waters in the world lie off the coast of So- entire Horn of Africa and Yemen (which the southern part of the country, which malia in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian is also a growing source of attacks) — the has links with al-Qaeda . The second is that

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 11 DIPLOMATICA|discourse

although the number of pirate attacks is thermore, Kenya has agreed to prosecute officials and communities have taken to on the upswing, the proportion of success- pirates who are apprehended, although ostracizing those who engage in piracy ful attacks — where ships are captured other regional states lack the necessary and launching community awareness and crews taken hostage — is falling . legislation or political will to cooperate campaigns to show that piracy hurts local This is because, in 2009, a combination with international efforts to provide legal interests . Does this mean the threat has of intergovernmental, regional, state, and support for direct naval action against diminished? It does not . However, there private actors mounted a collaborative pirates . is something of an evolving cooperative effort to address this threat . Combined One account summarized the picture network of global, regional, and state and efforts to deal with piracy have involved this way: “In 2009, the combined maritime non-state actors, at least in this part of the joint, ad hoc naval coordination among operations of NATO and allied forces world, to address the piracy problem . key NATO, EU and Coalition Maritime disrupted 411 pirate operations of 706 The long-term challenge will be to Forces; a major parallel role of the private encountered; delivered 269 pirates for sustain these efforts, especially to break sector, especially among those companies prosecution under prevailing legal inter- the stranglehold of Somali warlords whose ships transit these waters; the pretations to Kenya and other jurisdictions and “bosses” who bankroll and profit critical cooperation of Kenya in handling (of whom 46 were jailed); and killed 11 from piracy and to create incentives that captured pirates; and the impact of more pirates . According to the World Peace strengthen the local Somali economy and effective effort by distinct Somali non-state Foundation, the combined operations also provide alternative employment oppor- entities .Although there is no unified com- destroyed 42 pirate vessels; confiscated 14 tunities for Somali youths . As Indonesia’s mand structure among the three naval boats, hundreds of small arms, nearly 50 own successful efforts to combat piracy in contingents, there has been extensive co- rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and the Straits of Malacca have shown, local ordination at the tactical level, to deal with numerous ladders, grappling hooks, GPS authorities, alongside those of the interna- Somali pirates . receivers, mobile phones, etc ”. tional community, have a key role to play Another positive development is im- At the end of day, naval operations are in curbing piracy and armed robbery in proved efforts by merchant shipping ultimately no substitute for greater efforts their littoral waters . lines to protect their own vessels . Up to to tackle the socio-political and economic 70 percent of pirate attacks are now be- challenges within Somalia itself . Even Fen Osler Hampson is Chancellor’s Pro- ing defeated by merchant ships’ crews here, there has been some modest prog- fessor and director The Norman Paterson themselves . As a consequence, pirates ress as a result of encouraging political School of International Affairs Carleton face significant risks and less likelihood of developments in the autonomous regions University reward if they attack merchant ships . Fur- of Somaliland and Puntland, where local

12 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN good deeds|DIPLOMATICA

For the love of The children listened intently for several chapters and then assembled in the church reading basement where they expressed their early impressions of the book through drawings and crafts based on its themes . “They were all quiet enough that I was abine Witschel recently spent the able to continue reading,” Ms Witschel night sleeping on a mattress on the said . Sfloor in a church with a bunch of After some pizza and sweets, the chil- children aged eight to 13 . “You don’t often dren were getting tired so they crawled have the chance to sleep in front of an al- into their sleeping bags and Ms Witschel tar,” joked Ms Witschel, who is married to set up a chair and continued to read until German Ambassador Georg Witschel . about midnight when almost all the chil- But the real reason she did it was to fos- dren were asleep . ter a love of reading in a group of children The next morning, the children insisted who also have an interest in improving that the ambassador’s wife finish reading their German . And, as a member of the the book to them . congregation of the church, it’s something “It’s a very funny story about a crimi- Frank S cheme

Sabine Witschel enthusiastically agreed to read a children’s novel to a group of eight- to thirteen-year- olds who were having a sleepover at the German Martin Luther Church this winter. She also slept over. she plans to do again next year . nal,” she said . “They wanted to hear the The sleepover — dubbed the first Ger- end of it ”. man Reading Night for Kids — took place More than half of the children were at the German Martin Luther Church in Canadians, Ms Witschel guessed, and all Little Italy and attracted 20 children, one of them had some connection — often a of whom was Ms Witschel’s 12-year-old German-speaking parent — to her native daughter, Christina . tongue . “It was a lot of fun,” she said . The children assembled early in the Organizer Julia Hurrelmann said the evening, at about 6:30 p .m ., and Ms event was a great success and they hope to Witschel started reading from a recently do it again next year . published, award-winning novel called In Germany, reading nights such as Rico, Oskar und die Tieferschatten (Rico, Os- this have a long tradition . They usually kar and the Deeper Shadows) by Andreas combine public readings, a sleepover at Steinhoefel . The mystery draws on Erich an unusual location (such as a library, a Kästner’s classic novels . The protagonist, school or a church) and activities such as Rico, who is investigating a crime, has crafting and cooking . been compared to a young Forrest Gump “It can no longer be taken for granted — a little bit slower than most people, but that parents read to their children,” Ms smart in his own way . Witschel said . “Things get even more com- “It’s based in Berlin so I brought a big plicated if German immigrants try to raise map of Berlin and we had pictures of the their kids bilingual or trilingual . How can street where the action takes place,” Ms such kids find the quiet and peaceful mo- Witschel said . ments needed to get lost in a book?” D

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 13 DIPLOMATICA|diplomatic agenda

Ukraine-Canada: Sharing everything from people to trade

the president, Leonid in Edmonton in June 2010 . The main Kuchma, to Canada topics for discussion will be cooperation FIRST NAME: Ihor in 1994 . in agricultural, nuclear energy, finance In recent years, sectors as well as economic partnerships NAME: Ostash LAST those relations between the regions . In March, we’re plan- CITIZENSHIP: Ukrainian have deepened . ning a Toronto Canada-Ukraine aerospace AS We have achieved partnership and technology forum and in PRESENTED CREDENTIALS Jan. 30, 2007 an intense political April, a seminar dedicated to cooperation AMBASSADOR: dialogue and major in the pharmaceutical business . Member of previous jobs: achievements in the On the subject of cooperation in aero- Parliament in Ukraine social, humanitarian space, I must mention a big bilateral a n d e c o n o m i c project we started last year when the spheres . After an National Space Agency of Ukraine signed exchange of visits an agreement with Canada’s MacDonald, by foreign minis- Dettwiler and Associates Ltd . (MDA) to ters in 2007, then presi- launch the first Ukrainian satellite com- dent Victor Yushchenko, paid a state visit ext year, Canada and Ukraine to Canada in 2008 and addressed a joint will mark 120 years of common session of the House of Commons and the Nhistory — that’s how long it’s Senate . The same year, Canada recognized been since the first Ukrainian immigrants the Holodomor, the famine of 1932-33 arrived in Canada . Since that time, the brought on by Stalin’s policies, as genocide Ukrainian-Canadian community, more against the Ukrainian people . That position than 1 .2 million strong, has been con- was strengthened by Canada’s co-author- tributing to Canada’s political develop- ship of resolutions honouring the memory ment, prosperity and cultural diversity . of its victims by the UN General Assembly, The latter moved into the mainstream UNESCO and the Organization for Secu- of Canadian concerns in 1964 with the rity and Co-operation in Europe . establishment of a Canadian policy on Last year, we welcomed Gov . Gen . multiculturalism, written by Paul Yuzyk, Michaëlle Jean to Ukraine, a visit that a senator of Ukrainian descent . This im- was later followed by one from House portant human dimension gives Ukraine- of Commons Speaker Peter Milliken . In Canada relations a special and even September 2009, the heads of our foreign unique character . Such common history, ministries resurrected the practice of an- as well as our common values and inter- nual bilateral meetings, and during the ests, enhances our relations as partners 64th Session of the UN General Assembly, and allies . they signed the Road Map of Ukraine- As such, it came as no surprise that Canada relations . It defined a new level Canada became the first Western country of co-operation between our states, and to recognize Ukraine’s independence after the signing ceremony, Foreign Min- in December 1991, following a vote by ister Lawrence Cannon said Ukraine is Ukraine's citizens in a referendum on infor Canada a key European partner and dependence . Canada will strongly support Ukraine’s As Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Euro-Atlantic aspirations . We highly value Harper said, no Western country has closer Canada’s support in this regard, particu- ties to Ukraine than Canada, which has al- larly clear statements made by Ms Jean Viktor Yushchenko, president of Ukraine from 2005 ways supported freedom and democracy and Mr . Harper . to 2010, visited Canada in 2008 and addressed a for Ukraine and will support Ukraine’s Our high-level political dialogue in joint session of the House of Commons and Senate. right to determine its own destiny, with- 2009 culminated in a December meeting out interference from outside interests . between Ukrainian Foreign Minister Petro munication system . Export Development Early evidence of our strong partner- Poroshenko and his Canadian colleague, Canada has contributed $254 million to ship began in 1992 when then foreign Lawrence Cannon, in Brussels . this project . The communication system, minister, Barbara McDougall, visited Bilateral economic co-operation has among the other things, will serve for Ukraine, followed by a visit from then become a cornerstone in Ukraine-Canada broadcasting the 2012 Euro-Cup soccer Governor General Ramon Hnatyshyn, relations with both sides paying close at- championship to be co-hosted by Ukraine another prominent Canadian of Ukrainian tention to bilateral business forums . The and Poland . descent . That was followed by a visit of next of these is scheduled to take place But perhaps the most important recent

14 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN diplomatic agenda|DIPLOMATICA

development was a decision to start negotiations about free trade agreement between the two countries, an idea cemented during a visit by then international trade minister Stockwell Day . Two months later, our countries held preliminary consulta- tions . A free trade agreement would boost cooperation not only in trade but other fields such as nuclear energy, agriculture, and gas and oil production and transportation . We are interested in Canada’s expertise in transportation of energy resources and gas pipeline maintenance, taking into account Canada’s responsibility for some of most important oil and gas pipelines in the world . Canadian companies could also take part in projects connected with condensed gas terminal construction and offshore production of oil and gas in the Black and Azov Seas . Today, we are striving to further develop cultural ties with Canada . We have decided, for example, to open a consulate- general in Edmonton, to strengthen the consular presence of Ukraine in Ottawa and Toronto . At the same time, we also hope Canada will introduce a visa-free regime for Ukrainians, as our country did for Canadian citizens in 2005 . This will promote not only the humanitarian but also the economic aspects of our relations . The federal government is a strong sup- porter of Ukrainian democracy, and this is reflected by the fact that more than 300 Canadian observers monitored Ukraine’s 2010 presidential elections . Following the election, Mr . Harper congratulated president-elect Viktor Yanu- kovych on his victory, saying that Canada and Ukraine have a strong and significant relationship, based on the shared values of human rights, peace and democracy . He emphasized that Ukraine is a key partner for Canada in Europe, and has an important role in the development of democracy and security in the region . Offering Free Canada’s value of friendship with - Ukraine was marked by the participation Courier Service of Peter Kent, minister of state of foreign affairs, in Viktor Yanukovych’s inaugura- Always ensuring the best service for For your personal tion . the diplomatic community, Accu-Rate consultation please call: Neither political developments nor eco- Corporation offers free courier service Marie Boivin nomic difficulties can impede a deepening for embassy currency exchanges and Managing Director 613-596-5505 ext. 101 of Ukraine-Canada relations . The solid payroll conversion. [email protected] background has been established and joint efforts should be further evolved for mutual benefit between two nations that Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza really share common values and interests . Accu-Rate Corporation 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. Ihor Ostash is Ukraine's ambassador to Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 Canada . www.accu-rate.ca

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 15 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

Cuba-U.S. relations are no better with Obama

For someone who comes from the working . We have different projects in Caribbean, Cuban Ambassador Teresita the Caribbean area and that has been an Vicente Sotolongo has had her share of rela- important subject . This was a difficult tively chilly postings. In addition to Ottawa, year for Cuba in terms of economics — where she arrived in the fall of 2008, she for Cuba and the rest of the world — but has been posted to Finland, Sweden and we coped with that and we are working Denmark. She joined Foreign Affairs this year to complete the recovery and to in 1981 and was most recently Cuba’s go further in our relations with our Latin ambassador to Switzerland before American neighbours and allies . a five-year stint at headquarters, I should say we are also now in prepa- which led to her current position. rations for the Congress of Communist She recently spoke with Jennifer Youth . This is for good discussions among Campbell, Diplomat’s editor. youth about their role in society, what they foresee for the future of Cuba . This is very Diplomat Magazine: Would you important because they are the future . like to start by talking about the anniversaries (51st anniversary DM: Are the youth fairly conventional or of the Cuban Revolution and the do they bring new ideas? 65th year of diplomatic relations TVS: Oh no, youngsters are never conven- with Canada) that you’re marking? tional . They have new ideas . They want Teresita Vicente Sotolongo: First, we will to be active in progressing economically, mark the anniversary of the revolution, to be efficient, to know how they could which is our national day . And I would do it in a better way . And, at the same say that we are celebrating the passing of time, they recognize that we have good the 50th anniversary in (what was) a very things to give for the future, which is our hard year, coping with the international independence and the level of society — financial crisis but also keeping many of what we have in terms of public health, our advantages . In Cuba, public health pensions for old people . Cuban society is and education have required a lot of getting older and this is a social and eco- efforts from the Cuban people and the nomic problem they will deal with . government . This was also a year of devastation . In DM: Did Cuba weather the international December 2008, there were extreme hur- financial storm better than other coun- ricanes and the last one destroyed about tries in the region? a half-million houses . In some areas, it TVS: It was hard, but better (for us) be- was like a bomb had dropped . We coped cause we had plans . There is also no cor- last year with the recovery of that, during ruption . Every single peso of aid is used an international economic crisis . At the in the correct way and this is important . same time, we have made big efforts in And, from the point of view of the econ- foreign trade, to diversify relations with omy, Canada has played a very important Russia . There were important delegation role . We receive almost a million Cana- exchanges as well with Venezuela, China, dian tourists, most of them from Quebec and Canada, which is Cuba’s fourth larg- but also from the rest of the provinces . est trading partner . (Spain is third ). WestJet has started new flights to Cuba . In addition, last year was a year of I think we have a lot of things to be consolidation of ALBA (the Bolivarian happy about . Talking about the 65th an- Alliance for the Americas), which is made niversary of diplomatic relations between up of Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Canada and Cuba: In fact, our relationship Dominica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Saint Vin- goes back further . We’ve had trade for 100 cent and the Grenadines, and Venezuela, years now . The 65 years of a diplomati- and emphasizes mutual economic aid cally mature relationship between neigh- over trade liberalization) . This is very bours is such a remarkable thing . We’ve important for the Cuban economic devel- never had problems in our bilateral rela- opment and in Latin America also — not tions . We can discuss any subject . Even in only politics, which is there — but also families, sometimes fathers and children from the economic point of view . We now don’t always agree on everything but they have a Bank of ALBA, we have founda- can talk about things . I think we have a dyanne wilson dyanne tions, we have funds for culture and it’s very solid, mature, stable relationship, no

16 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

matter about the international situation, TVS: I think they feel as I do . I am proud strong-willed to still be active in the way no matter the internal situation in our of Fidel . I think he’s brave . I think he has he can . I see him as a father . He’s healthy, countries, and this is more remarkable sacrificed his life, his personal life for he’s writing and I’m happy for that, that when you think that we have a neighbour example, to do something he believed in . he’s still there, being useful . I think most in between us that is not capable of hav- I see him now, at his age, and he’s very of the people in Cuba feel the same way . ing such a mature relationship with Cuba . In times where a lot of countries in Latin America and the Americas were cutting Besfobmjof!pg!epxoupxo/!Tfsfojuz!pg!b!tvjuf/ ties with Cuba, Canada said ‘No, we want to have a normal diplomatic relationship ’. It shows that Canada has its own position ¦!!Epxoupxo!mpdbujpo-!dmptf!up!tipqt!'!buusbdujpot! and its own interests . We are now mark- ¦!!Tqbdjpvt!tvjuft!xjui!gvmm!ljudifot-!fotvjuf!mbvoesz! ing 51 years without diplomatic relations ¦!!Gjuoftt!dfousf!xjui!joepps!qppm-!fyfsdjtf!sppn! with the States, and keeping good ones ¦!!Dpnqmjnfoubsz!35.ipvs!cvtjoftt!dfousf ¦!!Gsff!mpdbm!dbmmt!'!xjsfmftt!ijhi.tqffe!Joufsofu with Canada . Now we must further that relationship . Canada and Cuba are coop- Jefbm!gps!tipsu!boe!mpoh!ufsn!tubzt" erating in food security, environment, and education . There are Canadian Studies programs in seven different universities in Cuba . We also want to attract more Cana- Sftfswf!po.mjof;!xxx/mft.tvjuft/dpn!!0!!!241!Cfttfsfs!Tusffu!¦!724.343.3111!¦!2.911.378.2:9:!!! dian business to Cuba, and I’d like to see more Cuban products in Canada .

DM: What products would you like to see 5)& more of? TVS: More agricultural products — we are 456%*0 exporting some coffee but not enough, PG also juices of mango and other fruits . DPODFQUVBM There are juices from Asia here, but not from Cuba . We have the means to do this . %&4*(/4 These are the things that keep me awake (at night) and keep me busy .

DM: What is Cuba’s place in the world? TVS: I think we have achieved a place in international relations . It’s not because we want others to do what we did or what we are doing . It’s because we’re an example of a country that is small, not very powerful from an economic point of view, but we’ve shown that you can develop economic resources to be present . I think Cuba has a place because it shows how a small country can contribute at an international level to humanity . And, at the same time, can contribute internally to give people many options in life .

DM: Surely the political system plays a role in what you see as Cuba’s example? TVS: Not the political system . We have never said that we want people to be so- cialists . We believe that this is the choice of the people . Being socialist, if you are independent and you have the right policies, it benefits people, and it benefits your country and other countries . Some countries get in trouble for having rela- 698 COOPER ST. OTTAWA ONTARIO K1R 6C6

tions with Cuba but they are still there .

456%*0 $" 88 DM: How do most Cubans feel about Fi- 888456%*0$" del Castro?

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 17 DIPLOMATICA|Questions asked

We are past the difficult times . He didn’t people expected . We had the expectation throw in the towel, he kept working . of so many different administrations — Democrats and Republicans . We know DM: The Organization of American States what the blockade is and we know the ULLE BAUM has voted to lift the ban on Cuba’s mem- forces inside the United States who are bership . Why does Cuba resist joining? against lifting the blockade . There are TVS: We decided not to join and we people who support the lobby against think this is historical justice because Cuba and they are active . And Mr . Obama Cuba was sanctioned because the U .S . has too many priorities and things to and Latin American countries cut rela- solve . He could do things to show his Cultural and tions with us . Canada and Mexico said will but he hasn’t . He can approve some no — they were the only two countries travel to Cuba . that said no . Now we have relations with Diplomatic every single country — except for one . DM: But it seems as though the health- Frankly speaking, we aren’t interested care debates have usurped the travel ban in being part of the OAS because we bills introduced last year in the Senate Events Planner don’t think the organization has changed and House of Representatives . (Some enough . We don’t see that the organiza- American politicians favour lifting a tion is capable of acting and obtaining Cold War-era travel ban that is part of a results in the sense that Latin America 48-year-old U .S . trade embargo against needs . We don’t trust the organization Cuba . The bills were introduced last year and there should be trust . But it was an when President Obama was promising to [email protected] act of justice when they lifted the ban on improve relations with Cuba .) Cuba . There were a lot of countries that TVS: And it seems that it’s no longer on pressed for that . the political agenda of Congress . There tel.: 613-240-4622 are things (President Obama) could do, DM: Relations with the U .S . under Barack but no . He has said he’d prefer one good Obama are less chilly but will they ever term to two bad ones so who knows be warm? what’s next? I cannot be optimistic at this TVS: Not better in the sense that some moment . It seems it is not progressing . D

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1809737 diplomat half page GR ad 05-09 v4.indd 1 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN5/25/09 1:05:45 PM DETECTION|DIPLOMATICA

Reading the signs of criminal conduct

How micro expressions, body language and vocals betray us

By Donna Brown

By a man’s fingernails, by his coat-sleeve, by his boots, by his trouser-knees, by the cal- luses on his forefinger and thumb, by his expression, by his shirt-cuffs, by his movements — by each of these things a man’s calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent enquirer in any case is almost inconceivable. – Sir Arthur Conon Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes novel: A Study in Scarlet, 1892

o me, there is nothing sweeter than catching the bad guy . In order to do Tthat, you have to know how to read people . When it comes to reading signs and signals, some people appear especially sensitive . You could call it intuition . But I think it’s more based on what they experienced as children — when their physical survival depended upon a perceptive appreciation of ambient environmental cues . (Has Daddy been drinking? Did Mommy slam the door?) Yet fortunately, most people can be trained to pick up a range of information communicated through non-verbal behaviour . I have spent 36 years in law enforcement — as a police officer (Toronto Police Service), as a private investigator and now as a customs officer with Canada Border Services Agency . I’ve had the opportunity to work with some exceptional people and am fortunate to have studied the techniques for recognizing deception, spotting liars and identifying potential security risks . My training began early in my career with detectives telling me always to keep my eye on the people I was questioning and always to listen to them . Keep them talking . Gradually, the same “strong indicators” (as police officers call them) appear over and over — and you soon become good at spotting behavioural cues . As a cop, I saw the best and worst in people; I saw first-hand the panic, fear, grief, happiness, contempt and guilt that observation and curiosity (you have to be established that certain character traits, are integral to human existence . On oc- able to ask the tough questions and you nuances and cues mean certain things . casion, I even saw regret and remorse . It have to heed your intuition .) But there is Ignoring these cues — the “strong indica- is an important skill to know when these more to behavioural analysis than this . It tors” — may leave people more vulner- emotions are genuine and when they is an art . It is also science . able to criminal conduct than they need aren’t . Part of this ability rests on simple Behavioural research has definitively to be . Non-verbal behaviour, indeed, can

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 19 DIPLOMATICA|DETECTION

Steepling: Feeling confident Hand rubbing: Expectation Leg extension: Dominance account for as much as 70 percent of our danger . second . During this split-second oppor- communication . The most revealing of these emotions tunity to glimpse honest reactions, people Knowing how to read these signs is im- show up on our face . Seven universal display their emotion unprotected . While portant in many situations — for an em- emotions are generally recognized — an- it is currently impossible to know what a ployer interviewing a potential employee, ger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, subject thinks (unless the person honestly for a student speaking to a professor, for sadness, and surprise . Each of these emo- discloses it), it is possible to detect what he a visa applicant, for a suspect being inter- tions is expressed culturally in the same or she feels . viewed by a police officer, for a customs I’ve arrested all kinds of people from officer at the border, or a parent seeking all walks of life, from the rich to the poor, the truth from a child . Indeed, a customs Naïve or not, I had from those in the public eye to the ‘un- officer often has about 1/25th of a second touchables ’. I’ve got the stories . to catch a crucial expression and decide to felt uncomfortable admit, turn away or investigate a person . THE CHARMING MURDERER Getting to the truth can be a daunting about the “charming” I was a young police officer in Toronto task in the best of circumstances, partly back in the 1970s and it was a homicide because most people skilfully mask their man in apt. 101, but that brought me to apartment 101 . A emotions . young girl had been viciously raped and People mask their emotions in various could not peg why. I murdered in her apartment . Our task, as ways, using them as an invisible shield rookie cops, was to canvas the neighbours for their own privacy and to bolster their in hope of obtaining information that self-protection . The stronger the shield, followed my instincts. would solve this heinous crime . the harder it becomes to read the signals It was a tall, dark-haired, handsome that people send . Most child molesters, Soon we learned that man who answered my knock . I’m sure I fraud artists, psychopaths and terrorists was blushing as I showed him a picture know how to penetrate people’s shields our handsome devil of our victim and asked questions . Did he in a matter of minutes . They know how to know her? Had he seen her with anyone “read” people’s clothing, grooming habits, was in fact our young in the building? He looked quickly at the body language, housekeeping practices girl’s picture and said he had never seen and even possessions, such as the car they victim’s rapist and her . His skin colour went slightly white drive . — evidence of fear — and his breathing Human emotions have evolved over murderer. pattern changed — evidence of higher the millennia, part of our very genetic anxiety . But he was, after all, talking to the makeup and our autonomic nervous police and these were emotional indicators system (ANS) . The ANS functions below that we often saw . human consciousness, controlling such way . However, what prompts an emo- I thought the man “charming ”. I should life-sustaining processes as heart rate, tional response can vary from one culture have thought of him as “a charmer,” respiration, digestion and sexual arousal . to another . While emotions are universal, which is a different thing altogether . Dev- These processes are hard-wired in us . We we are culturally trained to control them . ilishly handsome, he took complete con- can control them only with training and, Herein lies the critical opportunity to trol of our conversation and manipulated even then, with limited result . detect deceit in other people, to make “lie it . As I left, I made a note beside his name Like every other aspect of our ANS, detection” possible . Because emotions are “detective to return ”. Naïve or not, I had our emotions have developed over time hard-wired, we express them before we felt uncomfortable about the charming for good reason . On an individual basis, are aware of them . Research by Dr . Paul man in apt . 101, but could not peg why . our emotions are organized to increase the Ekman, a world-renowned California- I followed my instincts . Soon we learned chances of survival in a dangerous world . based expert in micro-expressions, shows that our handsome devil was in fact our In a collective basis, they provide human- that they precede a person’s awareness young victim’s rapist and murderer . ity with signalling devices that alert us to of their facial expression by 1/25th of a It is a simple fact; serial killers —

20 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN DETECTION|DIPLOMATICA

Disgust Evaluating Mouth wiping: Feeling uncomfortable among them Ted Bundy, John Wayne compliance officers need better training, “preppie killer” who stole Jennifer Levin’s Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer and Paul Bernardo including interviewing skills and the abil- life, showed no remorse for his crime even — were famously charming or more pre- ity to read people . And they need to learn after serving 16 years in jail . During an cisely charmers . to follow their instincts .” He adds mischie- interview on CBS’s popular crime series Other signs: Criminal charmers are vously: “It would be nice if we could keep 48 Hours Mystery, Chambers held his often glib and superficial, operate with a the Rolex watches ”. hands in the praying position — fingers grandiose sense of self-worth and excel at interlocked . Perhaps if God were listen- pathological lying . PERSONAL PROTECTION ing, he could get through the interview U S. . airline pilot Robert Thompson doesn't unscathed . Chambers jutted his chin out WHITE COLLAR CRIME know why he turned around and left the (defiance) and his vocals turned into a White collar crime always falls to the bot- convenience store shortly after entering it mere whisper (vocal deception) when he tom of the list when talking about serious to buy magazines . Later, he read about the denied using drugs in jail . criminal behaviour . These criminals are shootings . He could not explain it himself . The most telling of “tells” was his also the most difficult criminals to catch . What does the mind take in, in the blink “duping delight” — that certain smirk that I have often said: “If you want to see lies of an eye? “It was a gut feeling” he later says “I know something you don’t know ”. and deception, read someone’s resumé ”. said . Eventually he broke out into a laugh, just Many white collar criminals hold, or Perhaps Mr . Thompson did see the two as Ted Bundy once did when asked if he have held, positions of power and trust . occupants waiting outside the store in had any intent on escaping from jail, one They can be famous publishers, heads the car while the motor was running on week before he did, in fact, escape . of banks and investment firms, CEOs or that hot summer day . Perhaps it was the senior government officials . Some, when look on the store clerk’s face, his darting THE MESSAGES OUR BODIES SEND caught, show up in court wearing their glances, or did he notice the store clerk We look to three main sources of infor- Armani suits and Rolex watches . Stealing, was focused on watching the man in the mation in body language — technically money laundering and keeping the pro- store — the man wearing the big heavy designated as emblems, manipulators and ceeds of their crime — I have often won- overcoat? Whatever it was, when his little illustrators . dered why, when we prosecute a fraud, voice told him to leave, he obeyed . Emblems range from referee’s hand sig- we never seem to go after the proceeds of Gavin de Becker, a leading U .S . author- nals for “time out” to secret greetings by that crime? ity on personal protection and survival, organized crime members . These signals From the smooth-talking to the difficult tells us this tale in his New York Times best- include: OK, stop, come here, be quiet, to spot, Garry Clement has seen them all . selling book The Gift of Fear . (One of my and peace to all mankind . Coded hand The retired RCMP senior officer and ex- favourite quotes: “Why is it when a man language is how gang members can suc- chief of Cobourg Police now runs his own says No, it means No and when a woman cessfully communicate with one another consulting firm, White-Collar Consult- says No, it is the beginning of a negotia- and not say one word . That is why I tell ing & Investigative Group (www .wccig . tion?”) cops to separate their suspects at a road- org) . Considered one of North America’s Mr . de Becker, a well-known psycholo- side stop while the officers are interview- leading experts in anti-money launder- gist, has listened to victims’ stories for ing them . ing, Mr . Clement says these criminals are years and has concluded that all the warn- There is a danger in using body lan- “extremely aggressive in nature and could ing signs were there of a clear and present guage of this kind in foreign countries win an academy award for best con-artists danger . He says that we are surrounded because they are often culturally distinc- — they do this all without any conscience by danger and the threat of violence every tive . There is a famous story about Presi- at all .” day . We have to learn to trust and act on dent George Bush, Sr . in Australia, where First working on money laundering our gut instincts in order to stay safe . If he flashed a V for Victory sign to the with the RCMP in 1983, before legisla- you read this book, it could one day save well-wishers outside his limousine . Only tion was in place, Mr . Clement helped to your life . problem was that he had his palms facing develop indicators that would spot con in so he showed the back of his hand, en- artists . He says: “Audits and checks must DUPING DELIGHT thusiastically signalling “up yours” to the be in place to catch these people . The Robert Chambers, better known as the crowds . Oops .

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Manipulator’s expressions include touching one’s own body — scratching one’s face or arms or playing with hair . These habits can express deception, dis- comfort and anxiety . Often when people are experiencing stress, they will fidget or attempt to touch objects . Illustrators are cues that include body- language gestures that mimic the spoken word with expansive hand gestures for emphasis, such as telling a story with one’s hands or giving directions .

MICRO EXPRESSIONS Dr . Paul Ekman, who discovered micro expressions while carrying on research first discovered by Charles Darwin, found that the 43 muscles of the face can produce clearly visible, universally interpretable

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22 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN DETECTION|DIPLOMATICA

yourself-up grooming gestures . Control No matter what walk of life you are in, On Christmas Day 2009, Nigerian gestures range from covering one’s mouth, reading people right or wrong can have Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab made it to keep from speaking, to keeping one’s serious consequences . It’s not always all the way from Amsterdam to Detroit . hand in one’s pockets . about negotiations, interviewing for a job, Indicators of potential risk — a cash pas- Whatever the movement, one must or politics . It can also be about keeping senger without luggage — went either always think: Does the body language our country safe, and about our very own unnoticed or ignored . Mr . Abdul Mu- match the verbiage? survival . tallab went through security, through the Machines are getting way too much airport and onto the plane undetected MY YOUNG DRUG MULE hype these days . We are losing our ability until his bomb started to burn inside He was a young man arriving back in to read people . If you don’t talk to strang- his pants . It was a visual (and not me- Canada and coming off a flight from a ers, if you don’t ask the right questions, chanical) backstop . Body scanners, bomb tropical island . I put him in his early 20s . how will you spot a potential threat? detection dogs and video security are It was the profuse sweat I noticed first . Start with the basics — the interview . great tools . However, to rely on machines He looked peaked . I could see the whites Most people are at a loss due to inexperi- alone is wrong . of his eyes — an indicator of fear . His lips ence in talking to people . They lack the After all, it is only humans that send were dehydrated and thin, yet he main- ability of “getting to the truth .” Lies and messengers of intuition — nagging feel- tained eye contact . His hands trembled deception are the wheels that turn com- ings, apprehension, fear, anxiety, wonder, as he gave me his passport . It was his munication and the truth is like islands in curiosity . Who will assess the gait, who will voice that betrayed him . He whispered his a sea of deception . It is our job to discover hear the vocal intonations, who will regis- responses to my questions, as though he those islands . ter the all-too-human responses and physi- and I shared a secret — his body packing The Israelis know this well . They have cal signs? Who, except another human? of hash oil . engaged in counter-terrorism for a long In our fast-paced, electronic society of time and are among the very best in the Internet, Facebook and texting, we have MAN VS MACHINE detection of risks . Tel Aviv Airport em- lost our opportunity to develop our skills Technology is not going to save us. Our com- ploys university students, working part- in reading people, which allows the preda- puters, our tools, our machines are not enough. time, simply to observe passengers and to tor easy access to his target . We have to rely on our intuition, our true spot risks . These students are thoroughly being. trained by experts in the field of detect- Donna Brown is a federal customs officer . — Joseph Campbell, author and my- ing deception and potential pre-violence thologist behaviour .

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Jim Prentice takes part in a plenary session at the Copenhagen Summit. M artin C hartrand

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As environment minister and a Calgary member of parliament, Jim Prentice must reconcile two sides of his job — the problem of climate change with the economic engine that is the oilsands of Alberta From coal mine to Copenhagen

By Donna Jacobs

Environment Minister Jim Prentice is at home in his museum-like corner office in the Confederation Building in downtown Ottawa. Besides occupying the same space during his 18 months as Indian Affairs and Northern Development Minister, he furnished it from his own pocket and to his taste — “comfortable” — with brown leather predominating. His office doubles as a gallery where a personal collection of Indian masks share wall space with art borrowed from Indian Affairs’ large collection in Gatineau. Near his desk, a totem pole faces entrants.

is whirlwind office tour Diplomat: In terms of clean energy pro- we will need in Canada to harmonize with takes you to the hockey duction, what are your three most impor- the United States and to fulfill our interna- corner — photos of his fa- tant environmental goals? tional obligations . ther, Eric, who was Toronto Jim Prentice: My first goal is to get the Co- Maple Leaf’s youngest penhagen Accord in place — for Canada DM: In your third goal, are you talking player ever, of his uncle, Dean, a 22-year to fulfil its responsibilities in support of about regulations — hard regulations? veteranH of the NHL, and of the Calgary the accord, to (help) translate it from an JP: One of the challenges at present is the Longhorns hockey team Minister Prentice agreement in principle into a full and uncertainty in the United States about played on . In a great family photo befit- binding international treaty . whether they are prepared to embrace ting his preference for outdoor activities, My second goal is to pursue the Clean a cap and trade system or, alternatively, he and his wife and three daughters pose Energy Dialogue with the United States whether they will do something which beneath a sprawling tree . And on the with the view to achieving continental is different — which is a regulatory ap- wall opposite is a photo cluster from his harmonization . This is in keeping with proach to dealing with emissions . other great sport — politics . He and Prime our stated intent to secure an international The entire issue of climate change and Minister Stephen Harper grin from under agreement and then to harmonize conti- energy consumption and energy produc- huge white Calgary Stampede cowboy nentally within that framework, setting tion for Canada are inextricably connected hats — not far from more intense photos of the same targets as the United States . (with these decisions) . his political team during Question Period . My third goal is to deal with the do- The fit and affable minister is as happy mestic policy framework within the over- DM: What timeline do you have on these to field sticky questions on the oilsands all international framework, going beyond three goals? How fast can things move? — they’re an economic blessing that also Kyoto and approaching global emissions Many people are very riled up by the deserve environmental caution — to what from a different perspective, namely from Copenhagen Accord . Some people think books he reads at the end of a long day the Copenhagen perspective . This goal that life as we know it on Planet Earth is (history and mystery .) requires that we flesh out the policies that about the come to an end or that we are d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 25 Di spatches|profile

entering an era of extreme climatic and social turmoil . JP: Well, Canada is not an island . We need to move ahead in concert with our international partners and also with our continental partners . The timelines are not simply driven by Canada’s objectives and preferences . Frankly, we’d like to see it done as soon as possible . But we’re mindful that the process of convert- ing Copenhagen into an international binding treaty will take some time . As I recall, Kyoto took almost three years . I think that Kyoto was a learning process so presumably most of the work can be done in 2010 . The process of harmonization with the United States will continue to evolve . Our policy has been very clear that our economy, our environment, our link to the United States — we share the same economic space, we share the same environmental space and we share the same energy space . In fact, we occupy together the largest free market energy system in the world . We have to proceed on a continental basis . That is the fundamental underpinning of our policy and that will not change .

DM: What do you say to the people who are disappointed with the outcome of Copenhagen? Jason R ansom JP: Firstly, I don’t agree with them . If one is acquainted with the facts, Copenhagen Mr. Prentice consults with Prime Minister Stephen Harper at Copenhagen. He says he thinks the funda- is a turning point from a regime that has mental achievement with the Copenhagen Accord is the fact that the countries agreed, in principle, that everyone who emits carbon has a responsibility to reduce emissions. not worked . Empirically, Kyoto has not worked . That’s demonstrable . But more than that, if you look at why Accord is (the fact that) we’ve agreed in ing data just a couple of days ago . From it hasn’t worked, it’s clear that the unful- principle for the first time that everybody my own perspective, personally, I am not filled promise of Kyoto really rests on the who emits carbon will have responsibili- a scientist . I’m a lawyer . I don’t approach fact that the United States never ratified it . ties to reduce their emissions . this as a scientist . I strongly believe in And countries such as China, India and These obligations may be expressed science; I strongly believe in empiricism . Brazil, which represent the lion’s share of slightly differently for a developed coun- I read everything I can get my hands on future emissions, had no obligations to re- try as compared to a developing country . about the science of climate change . I duce their carbon output . Frankly, it never But, all in all, everyone will have carbon find the books published on this subject could have worked . reduction obligations . It will be longer- are quite fascinating . My own conclusion term in focus . It is essentially what has is that the overwhelming weight of the DM: So people shouldn’t be nostalgic for been described as a pledge-and-review science would indicate that man-made Kyoto? model where countries will post their emissions are contributing to a build-up JP: I don’t disparage Kyoto . It was an im- objectives, their targets, and eventually of carbon in the atmosphere and that the portant first step but it hasn’t worked . It also their carbon-reduction plans . Then constructive thing to do, the wise thing to couldn’t have worked . It’s important for they will be reviewed internationally to do, would be to reduce those emissions . the world to find a different approach . judge their progress . I think it’s a better I approach it as a good old-fashioned Canada has been quite outspoken on this approach, a better model . I think it will conservationist and say, ‘Let’s mitigate for several years and has worked very work . the risk . Let’s reduce the emissions . Let’s hard, over the last year in particular, to consume less energy . Let’s green up our replace Kyoto with a framework that DM: With the “Climategate” revelations, energy sources and reduce our consump- does work . By definition, this means which suggest that some scientific evi- tion ’. And that’s the wisest policy . something that applies to everyone who dence has been suppressed or misused, emits carbon . I think that the fundamen- what is your take on global warming? DM: There is also the precautionary prin- tal achievement with the Copenhagen JP: I was looking at some interesting poll- ciple — that, if you don’t know for sure,

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A large industrial dump truck crosses the oilsand region of Alberta, the province where Mr. Prentice resides. you err on the side of caution . bring in regulations that relate to all forms world in terms of energy and the supply JP: I don’t typically delve into the sci- of carbon emissions . and demand balance for oil . The oilsands entific debates . I do find them fascinat- are being developed at a rate which will ing . I was reading SuperFreakonomics DM: And you set targets for each industry probably see production increase from yesterday on the airplane . (Written by and each business? something in the order of 1 .2 million bar- Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, this JP: Correct . rels per day today to probably something best-selling book contains a chapter on in excess of 3 .5 million barrels per day the extraordinary complexity of climate- DM: Which you have to do anyway within 20 years . Whether production can change science .) There’s a chapter on geo- because you have to assign pollution be taken beyond 3 5. million barrels a day, engineering and climate change which is credits . up to what some people estimate could be quite interesting — but I will leave that to JP: It’s fair to say that a cap-and-trade sys- as much as five million barrels a day, re- the scientists . I think the overwhelming tem incorporates a fair degree of regula- mains to be seen . But I think a reasonable weight of the scientific evidence is pretty tion . But absent the capping and trading projection is something up to in the neigh- clear, that there has been an accumulation of carbon, you are simply going down bourhood of 3 .5 million barrels a day . of carbon in the atmosphere . a more vigorous regulatory road . And That is really essential . If you look you’re quite right . Some of that would at the work of the International Energy DM: Assuming the Americans are not happen anyway . Agency or the Foreign Relations Council going to get President Obama’s cap-and- You could go back to Turning the Cor- in the United States, or other authorities, trade legislation through the Senate, what ner, which was a policy of this government it underscores the important contribu- is your policy — Canada’s policy — on several years ago . Turning the Corner was tion that oilsands will make to North cap-and-trade? a pure regulatory approach . What the EPA American energy security . At the present JP: We’re prepared to go down one of two is talking about is a pure regulatory ap- time, about 60 percent of production goes roads on a continental basis . The first is a proach . As with cap and trade, the regula- to the United States . Most of the rest is cap-and-trade trade system which would tory approach also underscores the need consumed in Canada . This balance may essentially cap the emissions of carbon for harmonization . It means you can’t shift over time . And certainly Canada may and gradually reduce them over time . have different regulations applying to en- explore other international markets . But We’re prepared to go down that road ergy emissions from computers in Canada all things considered, the oilsands are be- with a continental cap-and-trade system . as compared to the United States . ing developed because they are economic We clearly can’t go down that road unless at this point in time . They’re needed . And the United States goes along as well . And DM: You happen to be environment min- we have the technological capacity — that decision is (pending) in the United ister as well as an Alberta MP (Calgary and I would submit the environmental States right now . Centre-North .) What is the outlook for capacity — to develop this resource on The alternative road is a regulatory ap- the oilsands in terms of Canadian, and a sustainable basis . And it is the largest proach, represented in the United States North American, energy self-sufficiency source of hydrocarbons on the planet that by the regulations (proposed) by the in the next two or three decades? is in the ownership of a stable Western Environmental Protection Agency . In the JP: Well, the oilsands are extraordinarily democratic country, and therefore open to absence of capping carbon, we simply important to North America and to the market development .

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DM: And Steam-Assisted Gravity Drain- age (SAGD), a Canadian invention that uses horizontal drilling, will change the history of the world — or already has? (See Alastair Sweeny’s profile of SAGD inventor Roger Butler, page 37.) JP: I think the short answer is yes . SAGD will be the way most of the oilsands will be developed . Only a very small percentage of the oilsands are developable through surface mining . As I recall, it’s not more than 10 percent . So 90 percent will be developed through SAGD or in situ development . (This process) raises its own challenges but it involves less surface disturbance than the pictures that we see on National Geographic . So it is more attractive in that sense . It does, however, carry with it the prospect of increased carbon emissions because essentially you use electricity to heat the reservoir . Depending on the source of electricity, your carbon footprint could actually increase on SAGD wells and in situ development .

DM: How do you feel when you open Na- tional Geographic magazine and see such an extensive pictorial exposé of the oilsands? JP: Well, a couple of things . I am an ardent arks C anada© 12.120.03.02(03)/ M . Beedell/1981 subscriber to National Geographic and I P have been since my father bought me Nahanni National Park Reserve of Canada will be expanded six-fold. a subscription when I graduated from university . I’ve subscribed since 1980 and I still do . You know the pictures of the oil- is 580 square kilometres . That’s the en- I do think we need to be careful about sands were presented in a dramatic way . I tire surface disturbance of the oilsands cumulative impacts . I think we do need have seen the oilsands, of course . But the complex . You’ll read some explanations to ensure that, as projects are brought on magazine photographs were snapshots of that there will be a disturbance the size stream, they are evaluated through a high- a large industrial facility . of Florida . That just isn’t the case . A very quality environmental process — and they I worked in coal mines to put myself small portion of the oilsands is available to are — and (that) the cumulative impacts through university and law school (Uni- surface mining . So 580 square kilometres are part of that equation . And they are, as versity of Alberta and Dalhousie Univer- compares to portions of suburbia in some far as I’m concerned . We work with the sity Law School) . If you took pictures of of our cities . If you compare it to the scope Alberta government . We maintain a num- the coal mines I worked at, they wouldn’t and volume of the boreal forest in Canada, ber of monitoring sites on the Athabasca look a lot different . In fact, the trucks you it’s a very, very small amount of land that River . We pay a lot of attention to what is see in the pictures in the magazine are the is being disturbed on a surface basis . happening up there and we’re working all kinds of trucks that I drove in the sum- the time with the Alberta government to mers . My jobs included every dirty job DM: Are you pleased with the decision make sure it’s done in an environmentally you could possibly do at the mine, includ- of the Alberta government to get mining responsible way . ing working under the coal bins . companies to speed the restoration of the Our government’s overall position on tailing ponds? Did Ottawa push Alberta? the oilsands is we want to see the oilsands DM: Where did you work in coal mines? How did you feel about former Alberta developed . We think it’s an important JP: In southern Alberta — Crow’s Nest Premier Peter Lougheed’s concerns about strategic resource for our country . It’s ex- Pass, just to get through university . So too-rapid development of the oilsands? tremely important to our prosperity . It’s these are large facilities . They’re not attrac- JP: I consider Peter Lougheed a kind of one of the driving engines of the Canadian tive . The National Geographic photographs a mentor . He’s been quite outspoken in economy, frankly . But we also want to see only show a snapshot in time . They don’t saying that the oilsands are a resource it done in an environmentally responsible show the reclamation work . They don’t that belongs to Albertans and to Canadi- way . We have attached to our country the show the incredible progress we’ve made ans and that it needs to be developed in moniker of being “the clean-energy super- in terms of water-utilization . a measured pace and that it shouldn’t be power ”. We believe in that . We believe that I think it’s important to note that the developed at a pace analogous to the Gold we should be — personally, as I express entire surface disturbance of the oilsands Rush in the Klondike . it — the most environmentally conscious

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consequences . But that is something that we need to be ever vigilant about . It is a concern . Absolutely .

DM: Is it one of your priorities? JP: Yes, to make sure that that is done properly, absolutely . I was raised in industrial communities, coal mining towns, mining towns in northern Ontario and in Alberta . And I’m always mindful of the need to have a strong regulatory framework to make sure that these things are done properly, because industry cannot be allowed unconstrained, to develop a resource without environmental parameters dictated by government . The key is to strike the right balance between advancing the economy on the one hand and being stewards of the environment on the other .

DM: Some people want to shut down the oilsands but they still want to drive their cars . JP: We know who consumes carbon and we know who is responsible for carbon emissions . It is all of us, as consumers . The carbon emitted from the production of a barrel of oil from the oilsands is 15 percent . Eighty-five percent comes from Frédéric Baril consumption . Mr. Prentice canoes in Nahanni National Park Reserve. DM: What can Canadians do to conserve energy? and environmentally responsible producer els of airborne PAC particles increased JP: The Canadian people need to be cogni- of hydrocarbons and all forms of energy in in snowpack within 50 km of upgrading zant that it is the consumers — the reason the world . facilities . PAC levels also increased down- our country is emitting carbon applies stream in Athabasca River tributaries and, in part to all of us as consumers . And so DM: How fast can you clean up the tailing seasonally, in the river downstream from that affects the kind of cars you drive, the ponds? Only a very small percentage have facilities and tailings ponds . Some PACs number of vehicles you have . been reclaimed so far, correct? are released naturally in the region, as (At press time, Mr . Prentice was sched- JP: They will be reclaimed over time . well .) uled to announce new tailpipe emission They’re regulated by the Alberta regula- There are reports of animal malforma- standards for cars and light trucks .) We tors . The industry is trying to experiment tions . There are risks to humans . There are will bring in the first tailpipe emission with a dry tailing system and I understand problems with the rivers . You are monitor- standards that regulate cars based on their they’re making great progress . They’re ing these problems but how are you plan- emissions of carbon which has been har- quite pleased about that . But I would just ning to fix them? What kind of priority is monized with the United States . So gov- emphasize that we have a sound system this for you? ernment has taken steps to regulate the of environmental regulation in Canada . JP: Well, it is extremely important that we kinds of cars that we are selling, but it’s Regulating the oilsands is a complex and ensure the river is not contaminated by the still up to consumers to make the choices . challenging subject . We acknowledge that . oilsands tailings ponds . This is a responsi- So it’s everything — from the kinds of But, all in all, we do a good job of it . The bility that involves federal jurisdiction . cars you drive the flat-screened TVs you technology is developing quickly . This is That’s why we’ve scaled up the moni- watch . We all make those kinds of choices . a technology that only 25 years ago was in toring we have on the river . I speak often Whether you recycle — personally I’ve a laboratory . with the department about this — about always been a fairly aggressive recycler — making sure we are doing all of the whether people do that is important . It’s DM: I read the work of David Schindler . monitoring . I’m aware of some of the all of the individual little decisions . (The University of Alberta biology profes- accusations of health impacts . I think If people leave their BlackBerry plugged sor was part of a team studying polycyclic it’s fair to say at this point that science in 24/7, and 150 people do that all year, it aromatic compounds (PACs), some of doesn’t bear them out . It doesn’t bear out consumes the equivalent of a ton of coal . which can cause cancer, mutations and the suggestion that the tailings ponds are All of us who are emitting carbon through malformations . The team found that lev- leaching into the river and causing health electricity and gasoline consumption need

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to be part of the solution . on the lower slopes; the alpine meadows DM: Chinese companies have bought some on the mountain tops; the nesting grounds of the Athabasca oil assets . Will Canada be of thousands of birds; and wildlife that piping gas or diluted bitumen to the Pa- includes species of black bear and ermine cific Coast? Will Alberta’s oil be moving that are found nowhere else on the planet . west as well as south? “Nearly 3,500 marine species have been JP: Some of it does now . I can’t recall the identified around Haida Gwaii . This is the precise volume but some production goes habitat of salmon, herring and rockfish, to the spot market off the Pacific Coast of starfish, crab and abalone . Grey whales through Vancouver Port . But you raise a swim through these waters on their way very good point . I think that one of the to the summer feeding grounds in the most important projects in the country is Bering Sea . Twenty other species of whale the (Enbridge Northern) Gateway Project and dolphin have been spotted in this to ensure that we have an open gateway to aquatic Garden of Eden . For hundreds of the Pacific for bitumen from the oilsands . generations, the Haida Nation has lived And that (twin pipeline) project (from Ed- in harmony with this environment . Today, monton to Kitimat, B .C .) is well along in this wealth of marine resources continues terms of the design phase and the regula- to sustain local communities as well as a tory process . It is an extremely important recreational and commercial fishery .” project . Three weeks later, Mr . Prentice announced the new Mealy Mountains park DM: Some conservationists think that the reserve in Newfoundland-Labrador — at entire environmental movement has been 10,700 square metres, the largest national hijacked by climate change — that no one park in eastern Canada . With the addition

discusses preservation of species or the Bem b en K atherine of a new adjacent provincial park, more really dangerous chemicals, especially than 13,000 square kilometres will be pro- the volatile organic compounds, the poly- Mr. Prentice and his department have signed an tected ). agreement to investigate turning Nova Scotia's cyclic aromatic compounds . Money and In other areas, we have taken our bless- Sable Island, known for its wild horses, into either attention has moved elsewhere . What can a park or a designated wildlife habitat. ings for granted . As an illustration, the Canadians who care about these environ- government has published sewage regula- mental problems do? tions, wastewater regulations, for the first JP: The international community has been Parks Canada . It’s really a lot of fun but time . This issue used to puzzle me before very focussed on climate change and the it’s also something I’m very passionate I came into politics . In a country like Canadian context is difficult because we about . Last year, we expanded Nahanni Canada, one of the wealthiest democracies are not only a consumer of carbon . Be- (National Park) six-fold . I just came back in the world, why would we pump our cause of the nature of our industrial base, from Nova Scotia . We signed an agree- raw sewage into a natural environment in the nature of our climate, the nature of ment to investigate turning Sable Island the 21st Century? Why are we doing this? our geography and so on, we are also a into either a park or a designated wildlife I found out, after I became minister of the producer of hydrocarbons . We are one of habitat . We’ll work with the Nova Scotia environment, that it’s basically because no the largest democracies in the world that government for the next three months to one ever passed a law preventing it . actually produces hydrocarbons . So it’s decide which of the two . One or the other (Since the interview, Mr . Prentice pre- not surprising that a lot of attention has will happen . So Sable Island will be then sented Canada’s first national water regu- been focussed on climate change . be protected . lations that will prohibit wastewater and But you make a very good point . Our raw sewage discharge into lakes, rivers, country does really extraordinary things DM: And the wild horses, too? streams and oceans .) in terms of the environment in many other JP: And the horses . And so, for the first time, Canada will areas . Conservation, for example . Take The week before that, I was in the have a national set of regulations that the National Parks system that we have . Queen Charlotte Islands . (Giindajin Haa- apply to 4,000 municipal wastewater fa- Add the protected spaces we have as bird wasti) Guujaaw (of the Haida Nation’s cilities across the country . You can’t do this sanctuaries, as wildlife habitat . Add the Raven clan) and I announced an agree- overnight . It will take some time . But it’s a provincial parks system we have across ment that has taken 18 years to reach with big, big step forward in this country . the country . Add all the species-at-risk the Haida to bring in the Gwaii Haanas And so I would encourage people to conservation measures that are going on National Marine Conservation Area Re- talk to their provincial leaders, their mu- through Ducks Unlimited and the Nature serve . It will be the first of its kind in the nicipal leaders . These things need to be Conservancy of Canada . Our record is sec- world . For the first time, we (jointly) will budgeted for . The capital upgrades need ond to nobody in the world . It is one of the protect from the ocean floor — where the to happen . And every Canadian should be most incredible systems of conservation continental shelf drops off — right up quite vigilant about the quality of the wa- anywhere in the world . We need to take to the tips of the mountains . The entire ter we drink and the quality of the water pride in this (achievement) . We need to ecosystem will be protected as a national we put back into the ecosystem . D continue to develop it . park, essentially . One of the privileges of being environ- (In the joint announcement in January, Donna Jacobs is the publisher of Diplomat ment minister is being responsible for Mr . Prentice described “lush rainforests magazine .

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The private side of a public man

im Prentice is a family man, a man who trades hobbies for I still play hockey . I played for time with his wife and three daughters. His eldest, Christina, a team called the Calgary Long- Jis a lawyer (specializing in corporate law) in Calgary. Cassia horns and I’ve refused to let them is in her second year at the University of Toronto law school; she retire my sweater . I confiscated also has degrees in education and arts. His youngest, Kate, is an the sweater so they can’t retire the artist who studies at the Art Institute of Chicago. His wife, Karen, number (17) . My dad was a hockey also a lawyer, sits on the Alberta Securities Commission. player . He was the youngest player to play for the Toronto Maple Leafs . Diplomat magazine: How are mealtimes with four out of five family My uncle was a very good hockey members being or becoming lawyers? Mr. Prentice with his weekend player . My dad was in the NHL Jim Prentice: When I asked my family whether they thought that binder. only briefly but my uncle was there having so many lawyers at the dinner table leads to arguments, 22 seasons . I was raised in a hockey an argument ensued about the answer . So, you can well imagine family . Until I was about 18, it was my entire life, really . When that you need to be resourceful to hold your own at our family I’m back in Calgary, I go out and pick up a game wherever I can . dinner table . And so I still play and, at this point, I play with our parliamentary team . (On the hockey photos wall of his office, he points DM: On a personal question, what time do you get up in the out a parliamentary team photo ). This is when I knew we were morning? What is your daily routine? going to win the election — when we beat the Liberals at the Par- JP: Your life as a politician is heavily dependent on your travel liamentary Hockey League . schedule . I do tend, though, to be a bit of a night hawk . I tend to read before I go to sleep . I tend to get up at 7 . I’m functional by 8 . DM: What are your top stress-management tips? I start the day with very strong coffee made in those Italian JP: Play hockey . Ski . Get into the outdoors — canoe, hike, do coffee makers you put on the stove . I make it jet black . It kick something you love . And I read everything I can get my hands starts you into the day . After that, I have a Tim Hortons coffee on . I try to read something every night . I read history or mys- with cream . And a cinnamon raisin bagel with cream cheese — tery . I read a lot of mysteries . My favourite writer is (Irish crime unless I’m feeling guilty and then I scale down to butter . novelist) Michael Dibdin, who has passed away . Ninety percent of my days start with Tim Hortons on the way to work . If I’m here (in Ottawa), I have breakfast in the front seat DM: And do you have a top time-management tip? Other than of the car, with Mike, the driver . And if I’m driving myself in hiring excellent staff? Calgary, I eat breakfast in my own car . JP: As a politician, the biggest challenge is to manage your time . I tend to not eat large breakfasts unless I have the luxury of I can tell you one thing I do . I have something called the week- some time in the morning, in which case I do eat big breakfasts end reading binder, which is my own peculiar invention . Before — steak and eggs over easy, brown toast . I leave Ottawa every Thursday or Friday, I insist that I have a I eat lunch at my desk . I rarely go out for sit-down lunches — binder that has everything in it that is going to be relevant to maybe once a week . And the rest of the time, generally I prefer the coming week . It’s a big, thick, reading binder — an engine soup at lunch and a grilled cheese sandwich . I don’t like cream block, I call it . And that is delivered to me on the weekend . soups . I like tomato-based soups or pea soup . It’s an old expres- I basically pound through it on airplanes there and on the sion, the poorer the country, the better the soup . flight back . We spend so much time on airplanes . I probably take For dinner, I usually eat a little later in the night — at 7 or 150 flights a year . I am pretty regimented about it . I get on an air- 8 — usually a pretty good-sized dinner . None of the nutritional plane and I read from the time I sit down until the time the plane health people suggest you do anything I’m doing in terms of lands . I’ve learned to try to sort of treat it as being the equivalent diet . I love barbecued lamb, Italian pasta and lots of vegetables . of sitting in my easy chair at home . That’s how I cope with travel I eat all vegetables I can get my hands on . For dessert? I love and time demands . chocolate ice cream absolutely . When I’m in Calgary, I go to this So that’s my personal management technique . I’ll read the great ice cream place in my riding every day I can . binder on the weekend and we start every Monday with what we call a “week-ahead meeting .” We go through every single thing in DM: And for exercise? the binder . For me, at least, as a minister, that’s what has allowed JP: I do a lot of outdoor things so I’m not as regimented about me to be efficient and organize my week . And then I start Mon- the gym as I should be . I use the (parliamentary) gym twice day ahead of the game . And it’s the discipline — the Monday a week when the House is sitting . I run for about 30 minutes . week-ahead meeting has the entire executive team of the depart- I try to do about 20 minutes of intervals when I run, then do ment in the room . So there would be 40 people there and we meet bench presses — whatever I feel up to . at 8:30 or 9 basically for three hours to get the week defined . My own fitness is focused on doing outdoor activities . I ski a lot . I probably skied 10 days over Christmas — downhill . I also DM: How do you do this — 40 people in a meeting? do cross-country but I bought downhill equipment this year so I JP: (Laughs) Everybody is talking all the time . was using that and chasing teenagers . I was skiing with young lads and I had them drag me all over the mountain for a day . DM: Do you have hobbies? JP: A politician doesn’t have much time for hobbies . Besides the DM: You survived . demand of keeping up with things and staying fit, you focus JP: (He laughs .) Barely . the time you have available on your family and your kids . D

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 31 Di spatches|ENERGY The only advanced democracy of the world’s oil powers Canada has won a geological lottery but it must muster the strength and political will to become a responsible oil power, Satya Das argues

anada is about to become the and incentives, and that laggards and world’s largest reservoir . Not one polluters pay significant penalties . Yet Cof the largest, not among the lead- making the oilsands greener and more ers, but No . 1 . Sometime in 2011 or 2012, sustainable doesn’t dilute the fact that the technology that’s making the Alberta nearly 90 percent of the emissions from a oilsands cleaner, more sustainable and barrel of oil come out of exhaust pipes . We more accessible will give us proven re- need to accelerate our progress towards a serves of 300 billion barrels or more . In a clean-energy future . world addicted to hydrocarbons, Canada The deep cynicism of the developed is front and centre . world’s Copenhagen argument — “we got Modesty is bred in the Canadian bone . rich by devastating the environment but We’ve neither asked nor sought to lead . you have to stay poor to save the planet” Yet lead we must, if only because we are — will not pass muster . If all of human- the only advanced democracy amongst kind aspires to our lifestyle, we will need the world’s large oil powers . The other five planets, not one . One answer — clean, major petro-states — Saudi Arabia, Iran, abundant, renewable energy — will cost Iraq, Venezuela — each in its own way, billions of dollars to develop . embrace a culture of violence . They sup- Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who leads Satya Das press their citizens and unsettle their the International Monetary Fund, reckons neighbours . All too often, petro-wealth the planet needs a $100 billion green fund is used to pursue and foster the interests to limit climate damage and help nations of an oligarchic elite . We Canadians soon develop cleaner energy . We Canadians will stand alone in this club, as the one oil can provide the bulk of that funding, from power committed to serving the common our oil reservoir . Yet to do so, we must be good, and to a matrix of societal develop- ready to become the responsible super- ment designed to nurture the common power . wealth on a foundation of “peace, order No more the easy comfort of ignoring and good governance .” the gold-medal winner of a track-and- So are we ready to become the respon- field race while CBC dutifully interviews sible superpower? It’s time to have that the plucky Canuck who finished eighth . adult conversation . At the Copenhagen No more revelling in the fifth-place finish summit on climate change last December, which the perky announcer tells us was we Albertans saw the elegant pirouettes the “best ever!” by a Canadian at this level of the premiers of Ontario and Quebec as of global competition . they showed what good lads they’ve been Proportionately, on a per capita basis, in going green . The oilsands (and the gov- we are among the highest emitters of ernment of Canada’s robust advocacy of greenhouse gases in the world, and own- this resource) were viewed as an unsightly ers of what will soon become the world’s embarrassment, like a blob of ballpark largest oil reservoir . What does that mean mustard on a bespoke Corneliani suit . generate the cleaner and more sustainable in terms of our planetary obligations? Why, these good premiers asked, should sources of energy the world needs to fuel We start with the presumption that we their provinces bear the cross for Alberta its aspirations for a better life . have a duty of care to the planet, a duty and its embarrassing oilsands pollution? We have the technology to clean up of stewardship of our common wealth, Because, like it or not, Canada won the the oilsands . We need a strong regula- and sustainability of the common good . geological lottery . And if we set our minds tory framework, and citizens spurring the Energy development with scant regard for to it, we Canadians can clean up past pol- government to action, to ensure that best consequences is as unpalatable as a sud- lution, limit future harm to the biosphere, practices become mandatory, that early den and immediate halt to the fossil-fuel and use the wealth of the oilsands to adopters of new technology get rewards economy .

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As we move to entrench cleaner production from our oilsands, we need to use the energy wealth that production gener- ates to pay for and help to build the green and sustainable energies of the future . That’s the only viable answer to the im- passe evident at Copenhagen . So why shouldn’t we Canadians show moral, ethical and fiscal leadership, as stewards of the world’s largest oil reservoir, in funding the sustainable and abundant energy the rest of the world needs to have even a modicum of our standard of living? I’ve put this argument at the heart of a new book, which I offer as an “owner’s manual” for the citizens of the Canadian energy superpower . Green Oil: Clean Energy for the 21st Century? is meant to give citizen-owners the data and the background they need to give clear in- istock structions to the political class, and to the energy companies that are tenants on our A bucket-wheel excavator scoops up oilsands at open pit mines near Fort McMurray, Alta. Writer Satya public lands . Das argues that Canada has to become a world leader in green technology. We are at least two decades away from any viable alternatives that would com- in three or four years than our politicians our fellow Canadians, who reap most of prehensively replace fossil fuels as the might earn in a lifetime — bullied and the benefit of the oilsands, in federal taxes, planet’s primary energy source . While we bamboozled our leaders with threats of jobs, procurement contracts, equipment pursue those alternatives, we can make ruined economies and a deserted oil patch, supply and, of course, equalization pay- our production and use of fossil fuels the government abandoned its exceedingly ments . more sustainable and less damaging to the modest plans to collect a higher rent . A clean environment and a robust biosphere . The first task for citizens, then, is to economy must be complementary goals . That is the theme and premise of Green encourage Alberta's provincial govern- They can’t be reduced to either/or . Envi- Oil . ment to enforce its ownership . We cannot ronment and economy are really two sides Even as we develop our energy re- have credibility as an energy superpower, of the same coin: yet to act on the implica- sources, we are mindful of the larger no matter how reluctant, if we the owners tions of this insight, we will need a level context . We must be seen to be models let ourselves be pushed around by surly of leadership so far lacking in Alberta and of democracy, of pluralism, of inclusive tenants . in Canada . Unfortunately, because of our and welcoming societies . We must dem- We need reasoned discussion and “reluctant superpower” tendencies, our onstrate that our duty of care brings out dialogue if we are to move beyond the dis- political leadership seems hesitant to lead the best in the human spirit in all of us . sonance . Some of that comes from govern- that future . Through our actions, we can pursue a sus- ment itself — from the professional civil So give some thought to the possibilities tainable life not for just the citizens of our servants and public-minded citizens who and consequences of what it will mean, democracy but for the entire planet . took on the task of stimulating economic when we officially become the largest oil Constitutionally, the oilsands belong growth in the context of environmental reservoir in the world . We have a glori- to Alberta . Yet we do not act like own- stewardship . We know that it is challeng- ous opportunity to display our capability ers . Alberta’s political leaders are good- ing to be good stewards of the environ- to be both a leader and a partner in the hearted folk who came to politics through ment while growing the economy but greening of the energy economy, despite community service, mostly in small-town we are willing to do what it takes to get our historical reluctance to accept such a and rural Alberta . They’re rooted in that there . This willingness does not necessar- dominant role . fading culture where you know and look ily translate into having the governance We are stewards of a $15 trillion re- after your neighbours, your word is your capacity to lead the appropriate develop- source (at today’s reservoir size), one that bond, and you measure a person’s worth ment of the resource . benefits us all . Do we have the courage by what they give back to the community . Alberta, the owner of the resource, only and the vision to use it for the benefit of These admirable values leave our senior has 3 .7 million people . We are stretched the planet? politicians ill-equipped to deal with a win- to fulfill the duty of care that appropriate ners-and-losers culture of big money and development demands . This is where we Satya Brata Das is the founder of Cam- rampant egos, where the sharp-eyed deni- need collaboration and co-operation with bridge Strategies Inc ., a consulting com- zens of sleek glass towers know exactly global pools of talent, innovation, ingenu- pany based in Calgary . He is the author how far a law can be bent before it will ity, technological prowess, and capital to of Green Oil: Clean Energy for the 21st break . When the keepers of this shark tank move forward . At the very minimum, we Century? He can be contacted at: Satya@ — some of whom pull down more money need willing and able co-operation from cambridgestrategies .com .

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 33 Di spatches|ENERGY How Canada ended ‘peak oil’ By Alastair Sweeny S uncor E nergy I nc. Oilsand is a messy mixture of bitumen (a thick, sticky form of crude oil), sand, water and clay.

“Bitumen is some of the ugliest stuff t’s a windy October day in the mid- of Fort McMurray . you ever saw . Ugly is contaminated, non- 1980s . I’m sitting at the kitchen table We had tromped around the ranch and homogenous and ill-defined . Bitumen is Iof Dave Mitchell, president of Alberta he proudly showed me a new cattle pen five-per-cent sulphur, half a percent nitro- Energy Company, at his ranch in the he had developed that was “easier on the gen and 1,000 parts per million heavy met- foothills south of Calgary . To the west, animals ”. Back in the ranch kitchen, we’re als . Its viscosity (stickiness) is like tar on a the golden foothills roll away toward warming our hands with a cup of instant cold day . That’s ugly ”. the green slopes and snowy peaks of the coffee . “You know”, he said, with what I —Steve Kuznicki, University of Alberta Rocky Mountains . thought was a twinkle in his eye, “there’s told to the Edmonton Journal Mr . Mitchell had engaged me to re- more crude oil in the tarsands than there is search and write a history of AEC’s early in the entire Middle East .” Black Bonanza: Canada’s Oilsands And The years . I had driven out from Calgary after Indeed there is — about 3 .3 trillion bar- Race To Secure North America’s Energy checking out the company’s archives and rels — about half the oil left on the planet . Future by Alastair Sweeny will be released various operations, from the gas wells at But this oil is in the form of bitumen, a this spring by John Wiley & Sons Canada, Suffield military range, to the refinery and heavy form of petroleum, and it is stuck to Ltd. The following is an edited excerpt. pipeline facilities at Edmonton and to the particles of sand . At the time I talked with mammoth Syncrude oilsands plant north Mr . Mitchell, whose company then owned

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a big hunk of Syncrude, experts reckoned that we could get about 100 billion barrels Estimating oil reserves out of the Athabasca Sands using strip mining . The rest was simply too deep to Most oil analysts are reticent when reserves left in the world. get at . But while Mr . Mitchell was talking, dealing with the value of Canada’s oil- Attitudes are changing as the major he didn’t let me in on a secret, that a Cal- sands, and cannot find much sympathy oil companies invest more and more gary geochemist named Roger Butler had for this poor excuse for petroleum. in the Athabasca oilsands. In 2007, just figured out a way to extract hundreds the Society of Petroleum Engineers of billions more barrels from deep in the Before 2007, Canada’s oil wealth was (SPE), World Petroleum Council (WPC), oilsands by pumping down steam and ranked lower than many other coun- American Association of Petroleum pumping up crude . Mr . Mitchell, an oil- tries, and the bituminous Athabasca Geologists (AAPG) and Society of man’s oilman who had spent his life drill- sands were regarded as “unconven- Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) ing mostly dry holes, could hardly believe tional.” adopted a more flexible system of what he was hearing . More oil than the evaluating petroleum resources by Middle East . Under northern Alberta . Conventional oil is exploited by drill- adding categories for contingent Big changes have happened since the ing, and needs simple refining to resources (oil deposits not yet recover- 1980s . Back then Sheik Ahmed Zaki Ya- be useful. Unconventional oil, like able due to cost or technology) and mani was Saudi oil minister, and head of Canada’s oilsands, need specialized prospective resources (undiscovered or the Organization of Petroleum Export- extraction technology such as steam unevaluated deposits). ing Countries . Saudi Arabia governed and/or solvents to recover the petro- the price of oil for OPEC . Today, Saudi leum, and require upgrading before In the case of the oilsands, the deposits oil minister Ali Al-Naimi laments that refining. have been pretty well mapped and OPEC has lost control over prices to the evaluated, so they are contingent. New York Mercantile Exchange, NYMEX, So how much oil is in the oilsands, Some estimates put the amount of which deals in “paper oil .” “Despite our and what is it worth? It all depends bitumen in the oilsands as high as best efforts, Saudi Arabia and OPEC have on what you mean by resourc- 13 trillion barrels (D.C. Holloway, had little ability to curb the rapid rise es and reserves. American Association of Petroleum in prices,” he says . When pressed about Geologists Bulletin, 1993). The amount who is to blame for high oil prices, Mr . The best conventional reserves in the of 3.3 trillion barrels is more realistic, Al-Naimi says it’s not Saudi Arabia . It’s world are called 90 percent proven and not all of it is recoverable. And “unwarranted pessimism”— Saudi Ara- reserves (P90). These have a reasonable with new underground technology bia has oceans of oil . He puts the finger certainty (normally at least 90 percent like SAGD now in use to tap into the on “speculators” on the one hand and confidence) of being recoverable 90 percent of the oilsands not avail- “Canada’s high-cost oilsands industry” on under existing economic and political able for mining, early returns show the other . conditions, with existing technol- the probable recoverable amount So how did oil prices get so high? ogy. Proven reserves are the only is at least one trillion barrels. Some type the U.S. Securities and Exchange estimates are as high as 1.4 trillion Hubbert’s Peak Commission allows oil companies to barrels (Schlumberger), 1.6 trillion bar- In September 1956, at a meeting of the report to investors. These are, in a rels (University of Calgary Institute for American Petroleum Institute in San Anto- sense, investment-quality blue chip Sustainable Energy, Environment and nio, Texas, Shell’s head geologist M . King reserves, and are allowed to be held Economy), 1.7 trillion barrels (Council Hubbert shocked the delegates with his in trusts. on Foreign Relations), and 2.2 trillion prediction that U .S . conventional oil out- barrels (Shell Canada). put was going to peak in the early 1970s, The problem with this formula is that and thereafter decline, making the United very little exploration is needed to In truth, nobody really knows how States increasingly dependent on foreign find oilsands like Canada’s. Canada has much oil can be recovered from the suppliers . This was such bad news for few geopolitical risks, and extraction oilsands, and at what cost. Most the industry that Shell’s public relations is getting cheaper by the year, far oilsands operators are convinced it is department made a desperate attempt to cheaper than, for example, deepwater the largest deposit in the world, and stop the speech, and failed . drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. In truth, its long-term worth will total more Dr . Hubbert was the first energy in- there are very few secure low-cost P90 than $100 trillion. D dustry analyst to grasp the mechanics of oilfield depletion and the first to accurately assess recoverable oil reserves . He was right on the money about America, was producing . ering 3 billion new players — the Chinese formerly the world’s number-one oil But Dr . Hubbert was wrong in his and the Indians — who were not in the exporter . By 1972, U .S . production of pe- other prediction, that global oil produc- market until the year 2000 . And he had no troleum (crude oil and natural gas plant tion would taper off after 2000, but only idea that new technologies like horizontal liquids) reached Hubbert’s Peak, and in because he lacked clear statistics, and did drilling were going to utterly transform 1973, right on schedule, cruised over the not factor in Canada’s Athabasca Sands, the industry . top and started on the downward slope, as which had started producing oil in 1967 . Dr . Hubbert liked to use a 10,000-year America began consuming more oil than it Dr . Hubbert also reckoned without consid- graph to show that humanity’s use of oil

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 35 Di spatches|ENERGY

Well, not exactly . There was one other country that could be depended on, and that was America’s northern neighbour, Canada . Nixon’s Project Independence also stated, almost as an aside, that “there is an advantage to moving early and rapidly to develop tarsands production” because it “would contribute to the availability of secure North American oil supplies .” In fact, Canada has recently surpassed Saudi Arabia as America’s number one oil supplier .

The Geopolitics of Oil With Canada rapidly becoming an energy superpower, with its high-priced, though readily available, synthetic crude oil, where does that leave other oil-producing countries? I would argue that there is enough market for everybody, but that we will not see a return to $140-a-barrel oil anytime soon . What really makes oil-producing countries nervous is technology, and the rise of flex fuels, fuel replacement, unconventional oil, and all manner of energy innovation .

S uncor E nergy I nc. In February 2009, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Suncor's heavy haulers, 240-tonne to 380-tonne trucks, deliver some 500,000 tonnes of oil sand each day Al-Naimi predicted a “nightmare sce- for processing. nario” for the Kingdom if client countries started developing cheaper alternative was simply a pimple, a “non-repetitive oil price controls and lowering highway fuels . As far back as 1990, Sheikh Zaki Ya- blip” in history . He suggested that “when speed limits . But President Nixon wanted mani said the same thing, calling technol- the energy cost of recovering a barrel of oil more, and he was determined to break ogy “the real enemy for OPEC .” becomes greater than the energy content OPEC’s hold on the American economy . Right now, the price of crude is being of the oil,” our fossil fuel-dependent soci- He outlined his vision to the American held down by a supply glut, particularly ety would come to a dead end . public in what he called Project Indepen- in natural gas, caused largely by compa- In the past few years, many new Hub- nies like Schlumberger and Halliburton bert disciples have emerged, writing developing new technologies like direc- a string of bestsellers warning that the tional drilling and “fracing”— well frac- world is now going through its own oil turing using expanders and explosives to peak, and our oil-dependent industrial open up gas seams . civilization is doomed . Some have also Directional drilling has also led to some linked the peak oil theory to global warm- incredible advances in Athabasca Oilsands ing, suggesting that the two crises together development, turning peak oil predictions risk overwhelming human civilization . upside down . The International Energy Agency sug- Supplying American Needs gests Canada has about 175 billion barrels Many energy engineers and innovators re- of proven reserves, and seemingly dis- fused to believe Dr . Hubbert’s predictions, misses the Athabasca oilsands as a poten- and saw in Canada’s Athabasca Tarsands tial back-up solution . a way out of America’s energy dilemma . However, in the early 1980s, Roger But- One was J . Howard Pew, President of Sun ler, a chemist working for Imperial Oil Oil of Philadelphia, who built the first came up with a theory that heavy oil and oilsands mine in 1967 . Mr . Pew saw the bitumen located underground could be Sands as a kind of a salvation for the U .S ., dence, declaring, “Let this be our national softened and brought to the surface by then being held to ransom by OPEC while goal: At the end of this decade, in the year what he called “steam-assisted gravity its own reserves went into decline . 1980, the United States will not be depen- drainage,” or SAGD . D In 1973, with the OPEC embargo driv- dent on any other country for the energy ing up oil prices from $3 to $11 per barrel, we need to provide our jobs, to heat our Alastair Sweeny is an Ottawa historian, the U .S . Congress had passed an Emer- homes, and to keep our transportation web publisher and author of BlackBerry gency Petroleum Allocation Act, imposing moving .” Planet and Black Bonanza .

36 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN ENERGY|Di spatches Unleashing the oilsands’ riches Roger Butler’s legacy — inventing a system to extract oil from the oilsands — is changing the world

By Alastair Sweeny

“Roger Butler’s invention of steam-assisted the potash and salt . Gravity does the work . gravity drainage (SAGD) has had a staggering “Heavy brine falls to the bottom and the economic impact. It will eventually change the light water rises to the top . You end up whole geopolitics of oil in the world.” with a turret-shaped cavity in which the —Tom Harding, head of chemical and heavy material keeps falling while the petroleum engineering, University of lighter water goes to the top,” Dr . Butler Calgary explained to Business Edge News Magazine in 2005 . He calculated that “if we made here are quite a few Canadian the well longer, we could draw as much as inventors who have changed the 1,000 barrels a day . We’d be in business . Tworld . Abraham Gesner’s inven- “I was really very impressed with the tion of kerosene in 1854 killed the sperm mechanism of this,” Dr . Butler recalled . whaling industry, lit the world for 50 One day, he was having a beer with years and gave birth to the Rockefeller a friend when the thought struck him: fortune . Canadian cable- and tool-drilling Maybe his potash process could be ap- techniques helped open North America’s plied to heat the molasses-like heavy oil first commercial crude oil well in 1854, ISEEE photo U niversity o f C algary/ at Cold Lake and create the same kind of a year before Pennsylvania did, and de- Roger Butler's innovations made oilsands extrac- steam chamber . The heated oil would flow cades before Canadian drillers struck oil tion more economical down to the bottom of the chamber where in Iran for the Anglo-Persian oil company another well would collect it and pump it (today’s BP) in 1906 . companies could now take out the major- to the surface . In 1892, Canadian botanist Charles ity of the Athabasca bitumen at a very Dr . Butler wrote a patent memo on Saunders invented frost-resistant Marquis competitive cost . In the Athabasca Sands his gravity drainage concept in 1969, but wheat, perhaps one of the most valuable alone, the advent of SAGD makes at least it wasn’t until 1975 when Imperial Oil products in the world, which opened up 330 billion more barrels readily accessible, moved him to Calgary to lead their heavy millions of colder acres around the globe and will eventually yield more than tril- oil research department that he was able to for wheat production . Two Canadian crop lion barrels of synthetic crude . tackle the concept . During the late 1970s, scientists, Baldur Stefansson and Richard It’s a colossal number to be sure . But Imperial was testing a thermal cyclic Downey, patiently developed the fabu- if Roger Butler’s invention can tap two steam stimulation (CSS) process, aka “huff lous canola seed from rapeseed between thirds of the oilsands that are out of reach and puff,” in the Clearwater formation at 1958 and 1974, carefully breeding out of mining, it can also help ramp up heavy Cold Lake . In this three-step process, you the grain’s heart-clogging saturated fats . oil production in places like Venezuela and inject steam downhole at high pressure for Canola (from “Canadian oil”) is now a Russia . In addition, it may have instantly several weeks, followed by several weeks huge world crop . Canada’s Mike Lazaridis tripled our planet’s known recoverable of warming to reduce the oil’s viscosity, gave the world the BlackBerry, and Cal- oil resources, making Dr . Butler one of the then you pump the oil up using the same gary’s James Gosling the Java program- true benefactors of humanity . well . ming language . Dr . Butler’s radical notion for produc- But a Canadian invention that may Butler’s Theory ing heavy oil by gravity drainage was at prove more valuable than all the rest com- Roger Butler earned his PhD in chemical first scoffed at by the old hands at Cold bined was steam-assisted gravity drain- engineering at London’s Imperial College Lake, but Dr . Butler wasn’t deterred a bit . age, a method of getting heavy oil and of Science and Technology in 1951 . He He was after a more efficient system that bitumen out of the ground, perfected at taught at Queen’s University in Kingston, used continuous heating and production, Fort McMurray in 1987 by chemical engi- Ontario, then joined Imperial Oil in 1955 . rather than the six- to 18-month cycles neer Roger Butler . His technique is usable Dr . Butler first pondered the SAGD pro- with CSS, and lost less heat . anywhere in the world where heavy oil cess and developed his theory in about “Perhaps the steam will rise and the and bitumen are found . 1969 when he was working at Imperial’s warm oil will fall,” he mused . Since the oil industry could only ac- Sarnia refinery . At the time, the company He first tried injecting steam through cess less than 10 percent of the Athabasca had discovered a huge heavy oil deposit one vertical well, letting the reservoir heat Sands using surface mining, early extrac- at Cold Lake, Alberta, near the Saskatch- up and drain, then pumping the recovered tion was confined to the Athabasca River ewan border . oil to the surface through another vertical Valley where the overburden (soil and Dr . Butler had already tinkered with a well . The results weren’t promising . He rock covering the deposit) was thin . The process for mining Saskatchewan potash, reckoned that the oil was trickling down arrival of SAGD in the 1990s meant that by injecting water down a well to dissolve through the sand in an ever-narrowing

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 37 Di spatches|ENERGY

cone, and more sand was plugging up the well used to pump oil to the surface . How does steam-assisted gravity drainage work? “When you’re extracting oil from in situ oil sands, the chamber (created by steam SAGD is all about directional oil well drilling, which to some would be a form injection) is full of sand,” Dr . Butler said . of rocket science. Today’s technology was first developed by Schlumberger and “The oil has to move through the sand and others to fracture (or “frac”) gas seams. It gives operators the incredible ability to gather on the bottom of the chamber . . but drill down vertically and then, using a gyroscope and GPS, steer the drill bit, while gravity won’t assist the flow on a vertical watching above in real time, and then change direction and tunnel horizontally well .” So Dr . Butler had his “Eureka!” mo- in any direction or angle they desire. At the same time, they can monitor on a ment, that vertical well production rates computer screen the position and boundaries of the formation and make fine were too low to make SAGD economically adjustments to stay inside the zone. But directional drilling is also a godsend for viable . But a perforated horizontal well SAGD, which requires precision placement of the wells. might be the ticket . Dr . Butler then asked Imperial to drill With the SAGD process, you drill two horizontal wells, one about five metres a horizontal production well low in the above the other, and lay down perforated pipe for distances of about 800 metres. reservoir, with numerous drainage points You have to precisely control the positioning of these wells relative to each other along its entire length to capture the oil . and to the boundaries of the target formation. You then inject warm vapour into “I could get a thousand barrels a day out the upper well at constant pressure, but not high enough to fracture the growing of one of these wells on my paper calcula- steam chamber and escape. The heat rises and spreads, melting the surrounding tions .” bitumen off the sand. Then gravity takes over, draining the warm oil and water In 1978, Dr . Butler had numbers to down through sand where it seeps into the perforations of the lower producer support his idea, but Imperial moved like well. Submersible pumps designed to handle hot fluids then lift the bitumen and molasses, prompting him to get up in a condensed water to the surface. Over several months, the chamber grows both high-level meeting and exclaim: “What vertically and laterally as the cycle continues until the chamber flattens out and the hell’s the point of doing all this re- clean sand remains in place. search if you fellas won’t do something in the field?” You can recover between 25 percent and 75 percent of the bitumen using SAGD, Dr . Butler finally persuaded Imperial and recycle about 90 percent of the water. And after recovery, you inject water to drill what was the world’s first modern into the bitumen-drained area to maintain the stability of the deposit. horizontal oil well paired with a vertical steam-injection well . The horizontal well For more on SAGD, visit Mr. Sweeny`s Web Support site at: was about 150 meters long, and “the oil http://www.alastairsweeny.com/blackbonanza/ and go to Maps & Charts – SAGD came out at about the right rate — I felt pretty damn good .” But 1,000 barrels a day from 45 metres was too marginal for Imperial . Oil prices were dropping, most Cold Lake engineers were wedded to cyclic steam stimulation, and Imperial put Dr . Butler’s project on the back burner . Dr . Butler grew convinced that vertical wells were the problem, but with little further support from the company, he took early retirement and went to work at the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA) for about a year, where he convinced them to test and refine the SAGD process at the organization’s Underground Test Facility (UTF) near Fort McMurray . In 1983, Dr . Butler was appointed to the University of Cal- gary’s first Endowed Chair in Petroleum Engineering .

Full Steam Below In their first SAGD experiment, in 1987, UTF engineers drilled three of Dr . Butler’s proposed twin horizontal wells from mine shafts 200 meters down, just above a tunnel dug in the limestone underneath the Sands . The first tests immediately proved that the twin well SAGD worked, and cenovus E nergy there was some quiet excitement in the

38 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN ENERGY|Di spatches

industry when the UTF crew found they These AOSTRA tests gave far better was soon found that one of the keys to could recover about 60 percent of the bitu- results than expected and the timing of high profit SAGD production is to have men in place . The UTF even went into the the SAGD discovery was perfect as well . thick cap rock (usually shale, as in the black in 1992, achieving positive cash flow While Dr . Butler was testing his process, Kirby Lease) to keep in the steam . Some producing at a rate of about 2,000 barrels a oils service companies like Schlumberger companies were soon reporting high-end day from three well pairs . were coming up with very sophisticated recovery rates of over 70 percent of the Several years of testing followed . The directional drilling technology using gy- bitumen in place . The first SAGD bitumen engineers injected steam at various pres- roscopes and GPS . Suddenly they could made it to market in late 2001 . sures, and then went under the wells to drill horizontal wells accurately, cheaply measure the actual results of their work . and efficiently . So with this drilling revolu- A Modest Inventor They finally got the best results — over 60 tion, lower capital costs and the very high So what of the inventor, the Father of percent extraction — when they injected recovery rates that Dr . Butler’s process SAGD? There are those in the engineer- steam at below fracture pressure . This way was showing, the majors as well as many ing community who speak Roger Butler’s it stayed contained within the depletion independent oil companies started to name with hushed reverence, but Dr . But- zone or steam chamber, which got bigger move quickly in the direction of SAGD . ler was always modest about his fantastic as the warm bitumen drained out, just like You could get into the oilsands business discovery . He was quite proud of what he Dr . Butler’s old Saskatchewan potash well . for as little as $30,000 per flowing barrel, had done, and often cracked that Imperial This further enhanced SAGD’s heating compared to $126,000 per flowing barrel Oil had missed the bucket by not continu- efficiency . They also found that the paral- for an integrated mine and upgrader . ing his research . Dr . Butler always showed lel orientation between the injector well In 1985, Canadian energy company visiting reporters and pilgrims to his home and the producer well had to be precisely EnCana, already a fan of horizontal drill- two bottles filled with sticky black liquid . controlled, and kept about five meters ing for gas, was first off the mark, start- One contained the first heavy oil from apart . Refining the process further, they ing its own advanced SAGD projects at Cold Lake; the second, a bottle he calls also came up with ways to prevent sand Foster Creek and Christina Lake with “more precious than all the finest scotch and steam from getting into the produc- partner ConocoPhillips . Petro-Canada on the planet .” It held the very first heavy ing well bore . Beginning in 1996, the UTF followed with its MacKay River project, oil produced in the world using steam- engineers moved up to the surface, where ConocoPhillips had a SAGD operation at assisted gravity drainage . they drilled several well pairs, and found Surmount, Suncor at Firebag, and OPTI Dr . Roger Butler, the inventor of the to their delight that they performed as Canada/Nexen at Long Lake, not to men- SAGD and related VAPEX processes, died well as thoseDiplomatAdC-R.pdf drilled from the 1 tunnels 10-03-13 . 2:37 tionPM over a dozen smaller operations . It in May of 2005 . D

CMY

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 39 Di spatches|ENERGY Nuclear power: the proliferation problem Canada must truly become an honest broker and stop its deceit about nuclear power

By Paul McKay

ith the clandestine nuclear weapons programs of North WKorea and Iran underscoring the urgency of two pending summits to amend the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and secure Cold War weapons stockpiles, Prime Minister Stephen Harper has pledged a G8 leadership role in devising a diplomatic exit strategy from the perils of proliferation . It might be tempting to applaud this declaration as in keeping with Canada’s ‘honest broker’ tradition of decades past . But Harper’s deeds are underwriting an atomic armaments encore . Last fall, Mr . Harper personally trolled for sales of Canadian nuclear reactors and uranium in Asia, with claims that such exports can solve crucial energy needs and forestall an imminent climate crisis . On the face of it, he has a compelling case . Nuclear plants can produce prodigious amounts of power while emitting zero carbon . But a closer look confirms his cure

may, at best, leave humanity effectively istock terrified for eternity, and, at worst, also kill Nuclear power, argues Paul McKay, is not the responsible answer to energy shortages. the patient — our only planet . The reason is physics . Every time ura- civilian city of Nagasaki in 1945 . Along this ominous proliferation threat . From nium is fissioned inside a nuclear reactor, with enriched uranium-235, it is a core May 3 to 28, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation the deadly element plutonium is created . component in the atomic arsenals which Treaty Review Conference takes place at Aptly named after the Greek god of the exist today . Plutonium derived from civil- the United Nations . underworld, only a plum-sized sphere ian reactors has been fashioned into bombs Laudably, Canada has pledged $1 weighing eight kilograms is needed to since 1962 . India covertly used plutonium billion to help secure such Cold War plu- make an efficient atomic bomb . A ‘dirty’ from a Canadian-supplied reactor for its tonium stockpiles . But last year, Saskatch- weapon might require 20 kilograms, inaugural blast in 1974 . ewan uranium exports totalled 7 3. million but can be delivered by a single-engine Currently, enough plutonium is created kilograms . When fissioned in any reactor Cessna, suicide SUV, or backpack bomber each year by the world’s civilian power of any make, model or purpose, this will on a bicycle . Moreover, with a half-life of reactors to make 7,000 bombs . A cumula- transmute into some 19,000 kilograms of 24,000 years, plutonium is effectively im- tive 2,000 tonnes — or enough to make plutonium, or enough for 2,300 warheads mortal . It is also virtually indestructible . 225,000 workable weapons — now lies annually . This exported uranium also This means that plutonium created lurking in spent fuel rods . Due to the risks contains 52,000 kilograms of the bomb in- today will, for all intents and purposes, of black-market deals, terrorist theft, and gredient uranium-235, or enough to make imperil world security forever . It will out- illicit diversion to rogue states and sub- 2,600 warheads annually . last hundreds of future governments . No national groups, President Barack Obama During the next decade, if Canadian country, no city, no species, no corner of has spearheaded a drive to lock down this uranium exports continue at the same the planet will be exempt from the shadow inventory, and possibly destroy the stocks pace, enough plutonium and uranium- of terror it can cast . in special dedicated reactors yet to be 235 will be dispersed across the planet A fissioned mass of plutonium the size built . On April 12 and 13, in Washington, to potentially make 50,000 atomic bombs of a stick of chewing gum destroyed the he will host a global summit to counter — almost double the existing warheads

40 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN ENERGY|Di spatches

many world leaders and citizens now des- prescribe nuclear reactors as the alterna- founded, every ounce of uranium Canada perately seek to abolish . tive to our carbon-imperilled Earth . Yes, exports has a half-life of 4 .4 billion years This is a fact of physics . No Canadian they do not emit carbon . But they produce — which leaves an eternity for something prime minister, no premier of Saskatch- a different, equally ominous security sinister to happen with some of it some- ewan, no scientist, no citizen can alter this threat in plutonium and uranium-235, where, sometime, someplace . deadly dynamic: fissioned uranium turns as well as intensely radioactive, latently Despite belated, growing alarm about into plutonium . If this happens inside a lethal wastes which will remain a threat world stockpiles of fissile fuels, Ottawa CANDU reactor, the plutonium produc- to the biosphere for hundreds of centuries . continues to sell uranium as a commodity tion rate is about 2 5. grams per kilogram It is unlikely these dirty details were no less benign than wheat, wood or pot- of uranium — among the highest of all mentioned during the recent trade mis- ash, and to pitch reactors which are also commercial reactor models . The CANDU’s sions of Prime Minister Harper and In- plutonium production machines . unique on-line fuelling system also makes ternational Trade Minister Stockwell Day . Yet physics tells us uranium and plu- plutonium diversion harder to detect, and Despite India’s past nuclear betrayal of tonium are as innately conjoined as fire can be covertly manipulated to produce Canada, and its continuing refusal to sign and smoke, or the twisted double helix higher purity plutonium . the NPT or comprehensive test ban proto- of DNA . By promoting a nuclear export So nuclear power is no ‘white knight’ cols, our foreign policy has been cravenly policy which gives primacy to closing cur- solution to the climate crisis . It would re- contorted to resume reactor and uranium rent sales while assuming future world se- place deadly carbon today for deadly plu- exports to this nuclear weapons state, and curity is irrelevant, Ottawa is compelling tonium tomorrow . And because nuclear its regional atomic arch-rival, Pakistan . Canadian diplomats and consular officials power currently provides only five percent By contrast, Australia has refused to al- to practice a brand of deep denial which of world energy demand, doubling that low prospective uranium sales to India is pathological, and promote a commerce portion to only 10 per cent would require or Pakistan to trump its non-proliferation without any conscience . the construction of some 450 new nuclear principles . Such deadly deceit has no place within reactors . The combined 900 reactors would Now Canada is courting Kazakhstan, Canada’s foreign and civil service, where consume some 120 million kilograms of which has a regime reportedly willing to the highest duty is to be truthful in advice uranium annually, and produce enough covertly supply uranium to Iran in defi- and action . plutonium to make 14,000 warheads each ance of UN sanctions, and unofficially year . For decades . bless the sale of black-market nuclear Paul McKay is an award-winning jour- No one not blinded by self-interest materials to sub-regional terrorist cells and nalist and author . His most recent book would knowingly court this calamity, or narco-chieftans . Even if this proves un- is Atomic Accomplice.

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 41 Di spatches|law Will Canada let victims sue “terror” states? Expert: Similar U.S. law neither deters terrorism nor assures fair compensation

By Aaron R.W. Shull O F DE ENSE U . S DEPARTMENT Bill C-35, which would allow victims of terrorism to sue states which support terrorists, sounds like a good idea in principle, considering the number of people killed in attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon (above), but it is ultimately flawed, argues Aaron Shull.

he concept of state immunity has Order Paper with the prorogation of Par- between state-sponsored terrorism, which long been part of the bedrock of liament, but if reintroduced and passed, it would expose to lawsuits by victims, Tinternational relations . State immu- the bill would amend Canada’s State Im- and state-sanctioned gross human rights nity means that respect for the customs munity Act by removing immunity from abuses, which would remain protected and laws of other countries — and mutual any states that Canada labels as support- from such lawsuits . respect — overrides any thoughts of legal ers of terrorism . And the bill may have unintended and retaliation by foreign citizens . It sounds like a good idea in principle, harmful foreign policy implications . Un- Now the Harper government is propos- considering the thousands of innocent der the proposed act, the federal cabinet ing to follow the lead of the United States people killed by terrorists eight years ago itself would list state sponsors of terror- (and only the U .S .) and allow Canadian in New York, and the hundreds more lives ism, thus politicizing an important area victims of terrorism to sue states which taken by terrorist attacks in Spain, the UK, of Canada’s international relations . As support terrorists . India … the list goes on . such, some critics say this determination In practice, state immunity buttresses The bill clearly speaks to the outrage should be done through the courts . The sovereignty and renders any state immune that explodes when such attacks succeed federal Liberals argue that any state with from legal proceedings against it, or its in their murderous purpose . If Ruritania no extradition treaty with Canada should officials, in another country . Traditionally, or Zangora are on the proposed list of be on the list, because under the current this broad immunity has been weakened terror states, Canadian victims of a Rurita- bill, “whether a foreign state is listed will only in the area of commercial transac- nian suicide bomber or a Zangoran nerve always be the subject of political nego- tions, where a foreign state or its agents gas attack in a subway system could sue tiations between governments .” By way of are, in fact, liable for their contractually those states in a Canadian court . contrast, the NDP thinks that the determi- based obligations . But Bill C-35, if it becomes law, would nation of which states should be listed is a However, with the federal govern- be a clumsy and weak tool for deterring determination best left to the courts . ment’s recent introduction of Bill C-35, the terrorism and bringing compensation to The Conservative government believes “Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act,” the its victims, at best a symbolic gesture . As that because listed countries will be able sea may be changing . The bill died on the well, the bill draws an artificial distinction to make a written application for delisting,

42 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN law|Di spatches

there are “safeguards and review mecha- working in Beirut in 1985, was kidnapped Human rights abusers remain nisms built into this provision, striking the and tortured over 18 months . A default immune appropriate balance between accountabil- judgment was awarded against the Ira- Perhaps the biggest critique facing the bill ity, justice and fairness .” nian government because, at trial, there is that it allows for victims of state-sanc- Nevertheless, there is the lurking po- was testimony that Jenco’s captors were tioned terrorism to sue, but not victims of tential for tit-for-tat retaliation . If Canada members of Hezbollah, and further that state torture . This is a particularly cogent makes a state liable under the jurisdiction Hezbollah was funded and controlled by issue in light of what happened to Maher of its civil courts, Canada itself, and con- the Iranian government . Arar, Zahra Kazemi and William Sampson ceivably Canadian organizations could Or, take the case of Wagner v. Islamic — Canadian citizens who faced gross hu- easily face a comparable designation from Republic of Iran, where a total of $316 mil- man rights abuses at the hands of foreign the target state . lion in damages was awarded, but just governments . This has been the United States experi- over $18 million paid . In this case, a U S. . Given the heinous cruelty of their tor- ence to date . It is the only country that has Naval officer was killed by a Hezbollah turers, it is difficult to understand why similar immunity legislation and tit-for-tat suicide bomber . the Canadian government would — un- is already full-blown . Cuba and Iran, both The list goes on . That is not to say, how- der the terms of the new bill — do noth- on the U S. . immunity exemption list, have ever, that there are not examples of large ing if and when the facts emerge in future allowed their citizens to file suit against damage awards and successful efforts at abuses . the U .S . for “interference” in internal af- enforcement . Rather, it simply underscores Deterring terrorism and providing fairs or for violating human rights . the reality that enforcement can be a dif- compensation to its victims are incredibly ficult and resource intensive endeavour important endeavours, and groups set on Deterring terrorism, helping victims that, at times, bears little fruit . mass casualty terrorism may be deterred Ottawa says the bill is intended to deter That said, the bill recognizes some of in future, but not by the threat of civil suits terrorism, and as a corollary, to provide fi- these difficulties and says the victim who in Canadian courts . nancial compensation to victims Ottawa . But there 2009:Delta can’t Ottawacollect can12/16/08 get help 9:18 from AM thePage minis 4 - are two flaws on the way to these noble ters of Finance and Foreign Affairs . But Aaron Shull is an international legal goals . First, terroristsOttawa 2009:Delta and their govern Ottawa- under12/16/08 Bill C-35, 9:18 their AM assistance Page 4 would be scholar, who publishes and speaks regu- ments sponsors are unlikely to be deterred entirely discretionary and the bill proposes larly on international security issues . He by a possible civil lawsuit in a Canadian no help at all in paying for what would is an associate in the Ottawa law firm of court . After all, these groups remain unlikely be a very expensive lawsuit . Edelson Clifford D’Angelo LLP . fazed by the prospect of extremely serious criminal sanction . Second, a favourable finding in a Cana- dian court — undoubtedly at the end of an expensive, lengthy, harrowing experience MORGANTE for victims — could be hollow . There is no guarantee the judgment will be enforce- MENSWEAR able . LIMITED When introducing the bill, then Public Safety Minister Peter Van Loan agreed that collecting damages from a terrorist group or a rogue state was iffy, but pointed out that collecting damages even in regular domestic lawsuits can be a challenge . However, Mr . Van Loan’s position could undermine one of the main reasons for the legislation: A family that has fallen victim to terrorism spends large sums of money to bring a case to court, testifies and relives terrible events . Then it gains a judgment that cannot be enforced . The U S. . experience has seen massive damage awards from the courts and much smaller sums actually collected . custom made Indeed, according to a recent Congres- dress shirts available sional Research Service Report, the enforcement of these awards — turning the 141 Sparks Street, court judgment into actual cash — remains Ottawa, ON a serious problem . Examples include: Jenco v. Islamic Republic of Iran, where a total of 613.234.2232 $314 million in damages was awarded, but just under $15 million was paid . In morgantemenswear.com this case, Lawrence Jenco, a Catholic priest

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44 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN books|DELIGHTS

A diplomat’s diplomat By George Fetherling

ere, in the West, there are fash- ions in historiography just as in Heverything else . Feminist history, social history and material history are among the dominant strains being studied and written about, with military history undergoing a major revival . A generation or two ago, such a list would have included diplomatic history, but these days relatively few serious books based on research in diplomatic archives are being published . Canada’s Voice: The Public Life of John Wendell Holmes by Adam Chapnick (now available as a UBC Press paperback, $32 95). is perhaps a partial example, because John Holmes (1910−88) did not limit his career to the old Department of External Affairs but was also at various times an academic, think-tank director and pundit . But then there is The Constant

Canadian diplomat Robert Ford and his wife, Thereza, receive the “Freedom of the City” award from Mayor Gordon Stronach in his hometown of London, Ontario, in 1965.

in Moscow . He was also one of those ada over the Igor Gouzenko spy scandal . lucky individuals who have the knack of One can read a certain symbolism into the mastering other languages (he knew five) . fact that when Ford settled into the em- Astonishingly, when he joined External in bassy, he found it infested with bedbugs 1940 (and was immediately sent to the San (whereas, for the remainder of his long Francisco consulate to process passport stay, the bigger worry was bugs of the applications) he became, according to Prof . electronic sort, even in Russian friends’ Diplomat: Robert Ford in Moscow by Charles Ruud, the department’s only English- apartments) . Of course he wasn’t the only Ruud (McGill-Queen’s University Press, Canadian officer fluent in French . Less one saddened or sickened, possibly both, $39 95). . It fits the bill quite nicely . remarkably, he was one of only two who by the culture of surveillance and what R.A.D. Ford (1915−1998) was Canada’s knew Russian . The other was George Ig- it represented . For a decade beginning in ambassador to the Soviet Union for an natieff . It was felt, however, that Ignatieff, 1973, Ford’s opposite number was Alex- astonishing 16 years, beginning in 1964 being the son of an exiled White Russian ander Yakovlec, the Soviet ambassador when Nikita Khrushchev was still in noble, might not be comfortable or wel- to Canada . Prof . Ruud describes him as power and ending in 1980 when Leonid come in the USSR . “an able, intelligent, and believing insider Brezhnev was still holding on . Add to The forced spirit of unavoidable co- who rose close to the centre of power in this two earlier postings in Moscow, not operation that existed between the two Moscow (but) was becoming disillusioned to mention five other ambassadorships, countries during the Second World War (while) in Ottawa by the KGB and Cen- and his career begins to take on the look had faded when Ford first went to Mos- tral Committee dominance in the Soviet of an era or, at the very least, to elevate his cow in 1946 as second secretary . Indeed, he embassies .” Both east and west, it was importance in the storied age of Canadian had been compelled to linger at the High a time of official paranoia about loyalty foreign policy . Commission in London for a time while and espionage . In such an atmosphere, Ford was a native of London, Ontario, Ottawa waited to see whether the USSR tragic incidents were not uncommon . For as was Holmes, who served under him would actually sever relations with Can- example, John Holmes, suspected of be-

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 45 DELIGHTS|BOOKS

ing a homosexual, was sacked . In a better ing psychology and culture were rooted to bring in an outside editor . Eventually known instance, another colleague, Her- deep in the pre-Revolutionary past .” He the job fell to Prof . Ruud of the University bert Norman, the ambassador to Egypt, never doubted that the leaders in the of Western Ontario . The two were able to committed suicide when accused of being Kremlin were totally sincere in their prin- make some tapes together, but following a communist . ciples . But unlike Kremlinologists of the Mr . Ford’s death, the book took its present There is a kind of career diplomat who day, the American ones in particular, he form as a fully written book rather than hopscotches the world on tiptoes . An didn’t see Soviet ideology as a simple way merely an edited one . It skillfully draws on example is Andrew Stuart . His memoir of explaining all Soviet actions . He felt the interviews, dispatches and official tele- Of Cargoes, Colonies and Kings: Diplomatic that certain ghosts from tsarist times had grams (how quaint that sounds) as well as and Administrative Service from Africa to the become permanent if invisible invigilators on other material from government and Pacific (H B. . Fenn, $30 50. paper) is surely in the halls where policy was made . In the private files . One especially rich source one of the last of its kind, as it details how 1950s especially, this “angle of vision,” is an unpublished book-length memoir he presided over the granting of indepen- as the author calls it, gave Ford’s ideas a by the redoubtable Thereza Gomes Ford, dence to quite a few British colonies and certain forensic power not only at External a former Brazilian diplomat . Her sharp territories . Affairs but also in the Western diplomatic observations add much to the story of her Of particular interest is his unavoid- community in general (perhaps dispropor- husband, with whom, evidently, she fre- ably hilarious account of being Britain’s tionately so in the capitals of western Eu- quently, and engagingly, disagreed . last resident commissioner in the New rope, though Prof . Ruud doesn’t become Hebrides during the joint Anglo-French explicit on this point) . WHO’S WHO—AND WHERE AND WHY arrangement known officially as the Con- However much influence he came n the editorial offices of the University dominium (and informally as the Pande- to have on the tone and style of foreign of Toronto Press, six floors above a monium) . policy towards Russia that he himself was Idonut shop on Yonge Street, staff were Then there are the heavily bureaucratic then charged with carrying out, he was recently preparing two different books diplomats of all nations and the politically also, of course, a strong agent of what with the same title . One was a facsimile appointed ones who characterize the U S. . many others also understood to be its two reprint of the first-ever Canadian Who’s diplomatic tradition . For his part, Ford goals . The first was to improve the world’s Who, originally published by The Times of was closer to the 19th-Century British understanding of Canada as a moder- London in 1910 . Even when padded with and French school of scholar/diplomats ate middle power, close to but not in the advertising, it ran only a few hundred who saw their task as comprehending, pocket of the United States, by trying to pages . The reprint costs $19 95. . The second and even coming to love, the essence of lessen Cold War tensions: promoting peace book is the 2010 edition of Canadian Who’s the places to which they were sent, often not only for its own sake but also to make Who, a reference work the press has been showing by their example that this is the Canada more useful—and more indepen- publishing for decades . It weighs three best means of understanding a govern- dent—in the world’s eyes . The second but kilos, squeezes 16,000 people onto 1,500 ment’s reflexes . Prof . Ruud labels Ford, a always less important objective was to sell triple-columned pages and sells for $225 serious lifelong student of the host society, the Soviets wheat and other commodities . (or $191 .25 to the lucky inductees) . The “a consummate rationalist who studied The economic gain, however, would be in annual volume has long been a staple for Russian culture and Soviet politics from danger if the first effort worked so well librarians, researchers, journalists and the outside and achieved the understand- that the U S. . would itself begin large-scale so on . If there are any foreign diplomats ing of an insider ”. exports to the Soviets . in Canada today who study the country Travel was often difficult for him, be- In 1967, Ford wrote this to the under- the way R .A .D . Ford studied the Soviet cause he suffered since youth from a de- secretary of state for External Affairs: “I Union, they probably use it too . In certain generative muscular disease . His refusal to have long been disturbed, as I am sure you ways, they could hardly find a more use- let it circumscribe his workload or prevent have, at the extent to which management ful index to who makes up Canada and him from going back and forth through skills have supplanted expertise in foreign which way the society is trending . the 11 Soviet time zones says much about affairs and original thinking as major qual- Whereas the 1910 Canadian Who’s Who is the private man . So does the fact that he ifications for advancement in the foreign of course obsolete, the new one is merely was an ambitious collector of Russian art . service .” To which Prof . Ruud appends obsolescent, at least in its present form . Or the fact that he, himself a published this comment: “If Ford’s recommendations Most of Canada’s important national poet of what might be called anthology had been followed, there would be more reference-book megaprojects, such as The rank, was also an admired translator of the poets and humanists—all widely read— Canadian Encyclopedia or The Dictionary work of Russian writers, with a number among the diplomats in Ottawa .” For of Canadian Biography, have gone digital, of whom he entered into deep friend- indeed that is the kind of old-fashioned as have a number of the highest quality ships . Buried in The Constant Diplomat diplomat—or diplomatist, as people once regional ones such as The Encyclopedia is a vignette in which he invites some of said—that R .A .D . Ford was . He was an of British Columbia . No one is saying for the most famous Soviet writers round to intellectual and a tireless writer . certain but many suspect that the modern the residence to meet the American play- One of his books, produced after his Canadian Who’s Who, which is already wright Lillian Hellman . They didn’t care retirement, was Our Man in Moscow (in available as a CD as well, may migrate for her at all . She was too much of a com- which he writes of the need, when dealing away from print entirely in the next two or munist for their taste . with the Russians, “to resist the obvious three years . The book crystallizes Ford’s view of retort, be patient, be adjustable, and wait Canada’s population was only seven Soviet-style Marxism as a system “artifi- for results”) . Another project was a selec- million back in 1910, when Montreal cially imposed on a Russia whose endur- tion of his dispatches, for which he wished was the financial and cultural capital of

46 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN BOOKS|DELIGHTS

Canada and St . James Street the capital of is already much more like the Internet that Montreal . The original Canadian Who’s Who it may soon stop resisting . included those figures you would suppose In any given year, the number of Ca- to be there: Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Lau- nadian Who’s Who people who die or rier, the feminist Nellie McClung, the poet- otherwise drop out exceeds the number aster Robert W . Service . It was also made who join . For a time, the book was able to up of the types you’d expect: bankers, remain almost constant in size by perfect- railway executives, and clergymen almost ing a truly bizarre maze of abbreviations beyond counting . Nearly all of them were that soon came to seem part of its strange male and most of them had Scots, English allure . Thinner paper and smaller type or French names . The fact that the coun- have also helped make possible a certain try’s population has almost quintupled amount of expansion over the years . But since then is, however, the least important now CWW has reached the limit of its change reflected in the Canadian Who’s Who thickness if it is to be machine-bound we know today . rather than bound by hand, which would Looking back on a generation’s worth increase costs significantly . The need of the University of Toronto Press Cana- for more space sits oddly with the need dian Who’s Who, it comes as no surprise for more entries from particular sets of than the gender imbalance in the earlier people . A confidential in-house document editions has more or less evened itself prepared in 2009 lists job categories whose out and that the geo-economic centre of high-achievers have until now been short- gravity has been moving westward since changed . Please note that these include the 1970s . Without resorting to pointlessly Who’s Who—the British one, which diplomatic and consular “Representatives minute research, it also seems to me that doesn’t have to qualify itself by including of major countries only (and) Smaller more Québécois are listed and perhaps its nationality on the cover—began in 1849 . countries (selectively)” as well as “Presi- fewer of them give their biographies in Its entries, which are brief, are written in- dents of principal companies” in the pub- French . Yet it also appears to be the case house in a uniform style and include a to- lic relations field . And so on . The memo that there are still comparatively few First ken number of personages from elsewhere goes on to state that directors of zoos, Nations persons . Still other facts, while in the Commonwealth . It’s hardly Burke’s aquariums and botanical gardens have often less apparent, are nonetheless just Peerage—it’s not intended to be—but nei- not been receiving their due in the printed as revealing . In the 2002 edition, it seemed ther is it a meritocracy . No Martian read- Canadian Who’s Who either . odd that Ward Elcock, then the director ing Who’s Who would understand just how This desire for fresh blood may be an- of CSIS (and more recently the coordina- multicultural a society contemporary Brit- other factor, along with rising costs and tor of Olympic and G-8 security), gave ain is, what with the book’s high percent- the trend by which printed books are the month and year of his birth but not age of white people who seem to be there losing their supremacy in many library the day . But now, what with heightened because they possess some combination of systems, that helps make the future seem awareness of identity theft, many choose inherited wealth, Oxbridge education and obvious . The people who believe that this to omit such details . The fact that far significant ancestors . Who’s Who in America, most charmingly eccentric of Canadian fewer people than in the relatively recent founded a half century later and also writ- reference books will not hold out much past list their religious affiliation (or even ten in-house, is heavy on business people, longer against the web-based world of its fewer, their specific denomination or sect) celebrities and office-holders, though it’s contemporaries are likely correct, though doubtless underscores not only the declin- salted with a few figures intended to give as Ms . Lumley says, “No one is writing ing importance of organized religion in it added freshness, utility or respectability . an obituary .” While much will be gained mainstream Canada but also the height- By contrast, Canadian Who’s Who is highly in speed, ease and economy when a web ened sensitivity of the whole subject . democratic in its way . version Canadian Who’s Who is available In the original volume of The Canadian Each year, 5,000 people in every conon everyone’s laptop and every public Establishment in 1975, Peter C . Newman, ceivable field—selected, I once joked, on library’s computer terminals, much will be in noting that the financier J .A . (Bud) the basis of having been mentioned in the lost in terms of browsability . I’m thinking McDougald listed the numbers for his Globe and Mail not in connection with a main particular of one famous Toronto author servants’ quarters and private stables in jor crime—are sent questionnaires . About whose name I’m afraid to reveal here who the Toronto telephone directory, ventured 600 of them reply . (As Elizabeth Lumley, spends who knows how many consecu- that he, McDougald, would undoubtedly the book’s editor, says, “People of accom- tive hours each year poring over the new be the last individual to do so . Quite . To- plishment are always busy .”) Whatever CWW to determine which of his rivals are day a number of people in CWW name the they write on the questionnaire—however unfortunately still alive and what honours gyms to which they belong whereas only preposterous, pompous, mistaken or long- and prizes that he himself should have 20 years ago many gave their luncheon winded—is then printed in Canadian Who’s received have mistakenly gone to others . clubs . The latter custom probably peaked Who . Let other reference books have their For him, life in the future will be more with Conrad Black whose former CWW snobby gatekeepers . Canadian Who’s Who difficult . entry revealed that he belonged to four ex- is more like a call-in radio show . Once cho- clusive gentlemen’s clubs in London, four sen, people are free to self-identify, to tell George Fetherling’s latest book is the more in Toronto and one each in Montreal us whatever they believe (or hope or wish) novel Walt Whitman’s Secret (Random and Palm Beach . to be the truth about themselves . That is, it House Canada) .

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 47 DELIGHTS|WINE

A taste of where wine comes from

forth . Not only did they leave behind building of Niagara’s Welland Canal . complex soil compositions, but they Thanks to his Old World love of wine, shaped layers of sedimentary rock Cave Spring today is built upon three and ancient reef structures into one generations of wine-making tradition . particularly important bit of physical The family is recognized as not only geography: the Niagara Escarpment . one of the greatest producers of Ries- Rising some 335 metres above sea ling in North America but as one of level, this north-facing cliff forma- Canada’s finest wineries . Giuseppe’s tion is the backbone of the area . Its grandson Tom Pennachetti is the slopes and benches determine the winery’s director of marketing and Pieter Van den Weghe vineyards’ exposure to sunlight sales, and provides some interesting and the influence of wind and insights: lake effects . This diverse range of “Topography is critical . Eleva- hen confronted with so many grape-growing conditions allows tion and aspect dictate air flow,” shelves holding countless bot- the Niagara Peninsula to pro- Mr . Pennachetti says . “The Beams- Wtles of wine, it’s easy to forget duce 32 varietals in nearly 5,500 ville and Twenty Mile Benches, how unique and distinctive the conditions hectares of vineyards . where all of our vineyards lie, have to be so that a good wine can be Classic cool-climate varietals provide the right elevation above made . Every quality wine’s story includes such as Riesling, Chardonnay, Lake Ontario to give constant cir- skill and talent both in the vineyard and Gamay Noir, Pinot Noir and culation of moderating on-shore the winery, a fairly large amount of capital Cabernet Franc are produced breezes from Lake Ontario . They and the blessing of Mother Nature . How- particularly well . The appella- are just close enough that these tion also boasts some 70 wineries breezes reach them, and just high producing more than 500 wines . enough that they are exposed to stretching west One of the best producers is the warmer air currents off the lake in Pennachetti family’s Cave Spring cooler months . In warmer months, from the Niagara Cellars, and, much like the glaciers of days cool breezes are drawn up these slopes .” long past, the Pennachettis have made Also, the soils of the Cave Spring River to Hamilton, their mark on the area . In the early 1920s, vineyards are quite poor in organic mat- Giuseppe Pennachetti emigrated from ter when compared with the fertile sites this great wine his native Italy to work as a mason in the beneath the escarpment . However, besides grape-growing area is the result of 200,000 years of glaciers grinding their way back and forth. ever, no matter what, a good wine is the result of good fruit, and, to get good fruit, you need the right place to grow it . There aren’t that many such places . Thankfully, Canada has a few . The one that highlights this rare combination of just the right criteria is Canada’s largest viticultural area, the Niagara Pen- insula . Stretching west from the Niagara S pring C ave River to Hamilton, this great wine grape- The Cave Spring Winery's Riesling, produced from grapes grown in this vineyard, provides sippers with a growing area is the result of 200,000 years good sense of the special properties of Niagara soil, which is rich in eroded limestone and has a unique of glaciers grinding their way back and mineral character.

48 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN WINE|DELIGHTS

draining better because of their elevation, the soils are special as they are rich in eroded limestone and have a unique mineral character . As a result, the vines are kept in check and do not produce exces- sive fruit . Even for their entry-level wines, yields are generally 30 percent lower than those from the more fertile sites beneath the escarpment . Such lower yields deliver more concentrated and structured wines . Which Cave Spring wines particularly show this? “Riesling best shows the uniqueness of our terroir,” says Tom Pennachetti . “Our Estate and Niagara Riesling both show this in different ways . The Estate is made from No Extra Fees 100 percent Cave Spring vineyard fruit - and shows the great complexity that older for Diplomats vines can deliver . And it ages like mad . The Niagara is a bit softer and fruitier, but Diplomats and embassy employees For your personal also ages well . It shows an amazing range may exchange their personal cheques consultation please call: of tree fruit and also exhibits great miner- without paying extra fees. Accu-Rate Marie Boivin ality especially on the nose .” Corporation specializes in electronic and Managing Director The 2008 Cave Spring Estate Riesling is 613-596-5505 ext. 1 01 cheque payments in over 55 currencies. available through the Essentials program [email protected] of Vintages while the 2008 Niagara Ries- ling is part of the LCBO’s general list . Try either one and you’ll get to taste where a Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza wine comes from . Accu-Rate Corporation 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services Pieter Van den Weghe is the sommelier at www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 Beckta dining & wine .

DWS_Ad_Sept_09_FINAL.indd 1 9/2/2009 11:11:12 AM d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 49 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

Awaiting the arrival of garden fresh produce

But let’s face it, who among us has another four months or so . not been cheating on our vows to thrive Regardless of the time of year, I must strictly on seasonal and local produce? admit that I adore luscious fresh flavours Although I look for the country, province on my plates . Fresh herbs and micro- or location of origin, and choose as locally greens are the easiest way to achieve as possible, I do not resist purchasing a that . Fortunately, some local growers strategic quantity of greens (from broccoli, offer an uninterrupted supply of these asparagus, and kale to salad leaves and all year round . And you, like I, may also fennel) even if, to my despair, the only have your own personal herbal “grow ones available have crossed the continent . op” (as my husband calls it) under your Margaret Dickenson Practical compromises must be made skylights . during non-growing months especially Over the years, I have also developed when it comes to fruit . And with berries a versatile repertoire of tantalizing unique s winter sheds its chilly cloak, our of all kinds seeming to be a great bargain recipes on which I can depend to deliver a anticipation of once again enjoy- virtually all winter long, price-savvy con- truly fresh and impressive impact regard- Aing local, garden fresh produce sumers will, of course, pop them into their less of the month . Although very much escalates . You must know the feeling . shopping carts . dedicated to local and seasonal, I do not Many of us, taking a serious approach But as spring arrives, our anticipation of hesitate to put aside that commitment to the 100-mile diet, are amazed at the feasting on local fresh produce from farm- from time to time . My unique Smoked culinary wonders our regional root crops ers’ markets and our own gardens builds . Salmon Stack with Avocado and Mango is have provided us since last October . How- First on the market will be fiddleheads, one such example . When available, I use ever, even the poorest math students can wild garlic and leeks . In our own gardens, local salad leaves and shoots but that’s not calculate that that’s still at least six months sorrel, icicle pansies, chives and rhubarb always possible . without locally grown fresh garden pro- will bravely push their way through the Enjoy this appetizer! Bon Appétit! duce . earth’s cold (sometimes icy) surface . The Local flavours have caused a dramatic next taste of local to delight our palates Margaret Dickenson is author of the culinary rebirth, particularly in the last will be asparagus and strawberries . From international award-winning cookbook few years with chefs and home cooks alike then on, the eagerly awaited parade of Margaret’s Table – Easy Cooking & Inspiring rediscovering how much tastier they are . summer fruits and vegetables will finally Entertaining . See www .margaretstable .ca The word “seasonal” has also invaded be ours once again to enjoy — if only for for more . our culinary vocabulary and our social consciousness . Thanks to our new-found commitment to purchasing local produce as much as possible, we have been nourished with root vegetables during the last six months . The experience has charmed cold-weather menus when comfort food dominates . Chefs have boiled, baked, caramelized, grilled and incorporated root vegetables into deeply satisfying soups, curries, stews and salads . And because of the public’s interest in creative cooking and dining, often these dishes are presented in excit- ing, vibrant ways, and with more diverse flavours . Indeed, the once humble root vegetable has become a focus of attention . Carrots, potatoes, beets, even turnips are now available in multi-colours and different sizes . Many root vegetables appear on grocery shelves already washed, peeled, cut, diced and slivered . And, let’s not forget the myriad of flavoured oils and vinegars which can conveniently add the perfect boost of flavour with one careful drizzle . All in all, dining for month after arry D ickenson L arry month on local veggies (and apples) has Smoked Salmon Crispy Stacks with Avocado and Mango not been an unhappy challenge .

50 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS

Smoked Salmon Crispy Stacks 1 . Divide smoked salmon slices into 8 6 . Gently top each stack with a slice of (with Avocado and Mango) equal portions; set aside . avocado and then a slice of mango . Drizzle Makes 4 servings 2 . Cut avocado vertically in half and re- stack and plate with more vinaigrette move pit . Keeping entire half of avocado (about 2 1/2 tsp or 13 mL) . Smoked salmon stacked colourfully intact, carefully remove peel . Cut each 7 . If desired, garnish stacks with petit bou- together with crisp salad leaves, ripe avocado half vertically into oval slices quets of fresh herbs or shoots . avocado and mango, is a curious but beau- (thickness: 1/3 inch or 0 .8 cm) . Choose 4 8 . Cautiously and sparingly, add only 3 tifully delicate marriage of flavours and of the largest slices and set others aside for drops of lemon oil to the outer area of each textures . The drops of “highly charged” another purpose . plate beyond the stack . lemon oil and the bouquet of young snow 3 . Peel mango . Similarly cut mango verti- 9 . Serve promptly . pea shoots, add the final touches of drama cally into oval slices on either side of pit . to the plate . Not only is it a great appe- Choose 4 attractive slices . Leaving top of Mustard Herb Vinaigrette tizer, particularly for a dinner party, but it slice attached, cut each of the 4 mango 3/4 cup (180 mL) canola or corn oil also could be the main feature for a brunch slices in a fan-like manner . 1/4 cup (60 mL) olive oil menu . 4 . Use 4 dinner plates to make 4 individual 1/4 cup (60 mL) vinegar servings . For each serving, place one por- 2 tbsp (30 mL) lemon juice 8 oz (225 g) smoked salmon, sliced tion of smoked salmon in a circular fash- 1 1/3 tbsp (20 mL) granulated sugar 1 avocado, ripe ion (diameter: 4 inches or 10 cm) in centre 1 tbsp (15 mL) chopped fresh dill weed 1 fresh mango (medium size), ripe of each plate . 1 tbsp (15 mL) chopped fresh parsley 3 cups (750 mL) crisp young salad leaves 5 . To facilitate the creation of a stack, 1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) powdered mustard (e .g ., mâche rosettes, arugula or similar position a metal cylinder/ring (diam- 1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) finely chopped fresh types) eter: about 3 1/4 inches or 8 .5 cm) over garlic 1/3 cup (80 mL) mustard-herb vinaigrette the salmon and fill with 3/4 cup (190 1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) salt (recipe follows) mL) of salad leaves, packing the leaves 1 tsp (5 mL) crushed black peppercorns gently . Leaving the cylinder in posi- Garnish (optional) tion, drizzle salad leaves with 2 tsp (10 1 . Whisk ingredients together and stir well 4 petit bouquets of fresh herbs (e .g ., cher- mL) of vinaigrette; add another portion before using . (The vinaigrette will keep vil, coriander, dill) or shoots of smoked salmon . Carefully remove up to several months if refrigerated in a 1/4 tsp (1 mL) lemon oil cylinder . sealed glass jar) . Ma Mon Cuisine Cadeau

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d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 51 DELIGHTS|residences

The home of a true cosmopolitan

The Argentinean ambassador shows off his familial heritage at his Rockcliffe residence

By Margo Roston WILSON DYANNE

The home where Argentinean Ambassador Arturo Bothamley lives with his wife, Marie Angelica, was originally designed by Allan Keefer and built for a deputy minister. The government of Argentina bought it in 1966.

he best way to describe the official The house has an important pedigree . charming touch of home . Several of the residence of Argentinean Ambas- It is one of just about a dozen designed pictures show the wedding of one ambas- Tsador Arturo Bothamley and his by Allan Keefer, the great grandson of sador’s four daughters, who was married wife Maria Angelica Olmedo, is simply to Thomas McKay and described by Martha in Ottawa by Ambassador Bothamley’s say it is a large, very comfortable family Edmond in Rockcliffe Park: A History of the friend and colleague, the former Papal home, the kind of house you find sprin- Village as “a society architect .” He was Nuncio, Luigi Ventura . kled around Rockcliffe Park . Not the big- commissioned by civil servant Harry W . The main reception room is bright gest and “not the best” as the ambassador Brown, then deputy minister of the then and comfortable with white carpeting says, it is located in the heart of the village department of the militia, to design his sprinkled with colourful oriental carpets . on one of the most prestigious streets in house on the spacious, corner lot . Al- That room leads into a sunroom or “the the upscale area . though radically changed now from the piano room” as the ambassador calls it, And 699 Acacia Ave . boasts one of the original, it is one of only about a dozen from where might emanate the sounds of largest gardens in Rockcliffe, surrounded Rockcliffe homes he designed in the 1920s an Argentinean tango . on three sides by some of Ottawa’s most and ’30s . Argentinean paintings cover the walls, historic, most elegant embassy residences . The house was purchased by the gov- including works by landscape artists En- The white stucco, three-storey house faces ernment of Argentina in 1966 . canto Del Bosque and Enrique Prins, on the grey stone Korean embassy across the “It is very pleasant to live in,” says the loan from the National Gallery of Argen- street, as well as the fabled home of the ambassador, who has made it his home for tina . Also prominently displayed are two Japanese ambassador on the north side . the past six years . “And the land is very antique brass clocks, which the ambassa- Facing the back garden is the German valuable . ” dor had repaired when he moved in . embassy residence, while close by is the The first thing you notice in the main The ambassador is a true cosmopolitan, he home of Canada’s Chief Justice Beverley floor reception room is a table filled with says, with a background that includes Eng- McLachlin . pictures of the couples’ five children, a lish, German, Italian and Swiss ancestors .

52 WINTER 10 | JAN–FEB–MAR residences|DELIGHTS

“My grandfather came from England, because Argentina was a land of promise in 1870,” he says . With his background, putting the clocks in pristine condition was a duty, he adds . A career diplomat, his last posting was as ambassador to Jamaica, St . Kitts and Nevis . The large dining room across the central entrance hall features a cozy marble fireplace and a large bay window . The WILSON photos b y DYANNE dining room seats 18 for a sit-down din- Arturo Bothamley, left, an unrepentant smoker, likes to retreat to this den for a puff on a cigar. ner, where guests might be treated to spe- cialties such as Argentinean beef, alfajores cordobeses, a jam-filled cookie typical of the province of Cordobesesi, and dulce de Designer showroom & professional leche, the thick caramel sauce the ambas- workroom on premises Artful sador calls the “Argentinean passion .” interiors Also on the main floor is a comfortable den, where the ambassador, an unrepentant smoker, retreats to smoke his cigars . Perhaps the most amusing spot in the house is a tiny, picturesque, wine storage room, tucked into a corner near the kitchen . When the basement was renovated and the staircase moved, this tiny space adapted perfectly as storage for some of the resident’s favourite vintages, although the ambassador has to crouch to retrieve his choices . Another feature of the house is a large 1134 Bank Street picture window midway up the staircase (near Sunnyside) overlooking the garden, which not only COMMITTED TO QUALITY 613.730.9090 INSPIRED BY DESIGN supplies a view but also an abundance of www.elitedraperies.ca light . The house has five bedrooms and staff quarters over the garage, but if they • Custom window coverings • Shutters • Blinds • Furniture • Upholstery • Slipcovers • Bedcoverings • Hardware don’t have guests, the couple doesn’t need to use the third floor, two-bedroom suite . The house really comes into its own Elite's talented team of designers and technicians can on May 25, the country’s national day, when a big tent in the lovely garden is a take on any project of any scale — from expertly handcrafted centerpiece for Argentineans, diplomats draperies to interior design to complete custom home and Canadians to get together to celebrate COMMITTEDrenovations. TO QUALITY Elite has the depth of experience and capabilities the heritage and special flavours of the INSPIRED BY DESIGN country . to make your dream project a reality.

Margo Roston is Diplomat's culture editor .

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 53 DELIGHTS|history

That indefensible border By Laura Neilson Bonikowsky

ince the events of Sep- convention clarified the west- far simpler than marking it on the land . tember 11, 2001, Cana- ward border “as a line from Both nations appointed independent Sdians and Americans the farthest northwest part of commissions to map the frontier . Lt-Col have become increasingly Lake of the Woods to the 49th John Hawkins headed the British Com- aware of our shared border . parallel and thence west to mission; Archibald Campbell was his At 5,000 km, it is the world’s the Rocky Mountains .” Both American counterpart . They disagreed longest undefended border, which has Britain and the U .S . registered claims from the start . Hawkins argued that prompted the American government over the Oregon Territory, the region boundary markers “in open ground” more than once to consider fencing it . west of the Rockies and between 42o N were required every mile . The Ameri- Conceptualizing the enormity of such and 54o 40’ N . The conflicting claims cans refused to bear their share of the an undertaking affords some realization became an explosive issue in the 1840s . cost but agreed to place markers wher- of the remarkable feat accomplished The Americans coveted a border at Rus- ever the 49th parallel crossed “streams when the border was first established . sian Alaska—the British saw the Colum- of any size, permanent trails, or any Diplomats settling British-American bia River as the appropriate boundary . striking natural features .” boundary disputes under the 1783 Treaty In 1844, James Knox Polk used the The tension between the two men was of Paris, having little knowledge of the boundary dispute during the presiden- in addition to disputes between their relevant geography or history, produced tial election . With the slogan “54-40 or governments, the occasional military a vague document with an airy reference fight!” he promised to go to war over the fracas, a series of aboriginal wars . It took to a latitudinal connection between Lake issue . Polk won the election but decided four backbreaking years for Hawkins’ of the Woods and the Mississippi River . he would rather negotiate than fight and men to map the boundary and another They determined the border as a line the British happily complied . The Ore- half-century before the Hawkins-Camp- from the upper corner of the lake due gon Treaty of 1846 (in American history, bell survey was officially recognized . west to the Mississippi . The best geogra- the Treaty of Washington) extended the When the British and Americans fi- pher couldn’t make that connection . 49th parallel boundary to the Pacific . nally met to prepare official maps, they On Oct . 20, 1818, a British-American Sketching a boundary on paper is discovered, not surprisingly, some dis- crepancies . The method of reconciliation was surprising — they split the difference, drawing a line between the origi- nals . It seemed a good compromise at the time, but it only confused titles and jurisdictions when settlers moved into border areas to find multiple boundary markers and two or even three lines cut through the woods . The authorities needed the original survey reports to rectify the maps but the documents were missing — from both commissions . The Americans had postponed publishing their reports for economic reasons after the Civil War . The British reports were found by Otto Klotz, of the Canadian astronomical service, at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in 1898 when he glimpsed boxes marked “B .N .A .” and had the janitor retrieve them . Both governments undertook a new survey between 1901 and 1907 . New lines were cut, old ones cleared and missing markers replaced . Remark- ably, few corrections had to be made to Hawkins’ and Campbell’s original careful surveys .

Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is the associate editor of The Canadian Encyclopedia .

54 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN AFTER INAUGURATION

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4. THIS PAGE : 1. Australian High Commissioner Justin Brown and his wife, Caroline Linke, hosted a national day event at the Chateau Laurier in late January. (Photo: Tim Stiles) • 2. To mark its national day, Kuwait's chargé d'affaires Ali Al Dafiri and his wife, Tahani Al-Subaie, hosted a reception in Feb- ruary at the Fairmont Château Laurier. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson) • 3. Zeiad Alanbaie, Kuwait's first secretary, and his wife, Latifah Alotaibi. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson) • 4. Czech Ambassador Karel Zebra- kovsky, Hungarian Ambassador Pal Vastagh, Polish Ambassador Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz and Slovakian Ambassador Stanislav Opiela, together with the Czech and Slovak Association of Canada, and Ashbury College, hosted a charity concert for Haiti in February at the college. Mr. Zebrakovsky is shown with pianist, Zuzana Simurdova, after the concert. (Photo: Ulle Baum) • 5. As part of celebrations recognizing 60 years of relations between Israel and Canada, the Israeli embassy hosted a reception after a concert at the National Arts Centre in February. Israeli Ambassador Miriam Ziv, left, is shown here with Evelyn Greenberg. (Photo: Embassy of Israel)

56 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

5. THIS PAGE 1. The Ottawa Symphony Orchestra celebrated its Spring Symphony Soirée and fundrais- ing auction at the Hilton Lac-Leamy in March. Shown: Sibongile Rubushe, first secretary of the South African High Commission; Fabienne Nadeau, sales and marketing director at Casino Du Lac Leamy and Nompumelelo M. Sibiya , also first secretary for South Africa. • 2. The annual Viennese Ball took place at the National Gallery of Canada in February. Austrian Ambassador Werner Brandstetter and his wife, Leonie-Marie, were honourary patrons. • 3. American Ambassador David Jacobson attended the Viennese Ball, as did Keiko Nishida (centre) and her husband, Japanese Ambassador Tsuneo Nishida. • 4. Young debutantes and cavaliers (high school students from the Ottawa area) always kick off the ball by dancing the Polonaise. • 5. The annual Snowflake Ball took place in Feb- ruary at the Hilton Lac-Leamy. German Ambassador Georg Witschel and his wife, Sabine, attended. (All photos: Dyanne Wilson)

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 57 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

THIS PAGE : 1. Netherlands Major General de Kruif, left, commanded ISAF forces in Afghanistan’s south and visited Canada in January to share his experiences. He took part in a wreath-laying ceremony at the Canadian War Museum with Netherlands Ambassador Wim Geerts. (Photo: W.E. Storey, CEF COM Headquarters) • 2. Cuban Ambassador Teresita Vicente Sotolongo hosted a reception at the end of January at the embassy to mark her country's national day. She’s shown between Miguel Frada, left, third secretary, and Antonio Rodriguez Valcarcel, minister-counsellor.

Financing terms available

58 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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0051 832 316 832 0051 THIS PAGE 1. Lithuanian Ambassador Ginte Dasmusis (second from the left) hosted a national day reception in March at Library and Archives Canada. She’s shown from left with, from left, Latvian Ambassador Margers Krams, Trade Minister Peter Van Loan, and Riho Kruuv, chargé d’affaires of Estonia. (Photo: Ulle Baum) • 2. German Ambassador Georg Witschel hosted a fundraiser Jan. 14 at his residence in support of Opera Lyra Ottawa's Emerging Artists program. From left: Opera Lyra ot tcejbus secirP .artxe seitiutarg dna sexaT dna seitiutarg .artxe secirP tcejbus ot o mc.wttootrh@els tcto .egnahc . catnoC t las tarehs@se ono t .awat moc rof vice-chairwoman Patti Blute, Mr. Witschel, co-host Sabine Witschel, pianist Judith Ginsburg and Tom luf l smret dna idnoc t snoi . 0102© S doowrat letoH s & dvee hir ll .n eid o stroseR t s roW ,ediwdl .cnI lA l r thgi s .devreser Delworth, Canada's former ambassador to Germany.

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 59 DIGNITARIES|NEW ARRIVALS

New Heads of Mission of state in the section of general affairs . In 1998, he was appointed assessor for gen- Biljana Gutic-Bjelica eral affairs of the secretary of state . Ambassador of Bosnia-Herzegovina Four years later, he became titular archbishop of Agropoli and was ordained bishop a few days later in January 2003 . A month later, he became apostolic nuncio to India and Nepal . He has a doctorate in canon law and speaks Spanish, Italian, English, French and Portuguese .

Andrea Meloni Ambassador of Italy duras, Nicaragua and Panama . She spent six years at Jamaica’s permanent mission to the United Nations where she dealt with economic and financial issues and served as head of chancery . She also spent Ms . Gutic-Bjelica has a degree in English two years at the embassy in Venezuela language, literature and philosophy from and six years at headquarters, in charge of the University of Nis . She joined the for- international organizations . eign ministry in 2006, after previously Ms . Sealy-Monteith is married and has holding positions within the ministry of two children . civil affairs, and the ministry of communications and transport . Bhoj Raj Ghimire Her first job in the foreign ministry was Ambassador of Nepal at the rank of first secretary, within the department of UN and international organizations . In 2008, she moved to the position Mr . Meloni joined the foreign service in of counselor in the cabinet of the deputy 1975 with a job in the economic affairs minister . Prior to being posted to Ottawa, department . she worked in the sector for multilateral Three years later, he became first secre- relations . tary in Mozambique and took up the same Ms . Gutic-Bjelica, one of Ottawa’s position in Argentina . He was counselor youngest heads of missions at 38, speaks in Pakistan from 1985 to 1987 and then English and some French . She is married returned to headquarters with portfolios and has one child . on Latin America and development cooperation before going to Geneva as the Pedro Lopez Quintana deputy permanent representative to GATT Apostolic Nuncio (Holy See) and the WTO . He worked on Cambodia’s accession to Before coming to Canada, Mr . Ghimire, the WTO for eight years, and then became who has a PhD in economics, spent three consul-general in Buenos Aires . Before his years serving as secretary of the cabinet posting to Canada, he was Italy’s repre- for the government of Nepal . His main sentative to the political and security com- responsibilities were in policy-making and mittee of the European Union . monitoring policy implementation . Mr . Meloni speaks English, French, Ital- Prior to that, he served as the secretary ian and Spanish . He is married and has of different ministries of the government three children . including finance, where he reconciled government resources and expenditures . Sheila Ivoline Sealy-Monteith He also served as joint secretary in the High Commissioner for Jamaica finance ministry and drafted its policy on Ms . Sealy-Monteith is a career diplomat economic liberalization . who has a bachelor of arts, an advanced His previous diplomatic posting was diploma in international relations and a as consul general in Kolkatta, India from Archbishop Quintana was born in Spain master’s of science in international rela- 1998 to 2001 . and was ordained as a priest at the age tions, all from the University of the West Mr . Ghimire likes to write poems and of 27, for the Archdiocese of Santiago of Indies . songs . He has written five books and re- Compostella . Four years later, he entered Prior to coming to Canada, Ms . Sealy- corded albums . He is married and has one the diplomatic service of the Holy See and Monteith served as ambassador to Mexico, daughter . served in Madagascar, Philippines, and with concurrent accreditation to Belize, India, as well as in a position as secretariat Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hon-

60 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN NEW ARRIVALS | DIGNITARIES

Andrew Needs imports and exports, and legislation across High Commissioner for New Zealand the Caribbean and South America . As ambassador to Canada, he is especially interested in increasing tourism for both countries, and promoting direct flights between Panama City and major destinations in Canada . At just 38, Mr . Escobar is a young ambassador . He is married to Pily Castro Caceres with whom he has a two-year-old son, Carlo Emilio .

Manuel Shaerer Kanonnikoff Ambassador of Paraguay ministry until 1996 when he went to work as a commercial counsellor at the embassy in Berlin . From 2001 to 2003, he was an Mr . Needs knows his new position well undersecretary of state in the ministry of — he was deputy high commissioner in internal affairs and administration and for Canada from 2004 to 2008 . But his most the following four years, he was ambas- recent assignment was as foreign policy sador to Slovakia . He had an 18-month advisor to the minister of Foreign Affairs stint as minister-counsellor in Berlin before of New Zealand . being appointed undersecretary of state Previous overseas assignments have infor armaments and modernisation in the cluded Canberra (1998-2002) and the Cook ministry of national defence . Islands (1991-1993) . He also served at the Mr . Kosiniak-Kamysz speaks German, Pacific Forum Secretariat in Fiji and was English, Slovak and Russian . seconded to Australia’s foreign and trade ministry in Canberra in 1990 . Chitranganee Wagiswara Mr . Needs has a bachelor of arts and a Mr . Kannonikoff is a lawyer by profession . High Commissioner for Sri Lanka master’s degree . In 2007, he completed an He graduated in law from the National executive course at Carleton University’s University of Asuncion and then did a mas- Sprott School of Business in Ottawa . ter’s in international law at the Instituto de He was born in England, and arrived Estudios Superiores Monterrey in Mexico . in New Zealand as a six-year-old . He He has served as a legal advisor and lives with his partner, Bronwyn, and two headed up the European Union and school-age sons . MERCOSUR sections of the customs department from 2005 to 2007 . He was an Francisco Carlo Escobar associate lawyer with a firm for 18 months Ambassador of Panama before becoming a member of the common market group of MERCOSUR (in the executive branch for commercial policies) . Most recently, he was a member of the commission for the MERCOSUR customs code and director of the department of Ms . Wagiswara joined the foreign service international relations and negotiations in in 1981 after having completed a bach- the customs department . elor of commerce at the University of Sri Mr . Kanonnikoff is married and speaks Jayawardenepura and a diploma in inter- Spanish, English and Portuguese . national relations at the Graduate Institute for International Studies in Geneva . Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz Her first posting was to Italy as third, Ambassador of Poland then second, secretary in 1984 . She re- Mr . Kosiniak-Kamysz graduated from turned to headquarters before coming the department of organisation and man- to Canada as first secretary in 1991 . Her Mr . Escobar finished a master’s in busi- agement at the Technical University in next posting came in 1996 as deputy high ness administration from the University Dresden and, from 1984 to 1986, he was a commissioner in London, after which she of Central Florida in Orlando in 1998 after deputy contract chief at Krakbud, an in- became high commissioner in Singapore completing a bachelor of science in finance dustrial building company in Leipzig . for three years . In 2005, she took a three- from Louisiana State University in 1995 . For the next three years, he was a vice- year posting in Paris before returning to Before entering the diplomatic corps, he director in the Krakow office of the Polish headquarters as senior director general was general manager for a multinational Chamber of Foreign Trade . He joined the in political affairs . She was appointed to logistics company headquartered in Mi- diplomatic service in 1990 and became first Canada in December . ami . There, he learned about international secretary in Budapest . He returned to the Ms . Wagiswara is married .

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 61 DIGNITARIES|NEW ARRIVALS

Non-heads of mission Second Counsellor Shahbaz Solbi Sri Lanka Afghanistan China Third Counsellor Sumith Priyantha Ershad Ahmadi Pengzhou Song Dassanayake M. Minister-counsellor Attaché and Vice- Lithuania Minister-counsellor and Deputy Head of consul Vilija Jatkoniene Mission Qingguo Li Counsellor Sudan First Secretary Mindaugas John Simon Yor Kor Algeria Bin Feng Abaliksta Deputy Head of Nakhla Kechacha Third Secretary Assistant Defence, Mission Counsellor Xiuhua Chen Military, Naval and First Secretary Air Attaché Thailand Bangladesh Ruamporn Rahat Bin Zaman Dominican Republic Mexico Ridthiprasart Second Secretary Felix Antonio Gil Edith Jareth Duarte Second Secretary Blanco Pedrote Barbados Minister-counsellor Second Secretary Togo Kereeta Nicole Paneybesse Alli Whyte Ecuador Netherlands First Secretary First Secretary Gonzalo Gilberto Martinus Wilhelmus Gonzalez Fierro Maria Olde United States of Chile First Secretary Monnikhof America Beatriz De La Adriana Maribel Counsellor Leroy Chester Fuente Fuentes Trujillo Hidalgo Frazier Second Secretary Attaché Russia Assistant Attaché and Consul Ann Marlene Sergey Leslie Williams Mauricio Velasquez Martillo Pacheco Romanchenko Doumbia Reyes Counsellor Attaché Second Secretary Defence, Military, and Vice-consul Naval and Air Iran South Africa Daniel Ross Harris Attaché Mousalreza Vahidi Mogoruti Joseph Second Secretary First Secretary Ledwaba and Vice-consul Hassan Doutaghi Defence Attaché

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62 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN NATIONAL DAYS|DELIGHTS

Celebration time

A listing of the national and independence days marked by the countries of the world

April

4 Senegal Independence Day

16 Denmark Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II

17 Syria National Day

18 Zimbabwe Independence Day

26 Tanzania Union Day

27 Sierra Leone Republic Day

27 South Africa Freedom Day

27 Togo National Day

29 Israel National Day

30 Netherlands Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Beatrix

May NCC 1 Marshall Islands National Day The Canadian Tulip Festival takes place in Ottawa May 7 to 24. 3 Poland National Day

9 European Union Schuman Day

15 Paraguay Independence Day

17 Norway Constitution Day

20 Cameroon National Day

22 Yemen National Day

24 Eritrea Independence Day

25 Argentina May Revolution

25 Jordan National Day

26 Georgia Independence Day

28 Azerbaijan Republic Day

28 Ethiopia Downfall of the Dergue

June

1 Samoa Independence Day J EAN - MARC CARISSE

2 Italy Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic Yemen’s national day is marked May 22. Last year, a camel attended the celebrations. 4 Tonga Independence Day

6 Sweden National Day

10 Portugal National Day

12 Philippines National Day

12 Russia National Day Her Majesty the Queen’s Birthday; Raised every second 13 United Kingdom Saturday of the month of June 17 Iceland Proclamation of the Republic

18 O/of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Day

18 Seychelles Constitution Day Official Celebration of the Birthday of His Royal Highness 23 Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 25 Croatia National Day

25 Slovenia National Day

25 Mozambique Independence Day

26 Madagascar Independence Day WILSON DYANNE

27 Djibouti National Day Opera Lyra’s garden party, traditionally hosted by the Italian ambassador, takes 29 Holy See National Day place every year in June. 30 Congo, Democratic Republic Independence Day

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 63 diplomatic contacts 64 www FAXTEL236-0841 236-4376 6L2 K1P Ontario Ottawa, O’Connor,710 50 Suite Commission High Australian Brown Hugh Justin Ex . His AUSTRALIA www armcanadaembassy@mfa .com FAXTEL234-3710 234-3444 0Z2 K2P Ontario Ottawa, Delaware 7 Avenue of Armenia Republic the of Embassy d’AffairesChargé Mr ARMENIA www embargentina@argentina-canada .net FAXTEL236-2351 235-2659 6K7 K1P Ontario Ottawa, Floor 7th Street Metcalfe 81 the Republic Argentineof Embassy Ex . Bothamley ArturoHis ARGENTINA www info@embangola-can .org TEL234-1152 FAX 234-1179 6P1 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Laurier Avenue189 East of Angola Republic the of Embassy ANGOLA www FAXTEL789-8505 789-1406 6N2 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Wilbrod500 Street of Algeria Republic Democratic People’s the of Embassy Smail Ex . His ALGERIA embassyofalbania@on .aibncom TEL236-4114 FAX 236-0804 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 302 Suite Street,130 Albert of Albania Republic the of Embassy Konci Besnik Ex . His ALBANIA www contact@afghanemb-canada .net FAXTEL563-4223 563-4962 1B9 K2P Ontario Ottawa, 240 StreetArgyle Afghanistan of Republic Islamic the of Embassy Ludin Jawed Ex . His AFGHANISTAN . Arman Akopian .canadaembassy .armembassycanadaca .argentina-canada .net .embangola-canorg .embassyalgeriaca/enghtm .afghanemb-canadanet | EMBASSI ES Benamara .gov |

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www ottawa@diplobel .fedbe FAXTEL236-7267 236-7882 7X7 K1R Ontario Ottawa, 820 Suite Street,360 Albert Belgium of Embassy BELGIUM belamb@igs .net FAXTEL233-9994 233-8500 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 600 Suite Street,130 Albert Belarus of Republic the of Embassy d’AffairesChargé Mr BELARUS ottawa@foreign .gov FAXTEL236-9517 230-4362 6L5 K1P Ontario, Ottawa, 470 Suite St ., Metcalfe 55 Barbados for Commission High Greaves Evelyn Edward Ex . His BARBADOS www bangla@rogers .com FAXTEL236-0138 567-3213 7Y6 K1R Ontario, Ottawa, 1250 Suite St ., 340 Albert Bangladesh of Republic People’s the for Commission High Ex . YakubA .M His Ali BANGLADESH http://bahamas .com ottawa-mission@bahighco .com FAX232-1724 TEL .232-0097 6L2 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1313 Suite Street, O’Connor 50 Commission High Bahamas Smith D . Michael Ex . His BAHAMAS FAXTEL288-0497 230-8089 5H9 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 904-C Suite Street, Slater 275 of Azerbaijan Republic the of Embassy Shafiyev Farid Ex . His AZERBAIJAN www FAXTEL789-1444 789-3431 6M7 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Wilbrod445 Street of Austria Republic the of Embassy WernerEx . His Brandstetter AUSTRIA Pavel Pustovoy Pavel . be/ottawa .diplomatiebe/ottawa .bdhcorg .austro .org ‑ |

INT ERNATIONALOTHER .bb www burkina .faso@sympaticoca FAXTEL238-4796 238-3812 8J4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 48 Faso Burkina of Embassy Bonkoungou Juliette Ex . Her FASOBURKINA embgottawa@hotmail .com FAXTEL789-3215 789-3524 6K5 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Stewart 325 Bulgaria of Republic the of Embassy Stoytchev Evgueni Ex . His BULGARIA bhco@bellnet .ca FAXTEL234-5656 234-4397 6R4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Laurier Avenue395 East Darussalam Brunei for Commission High Lamit Haji Abdul Rakiah Ex . Her DARUSSALAM BRUNEI mailbox@brasembottawa .org FAXTEL237-1090 237-6144 6M8 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Wilbrod450 Street Brazil of Republic Federative the of Embassy CordeiroPinto Paulo Ex . His BRAZIL www embassyofbih@bellnet .ca FAXTEL236-0028 236-1139 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 805 Suite Street,130 Albert Herzegovina and Bosnia of Embassy Gutic-Bjelica Biljana Ex . Her BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA www info@emboliviacanada .com FAXTEL236-5730 236-8237 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 416 Suite Street,130 Albert Bolivia of Republic the of Embassy TorrezEdgar Ex . His Mosqueira BOLIVIA ambaben@benin .ca FAXTEL233-4429 233-8952 2C3 K1S Ontario Ottawa, Glebe Avenue58 Benin of Republic the of Embassy Honoré Ahimakin Ex . His BENIN REPSE NTATIVES org .ambaburkina-canadaorg .bhembassy .emboliviacanadacom .ca | JAN–FE B–MAR | 10 WINTE R www embcrica@travel-net .com FAX562-2855 TEL .562-2582 7G2 K1N Ontario Ottawa, 407 Suite Street, Dalhousie 325 Rica Costa of Republic the of Embassy Navarro Maria AlvarezEmilia Ex . Her COSTA FAXTEL230-6391 230-1945 8J3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 18 Congo the of Republic Democratic the of Embassy d’AffairesChargé Ramazani Nzanga Louise Ms . (ZAIRE) CONGO www embajada@embajadacolombia .ca FAXTEL230-3760 230-4416 7X7 K1R Ontario Ottawa, 1002 Suite Street,360 Albert Colombia of Republic the of Embassy Giron-Duarte Jaime Ex . His COLOMBIA www FAX789-3434 TEL . 5H3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Patrick St . 515 China of Republic People’s the of Embassy Lan Lijun Ex . His CHINA www echileca@chile .ca FAXTEL235-9940 235-1176 6L2 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1413 Suite Street, O’Connor 50 Chile of Republic the of Embassy Riquelme Ortega Eugenio Ex . His CHILE www cameroon@rogers .com FAXTEL236-1522 236-3885 2B4 K1S Ontario Ottawa, Clemow Avenue170 Cameroon of Republic the for Commission High Gheyle Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a- Ex . His CAMEROON http://ambabucanada .le-siteinfo ambabottawa@yahoo .com FAXTEL789-0414 789-9537 7G2 K1N Ontario Ottawa, 815 Suite Street, Dalhousie 325 Burundi of Republic the of Embassy BURUNDI .costaricaembassy .embajadacolombiaca .chinaembassycanadaorg .chileca .hc-cameroon-ottawa .org RICA 789-1911 com .com CÔTE D’IVOIRE ESTONIA GUATEMALA INDONESIA c ts His Ex . Louis Leon Boguy Bony Rasmus Lumi His Excellency Georges de La Roche Embassy of the Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Chargé d’Affaires Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Côte d’Ivoire Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Guatemala 55 Parkdale Avenue 9 Marlborough Avenue 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL . 724-1100 FAX 724-1105 TEL . 236-9919 FAX 563-8287 TEL . 789-4222 FAX 789-9555 TEL . 233-7237 FAX 233-0135 info@indonesia-ottawa .org acica@ambaci-ottawa .org embassy .ottawa@mfa .ee embassy1@embaguate-canada .com www .indonesia-ottawa .org www .ambaci-ottawa .org www .estemb .ca www .embaguate-canada .com

IRAN con ta CROATIA ETHIOPIA GUINEA Mr . Bahram Ghasemi Her Ex . Vesela Mrden Kora´c Ms . Almaz Amaha Tesfay Mrs . Hawa Diakité Chargé d’Affaires Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Chargée d’Affaires Counsellor & Chargé d’Affaires Embassy of the Islamic 229 Chapel Street Embassy of the Federal Democratic Embassy of the Republic of Guinea Republic of Iran Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 Republic of Ethiopia 483 Wilbrod Street 245 Metcalfe Street TEL . 562-7820 FAX 562-7821 151 Slater Street, Suite 210 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N1 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K2 Croatia .emb@mvpei .hr Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 TEL . 789-8444 FAX 789-7560 TEL . 235-4726 FAX 232-5712 www .croatiaemb .net TEL . 235-6637 FAX 235-4638 ambassadedeguinee@bellnet .ca iranemb@salamiran .org info@embassyofethiopia .net www .salamiran .org CUBA www .embassyofethiopia .net GUYANA Her Ex . Teresita de Jesús Vicente His Ex . Rajnarine Singh IRAQ Sotolongo EUROPEAN UNION High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Howar M . Ziad Embassy of the Republic of Cuba His Excellency Matthias Brinkmann of Guyana Embassy of the Republic of Iraq 388 Main Street Delegation of the European 151 Slater Street, Suite 309 215 McLeod Street Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 Commission to Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8

TEL . 563-0141 FAX 563-0068 150 Metcalfe St . Suite 1900 TEL . 235-7249 FAX 235-1447 TEL . 236-9177 FAX 236-9641 diplomatic cuba@embacuba .ca Ottawa, ON K2P1P1 media@iraqembassy .ca www .embacuba .ca TEL . 238-6464 FAX 238-5191 HAITI www .iraqembassy .ca delegation-canada@ec .europa .eu Ms . Marie Nathalie Menos-Gissel CZECH REPUBLIC www .delcan .ec .europa .eu Chargé d’Affaires IRELAND His Ex. Karel Žebrakovský Embassy of the Republic of Haiti His Ex . Declan Kelly Embassy of the Czech Republic FINLAND 130 Albert Street, Suite 1500 Embassy of Ireland 251 Cooper Street His Ex . Risto Ensio Piipponen Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 130 Albert Street, Suite 1105 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0G2 Embassy of the Republic of Finland TEL . 238-1628 FAX 238-2986 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL . 562-3875 FAX 562-3878 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 bohio@sympatico .ca TEL . 233-6281 FAX 233-5835 ottawa@embassy .mzv .cz Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5 Ottawaembassy@dfa .ie TEL . 288-2233 FAX 288-2244 HOLY SEE www .embassyofireland .ca DENMARK embassy@finland .ca His Ex . Pedro Lopez Quintana His Ex . Erik Vilstrup Lorenzen Apostolic Nunciature ISRAEL Royal Danish Embassy FRANCE 724 Manor Avenue Her Ex . Miriam Ziv 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 His Ex . Francois Delattre Ottawa, Ontario K1M 0E3 Embassy of Israel Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1 Embassy of France TEL . 746-4914 FAX 746-4786 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005 TEL . 562-1811 FAX 562-1812 42 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 ottamb@um .dk Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2C9 HONDURAS TEL . 567-6450 FAX 567-9878 www .ambottawa .um .dk TEL . 789-1795 FAX 562-3735 Chargé d’Affaires info@ottawa .mfa .gov .il www .ambafrance-ca .org Embassy of the Republic of www .embassyofIsreal .ca DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Honduras His Ex . Jose Del Carmen Urena GABON 151 Slater Street, Suite 805 ITALY Embassy of the Dominican Republic His Ex . André William Anguilé Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 His Ex . Andrea Meloni 130 Albert Street, Suite 418 Embassy of the Gabonese Republic TEL . 233-8900 FAX 232-0193 Embassy of the Italian Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 4 Range Road, P .O . Box 368 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor TEL . 569-9893 FAX 569-8673 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5 HUNGARY Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 www .drembassy .org TEL . 232-5301 FAX 232-6916 His Ex . Pál Vastagh TEL . 232-2401 FAX 233-1484 ambgabon@sprint .ca Embassy of the Republic of ambital@italyincanada .com ECUADOR Hungary www .italyincanada .com His Excellency Franklin Chávez GERMANY 299 Waverley Street Embassy of the Republic of Ecuador His Ex . Georg Witschel Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0V9 JAMAICA 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 316 Embassy of the Federal Republic of TEL . 230-2717 FAX 230-7560 Her Ex . Sheila Ivoline Sealy- Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Germany www .mfa .gov .hu/emb/ottawa Monteith TEL . 563-4286 FAX 235-5776 1 Waverley Street mission .ott@kum .hu 151 Slater Street, Suite 1000 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0T8 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3 EGYPT TEL . 232-1101 FAX 594-9330 ICELAND TEL . 233-9311 FAX 233-0611 His Ex . Shamel Elsayed Nasser info@otta .diplo .de Her Excellency Sigridur Anna hc@jhcottawa .ca Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt http:/www .ottawa .diplo .de Thordardottir 454 Laurier Avenue East Embassy of Iceland JAPAN Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R3 GHANA 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 His Ex . Tsuneo Nishida TEL . 234-4931 FAX 234-4398 His Excellency Richard Benjamin Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Embassy of Japan egyptemb@sympatico .ca Turkson TEL . 482-1944 FAX 482-1945 255 Sussex Drive www .mfa .gov .eg High Commission for the Republic icemb .ottawa@utn .stjr .is Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 of Ghana WEB: www .iceland .org .ca TEL . 241-8541 FAX 241-2232 EL SALVADOR 153 Gilmour Street infocul@embjapan .ca His Ex . Rafael Alfaro Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0N8 INDIA www .ca .emb-japan .go .jp Embassy of the Republic of El Salvador TEL . 236-0871 FAX 236-0874 His Ex . Shashishekhar M . Gavai 209 Kent Street ghanacom@ghc-ca .com High Commission for the Republic JORDAN Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8 www .ghc-ca .com of India His Ex . Nabil Ali Barto TEL . 238-2939 FAX 238-6940 10 Springfield Road Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom embajada@elsalvador-ca .org GREECE Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1C9 of Jordan His . Ex . Nikolaos Matsis TEL . 744-3751 FAX 744-0913 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 Eritrea Embassy of the Hellenic Republic hicomind@hciottawa .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 Embassy of the State of Eritrea 80 MacLaren Street, Suite 76 www .hciottawa .ca TEL . 238-8090 FAX 232-3341 75 Albert Street, Suite 610 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 TEL . 238-6271 FAX 238-5676 TEL . 234-3989 FAX 234-6213 embassy@greekembassy .ca www .greekembassy .ca

d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 65 diplomatic contacts 234-3882 FAX 234-3882 TEL .233-1852 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1006 Suite Street,130 Albert Macedonia of Republic the of Embassy TevdovskiLjuben Ex . His OF) (REPUBLIC MACEDONIA FAX567-5458 TEL .567-5315 1P1 K2P ON Ottawa, 1600 Suite Street, Metcalfe 150 Lithuania of Republic the of Embassy Damusis Ginte Ex . Her LITHUANIA info@libya-canada .org FAX230-0919 TEL .230-0683 6K7 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1000 Suite Street, Metcalfe 81 Jamahiriya Libyan Arab People’s Socialist Great the of Embassy LIBYA Tel 5G4 K1P ON Ottawa, 1820 Suite Street,130 Albert Lesotho of Kingdom the for Commission High LESOTHO www info@lebanonembassy FAX236-5825 TEL .232-1609 3Z5 K1S Ontario Ottawa, Lyon640 Street Lebanon of Embassy LEBANON www embassy FAX238-6014 TEL .238-7044 7S8 K1R Ontario, Ottawa, 1200 Suite Street, Sparks 350 Latvia of Republic the of Embassy Mar Ex . His LATVIA FAX780-9999 TEL .780-9905 1J9 K1N Ontario, Ottawa, Drive Sussex 333 Kuwait of State the of Embassy Rashed Al-HarounMusaed Ex . His KUWAIT www FAX244-5010 TEL .244-5034 5A6 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Boteler 150 Korea of Republic the of Embassy Ha Chan-ho Excellency His KOREA, www kenyahighcommission@rogers .com FAX563-1773 TEL .233-6599 6R4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Laurier Avenue415 East Kenya of Republic the for Commission High WanyonyiSimon Ex . Nabukwesi His KENYA FAXTEL788-3704 788-3702 0B1 K1S ON Ottawa, Hawthorne Avenue56 Kazakhstan of Republic the of Embassy YerlanEx . His Abildayev KAZAKHSTAN 66 : 234-0770 : .lebanonembassy .ottawamfagov .emb-korea .ottawaonca .kenyahighcommissionca .canada@mfagov REPUBLIC | EMBASSI ES ` gers Krams gers F : 234-5665 ax: .lv .ca .ca |

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www ambamadcanada@bellnet .ca FAX567-0505 TEL: 567-2882 1A3 K1R Ontario Ottawa, Street Raymond 3 Madagascar of Republic the of Embassy Horace Constant Simon Ex . His . MADAGASCAR www info@nzhcottawa .org FAX238-5991 TEL .238-5707 6G3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 727 Suite Street, Bank 99 Commission High Zealand New Ex . Needs AndrewHis ZEALAND NEW Ott-cdp@minbuza .nl FAX237-5030 TEL .237-6471 1A4 K1R Ontario Ottawa, 2020 Suite Street,350 Albert Netherlands the of Kingdom the of Embassy WilhelmusP Ex . J . His NETHERLANDS meottawa@rogers .com 232-9990 TEL . 8J6 K1N Ontario Ottawa, 902 Suite Road, Range 85 Myanmar of Union the of Embassy d'AffairesCharge Kyu Ba Aung MYANMAR FAX236-7391 TEL .236-6164 8J4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 38 Morocco of Kingdom the of Embassy Chekrouni Nouzha Ex . Her MOROCCO mail@mongolembassy FAX569-3830 TEL .569-3916 5H3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 503 Suite Street, Slater 151 Mongolia of Embassy TundevdorjEx . His Zalaa-Uul MONGOLIA www info@embamexcan .com FAX233-8988 TEL .235-9123 1A4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1000 Suite Street, O’Connor 45 States Mexican United the of Embassy Terrazas Barrio Javier Francisco Ex . His MEXICO www ambassadedumali@rogers .com FAX232-1501 TEL .232-7429 8C8 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Goulburn Avenue50 Mali of Republic the of Embassy Diawara Bandiougou Mamadou Ex . His MALI malottawa@kln .gov FAX241-5182 TEL .241-5214 8Y7 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Boteler 60 Malaysia for Commission High VijayarajanSelwyn Das Ex . His MALAYSIA .madagascar-embassy .nzembassy .embamexcancom .ambamalicanadaorg ‑ |

INT ERNATIONALOTHER FAX 232-6999 .com/canada .my .org Geerts . .ca guay consularsection@embassyofpara FAX567-1283 TEL .567-1679 5H3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 501 Suite Street, Slater 151 Paraguay of Republic the of Embassy Kanonnikoff Schaerer Manuel Ex . His PARAGUAY embassyof panama@gmail FAX236-7177 TEL .236-5775 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 300 Suite Street,130 Albert Panama of Republic the of Embassy Escobar Carlo Francisco Ex . His PANAMA palestinegd@rogers .com FAX:736-0535 736-0053 TEL: 9W1 K1V Ontario Ottawa, Dr Club Country 45 Delegation General the of Head Mr PALESTINE parepottawa@rogers .com FAX238-7881 TEL .238-7296 8J3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 10 Pakistan of Republic Islamic the for Commission High Zeb Ex . Akbar His PAKISTAN www echcc@oecs .org FAX236-8952 TEL .236-3042 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 700 Suite Street,130 Albert States Caribbean Eastern of Organization the of Countries the for Commission High BrowneBrendon Ex . His STATES CARIBBEAN EASTERN O/OF www emb .ottawa@mfano FAX238-6571 TEL .238-2765 1P1 K2P ON Ottawa, 1300 Suite Street, Metcalfe 150 Embassy Norwegian Royal Eikeland Berit Else Ex . Her NOR Tel236-0529 Fax 236-0521 . 1R9 K2P Ontario Ottawa, Street Metcalfe 295 Nigeria of Republic Federal the for Commission High Hagher Iyorwuese Ex . NIGERIA FAX232-4291 TEL .230-9808 8A3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Blackburn Avenue38 Niger the of Republic the of Embassy Foumakoye Nana Aicha Ex . Her NIGER FAXTEL680-5513 422-5149 5A7 K1R ON Ottawa, Street Queen 408 Nepal of Embassy d'AffairesChargé Ghimire Raj Bhoj Ex . His nepal . Amin Abou-Hassira REPSE NTATIVES .ca WAY .oecsorg/ottawa .emb-norway .ca ., . com - | APR–MAY–JUN| 10 spring ambassn@sympatico .ca FAX238-6392 TEL .238-2695 8E8 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Marlborough 57 Avenue Senegal of Republic the of Embassy Mbacke Issakha Excellency His SENEGAL Tel 1K6 K1N ON Ottawa, Drive Sussex 201 Saudi Arabia of Embassy Royal Sanosi Ahmad Bin Ahmad Al Osamah Ex . His ARABIA SAUDI www generalinfo@ambarwaottawa .ca 569-5421/5423 : Fax 569-5420/22/24 Phone: 3V1 K1Y Ontario Ottawa, Drive Sherwood 121 Rwanda of Republic the of Embassy Mukabagwiza Edda Ex . Her R www rusemb@rogers .com FAX235-4341 TEL .236-6342 8L5 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Charlotte 285 Federation Russian the of Embassy Mamedov Georgiy Ex . His RUSSIA http://ottawa .maero Romania@romanian-embassy FAX789-3709 TEL .789-4365 6A3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Rideau 655 Romania of Embassy Stefoi Elena Ex . Her ROMANIA embportugal@embportugal/ottawaFAX729-0883 TEL .729-4236 0B8 K1Y Ontario Ottawa, Drive Park Island 645 Portugal of Embassy de Almeida Moitinho Pedro Ex . His POR Ottawa@polishembassy FAX789-0468 TEL .789-1218 6H3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Daly Avenue443 Poland of Republic the of Embassy Kosiniak-Kamysz Zenon Ex . His POLAND HisEx PERU www embassyofphilippines@rogers .com 233-1121TEL . FAX 233-4165 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 606 Suite Street,130 Albert Philippines the of Republic the of Embassy Brillantes S . Jose Ex . His PHILIPPINES emperuca@bellnet .ca FAX238-1777 TEL .232-3062 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1901 Suite Street,130 Albert Peru of Republic the of Embassy WANDA

237-4100 TUGAL .ambarwaottawaca .rusembcanada .midru .philippineembassy . Jorge Juan Castañeda Mendez F ax 237-0567 .ca .ca .com . org SERBIA SWEDEN His Ex . Mouldi Sakri URUGUAY c ts Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Embassy of Sweden Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia His Ex . Enrique Juan Delgado 17 Blackburn Avenue 377 Dalhousie Street 515 O’Connor Street Embassy of the Oriental Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9N8 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3P8 Uruguay TEL . 233-6289 FAX 233-7850 TEL . 244-8200 FAX 241-2277 TEL . 237-0330 FAX 237-7939 130 Albert Street, Suite 1905 generalinfo@serbianembassy .ca Sweden .ottawa@foreign .ministry .se atottawa@comnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 www .serbianembassy .ca www .swedishembassy .ca TEL . 234-2727 FAX 233-4670 TURKEY SLOVAK REPUBLIC SWITZERLAND His Ex . Rafet Akgünay VENEZUELA

His Ex . Stanislav Opiela His Ex . Werner Baumann Embassy of the Republic of Turkey Mr . Juan Carlos Coronado Bogarín con ta Embassy of the Slovak Republic Embassy of Switzerland 197 Wurtemburg Street Chargé d’Affaires 50 Rideau Terrace 5 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L9v Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 TEL . 789-4044 FAX 789-3442 of Venezuela TEL . 749-4442 FAX 749-4989 TEL . 235-1837 FAX 563-1394 turkishottawa@mfa .gov .tr 32 Range Road ottawa@slovakembassy .ca ott .vertretung@eda .admin .ch www .turkishembassy .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 www .ottawa .mfa .sk TEL . 235-5151 FAX 235-3205 SYRIA UGANDA www .misionvenezuela .org SLOVENIA His Ex . Jamil Haidar Sakr His Ex . George Marino Abola Ex . Tomaz Kunstelj Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic High Commission for the Republic VIETNAM Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia 46 Cartier Street of Uganda His Excellency Duc Hung Nguyen 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 Ottawa, ON K2P 1J3 231 Cobourg Street Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1P1 TEL . 569-5556 FAX 569-3800 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J2 Vietnam TEL . 565-5781 FAX 565-5783 www .syrianembassy .ca TEL . 789-7797 FAX 789-8909 470 Wilbrod Street vot@gov .si uhc@ugandahighcommission .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 http://ottawa .veleposlanistvo .si/ TAIPEI Economic & Cultural office www .ugandahighcommission .ca TEL . 236-0772 FAX 236-2704

David Tawei Lee, Representative diplomatic SOUTH AFRICA 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960 UKRAINE YEMEN His Ex . Abraham Sokhaya Nkomo Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 His . Ex . Ihor Ostash His Ex . Khaled Mahfoodh Bahah High Commission for the Republic TEL . 231-5080 FAX 231-7112 Embassy of Ukraine Embassy of the Republic of Yemen of South Africa publicaffairs@on .aibn .com 310 Somerset Street, West, 54 Chamberlain Avenue 15 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1V9 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1M8 TANZANIA Tel . 230-2961 Fax 230-2400 TEL . 729-6627 FAX 729-8915 TEL . 744-0330 FAX 741-1639 His Ex . Peter Kallaghe emb_ca@ukremb .ca www .yemenembassy .ca rsafrica@southafrica-canada .ca High Commission for the United www .ukremb .ca www .southafrica-canada .ca Republic of Tanzania ZAMBIA 50 Range Road UNITED ARAB EMIRATES His Ex . Nevers Mumba SPAIN Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 His Ex . Mohamed Abdulla M . Bin High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Eudaldo Mirapeix TEL . 232-1509 FAX 232-5184 Mutleq Al Ghafli of Zambia Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain tzottawa@synapse .ca 125 Boteler Street 151 Slater St ., Suite 205 74 Stanley Avenue www .tanzaniahighcommission .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 0A4 Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1P4 TEL . 565-7272 FAX 565-8007 K1B 5H3 TEL . 747-2252 FAX 744-1224 THAILAND Consulate FAX: 565-1444 TEL . 232-4400 FAX 232-4410 embespca@mail .mae .es His Ex . Adisak Panupong safara@uae-embassy .com www .embaspain .ca The Royal Thai Embassy www .uae-embassy .com ZIMBABWE 180 Island Park Drive Her Ex . Florence Zano Chideya SRI LANKA Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2 UNITED KINGDOM Embassy of the Republic of Her Ex . Chitranganee Wagiswara TEL . 722-4444 FAX 722-6624 His Ex . Anthony Cary Zimbabwe High Commission for the thaiott@magma .ca British High Commission 332 Somerset Street West Democratic Socialist Republic 80 Elgin Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0J9 of Sri Lanka TOGO Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5K7 TEL . 421-2824 FAX 422-7403 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 His Ex . Bawoumondom Amelete TEL . 237-1530 FAX 237-7980 info@zimottawa .com Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1 Embassy of the Togolese Republic www .britainincanada .org visa@zimottawa .com TEL . 233-8449 FAX 238-8448 12 Range Road www .zimottawa .com slhcit@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA www .srilankahcottawa .org TEL . 238-5916 FAX 235-6425 His Ex . David Cary Jacobson Embassy of the United States of SUDAN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO America Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan Her Ex . Camille Rosemarie 490 Sussex Drive 354 Stewart Street Robinson-Regis Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K8 High Commission for the Republic TEL . 238-5335 FAX 688-3088 TEL . 235-4000 FAX 235-6880 of Trinidad and Tobago www .usembassycanada .gov 200 First Avenue, Third Level Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2G6 TEL . 232-2418 FAX 232-4349 ottawa@ttmissions .com TUNISIA

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68 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN DIPLOMATIC TRAVEL Q A special advertorial feature

Peru one of the world's exceptional gastronomic experiences

potatoes, which, when mashed, are often served cold with seafood, as appetizers.

Some Peruvian Ingredients Quinua is a very hardy, extremely nutri- tious small grain, which looks a little like millet. When cooked, the grains swell and become translucent. It has a slightly nutty flavor and is very versatile. It is good by itself with some butter or oil and By ambassador jorge seasoning, or as risotto. It is also used to CasteñEvda add flavor and texture to soups, stews and desserts. First, before cooking, qui- THE PERUVIAN CUISINE: FUSION nua needs to be looked over to discard AND FLAVORS any black grains, and then rinsed thor- Around the world, when most people oughly in clean running water to get rid hear of Peru, they immediately think of the Incas and Machu Picchu. Very with the most popular cuisines on the few know that my country not only has planet, such as the French, Chinese and “Eating in Peru, ladies and gentle- great cultural and archaeological trea- Italian. Consequently, Peru is now seen men, is a journey in itself. Starting sures, vast natural resources and some of as an important gastronomic destination. from the bountiful Peruvian Sea, the world’s most fascinating fauna and Gastronomy in Peru is boosting the where our cebiches swim out, pass- flora but also a rich diversity of dishes country’s growth on two fronts. On the ing through the Andes with the and ingredients that makes up Peruvian one hand, more foreigners come to Peru hundreds of varieties of potatoes, Cuisine, simple or complex, depending attracted by our cuisine, and on the and moving on to the Amazon, on the region. other, the demand for Peruvian prod- loaded with the exotic, for a natu- Peruvian cuisine can be summa- ucts required to prepare Peruvian dish- ral and mysterious cuisine, we have rized as a fusion of flavors lasting hun- es abroad has produced an important just one great route that makes dreds of years from traditional Pre- increase in our exports. Our goal is that Peru a unique territory; it is the Inca time to Incas-Quechua, Spanish, one day, in a not distant future, at least road that outlines our flavors. African, Western European, Chinese and one quality Peruvian restaurant will be “It happens, then, that Peru was Japanese cuisines. Eating in Peru is one found in each important city around the gifted with lands and seas of divine of the world’s exceptional gastronom- world. abundance and we, the Peruvians, ic experiences. There are literally thou- Let me briefly introduce you to the for centuries now, have given sands of recipes for traditional or nou- Peruvian cuisine and its beverages from thanks for this gift by cooking and velle Peruvian cuisine. The countless the point of view of Peru’s three geo- eating, creating just as the gods do. wonderful restaurants around the coun- graphical regions: the coast, the Andes “This is Peru, and it is the fla- try offer a great variety of dishes of out- and the Amazon. It is important to high- vors themselves that invite you to standing quality and flavor, making Peru light that Peru holds not just a variety of get to know it.” the gastronomic capital of the continent. ethnic mixtures but also 78 types of cli- Source: Peru Mucho Gusto This appraisal is quickly spreading to mate with 108 individual microclimates the rest of the world, where many peo- among them. The mixing of cultures ple now recognize the excellent quality and climates differ from city to city, so of any of the natural, bitter, detergent- of our cuisine. Argentina, Canada, Chile, geography, climate, culture and ethnic like saponins. Colombia, Mexico, Spain and the United mix determine the nature of the local Choclo is a variety of fresh corn with States, among other countries, now have cuisine. large white kernels. For centuries, it has access to Peruvian cuisine. The number been one of the sta- of Peruvian restaurant franchises abroad INGREDIENTS ples of the Peruvian is increasing every year. Our cooking has Peruvian Cuisine is characterized by the diet. The raw kernels become not only a synonym for good variety of its ingredients, some of them are ground to pro- taste, but also a means of opening new found only in our country, and unknown duce the corn masa markets all over the world. Peruvian beyond it. Other ingredients, though for making tamales cuisine is already considered one of the well known around the world, are used and humitas. Choclo is most diverse in the world and competes in unexpected ways, such as yellow served as a side dish d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 69 DIPLOMATIC TRAVEL Q A special advertorial feature for meat and fish and is also used in the Cuisine of Lima and the lemon juice mixed with chilis. Ceviche preparation of stews, soups and pureés. Central Coast. is served with raw onions, boiled sweet It is the traditional accompaniment potatoes (camote), toasted corn (can- to ceviche (cold fish salad) as it com- cha), and sometimes a local green sea- plements the lime juice and ají (chili) weed (yuyo). perfectly. Potatoes are grown in a staggering variety. The International Potato Center in Lima lists over 2,000 known species. Many species were also cultivated thousands of years ago in the Andes and have been lost to us. Peruvian potatoes come in a fascinating array of colors and shapes; from white and bright yellow through to purple and black. Others are variegated. Potatoes were a staple of ancient Peruvian cultures as they con- Conchas a la parmesana tinue to be today. The papa amarilla is Ceviche a very dry floury-textured potato, per- “Lima is known as the gastronomic cap- fect for making pureés and the Peruvian ital of South America for a culinary leg- Ceviche potato dish causa (a cold layered potato acy that inherited superb pre-Hispan- dish). ic and colonial cooking traditions and INGREDIENTS Maiz morado (purple corn), is found was nurtured by the best Western and 2 lb. white fish only in Peru. It is dark purple and can- Oriental cooking.” 1 cup of lime juice not be eaten raw or Source: Peru Mucho Gusto 1 clove of crushed garlic cooked. It is only Throughout the centuries, this cuisine 2 red peppers, diced used for making has incorporated unique dishes brought 2 finely diced jalapeno peppers (to your the fruity drink chi- from the Spanish Conquistadors and preference) cha morada and the the many waves of immigrants: African, Salt and pepper to taste dessert mazamorra European, Chinese and Japanese. This, 1 large onion, finely chopped morada. The corn is in addition to a strong internal flow from Bunch of finely chopped cilantro boiled with fruit and rural areas to coastal cities -- in partic- 2 lettuce leaves per plate spices to extract the ular to Lima -- has strongly influenced 12 to 16 corn on the cobs cut into 2-inch deep purple juice Lima’s cuisine with the incorporation pieces, cooked as usual used in these preparations. of the immigrants’ ingredients and tech- 3 or 4 sweet potatoes, boiled and peeled Lúcuma, is a dark green, thin-skinned niques. Creole and Chinese cuisine 6 to 8 lemons cut in half and placed in fruit with yellowish orange flesh and one (known locally as Chifas) are the most center of table or more large dark widespread. Among them we can men- brown shiny stones. tion the highly-recommended causa, a PREPARATION: The skin of the cold chicken or shellfish potato pie with 1. Wash and de-bone fish and cut in 1/2- lúcuma will begin tomatoes and avocado; tamal, a hot dry inch chunks. to wrinkle when it corn mash filled with hot peppers and 2. Season with lemon juice, garlic, salt is ripe. The sweet chicken or pork and wrapped in banana and pepper. Let it marinate for ½ hour. aromatic flesh has a tree leaves for slow cooking; a chick- 3. Add onion, jalapeno and red pepper cake-like texture. It en and cheese stew known as ají de gal- and cilantro. Marinate for 1 more hour. is used to flavor des- lina; escabeche or tangy marinated fried 4. Serve on a bed of lettuce and add two serts and pies, and to make ice cream. fish or chicken served a spice and herb pieces of corn on the cob and a portion sauce. of the sweet potatoes. Cuisine of the Coast One of the most popular dishes in The local native cuisine of the coast Peru is ceviche (or cebiche), the flagship Cuisine of the Northern can be said to have four strong influ- dish of coastal cuisine. It is the quintes- Coast ences: Spanish-Moorish, European sence of fusion: Andean chili peppers, It offers a difference in style from the (Mediterranean), Asian (Japanese and onions and acidic aromatic lime. A spicy central and southern varieties. This is Chinese) and African. It may be divid- dish, it consists generally of bite-size not only due to the coastal native Indian ed in two sub-regions: Lima and Central pieces of white fish (such as corvina or influence (less Andean), the Moorish and Coast, and Northern Coast. white sea bass), marinated raw in lime or Spanish influence, the African and the

70 spring 10 | APR–MAY–JUN DIPLOMATIC TRAVEL Q A special advertorial feature

Gypsy influence (Hindustani); but also PREPARATION: In the valleys and plains of the Andes, due the warmer coastal seas, hotter cli- Cut the goat meat in about 4-oz. piec- the locals’ diet continues to be based on mate and immense geographical latitude es. For the marinade, mix 2 cloves of corn (maíz), potatoes, and an assortment variety. The widely different climates minced garlic, 1 tsp. anatto, 1/2 tsp. aji of tubers as it has been for centuries. between Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque amarillo paste, 1tsp. aji panca paste, 1 1/2 Meat comes from indigenous animals, and La Libertad contribute to the variety tsp. salt, 1/2 tsp. ground pepper and 1/2 such as alpacas and guinea pigs, but also of dishes in these areas, such as chinguir- cup of beer. Mix together and add to the from such imported livestock as sheep ito (dried and salted guitarfish); chabe- meat and combine very well. Let stand and pigs. lo (stew prepared with shredded grilled for 4 hours. Typical dishes include carapulcra, a beef and grilled banana plantains) and In a blender, mix cilantro, parsley, pork and dry-potato stew, whose reci- shámbar (a soup combining grains, pork coarsely chopped onion, cumin, aji pe includes chocolate, cumin, peanuts, and beef ). amarillo, appx. 1/4 cup broth or water. port wine and coriander. Boiled potatoes One of their main dishes is Seco de Blend until smooth. In a large pot, put are the base of two of the most popular Cabrito 3 tbsp. oil and heat. When hot, add the Andean appetizers. Papa a la huancaína Goat stew (lamb, chicken or beef are goat meat pieces without the marinade is made with a cheese, milk and hot pep- often substituted) is made in a pot after juices, brown them evenly and set them per sauce. Ocopa is a sauce made with marinating with chicha de jora (corn- aside. In the drippings (make sure there toasted peanuts, cheese, hot peppers and based alcoholic drink) or beer and other are no more than 2 to 3 tbsp. of them), huacatay (a native herb). Pachamanca spices including fresh coriander leaves fry the cilantro blend for about 1 minute. is made with beef, lamb, pork and guin- (cilantro) and garlic. This is most pop- Add the meat, stir and cook for ea pig, cooked on hot stones with broad ular in the northern coast especially in about 4 minutes in med-high heat. Add beans, potatoes and humitas (fresh corn Piura and Lambayeque. the juices of the marinade and 1 cup of cakes steamed in corn husks), in a hole broth (beef or chicken) or water and stir. covered with leaves and soil. When it comes to a boil, reduce heat to One of the best known dishes is roc- medium and simmer until meat is very oto relleno. tender. Add more broth as needed. Check seasoning and then add the rest (8 oz.) of the beer. Let it come to a boil and boil for 2 more minutes. Reduce heat to low and add the yucca (or potatoes) so they absorb the flavour. Serve with rice.

Cuisine of the Andes “Heated in an underground firewood oven, it gathers odors and flavors linked to earth. Meats, tubers, grains and herbs are used in a great variety of simple but tasty dishes.” Source: Peru Mucho Gusto

Seco de cabrito rocoto rolleno INGREDIENTS This Arequipa dish made from 1 lb. goat chops stuffed rocoto chilis. Rocotos are one 2 lb. goat leg of the very hot (spicy) chilis of Peru. 1 tbsp. ground anatto They are stuffed with spiced beef or 1 bunch fresh cilantro pork, onions, olives, egg white and then 1/3 bunch fresh Italian parsley cooked in the oven with potatoes cov- 1 tbsp. aji amarillo (yellow chili pepper) ered with cheese and milk. Red bell pep- paste pers work well as a substitute. You can 1 tsp. aji panca (red chili pepper) paste increase the spiciness by including more 1 tsp. cumin hot peppers in the seasoned beef filling. 1 1/2 cup chopped onion 6 garlic cloves INGREDIENTS: 1/2 cup chopped tomato 1/2 cup raisins salt, pepper, oil 1 onion, chopped 1 bottle pilsener type beer 1 clove garlic, minced 1 lb. boiled yucca 2 chili peppers (anaheim or similar) Carapulcra 3 tbsp. olive oil d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 71 DIPLOMATIC TRAVEL Q A special advertorial feature

1 tsp. cumin tions adapted to international cuisine 1 tbsp. paprika preparation and presentation. Recipes 1 lb. ground beef are strict and food is very tasty and 3/4 cup beef broth well-presented, with little spice and fat, 1 cup queso fresco (crumbly cheese and lightly cooked. Mediterranean fla- curds) vors and techniques merged into local cuisines, producing wonderful paellas, PREPARATION: exquisite Italian cuisine merged with Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Peruvian, spectacular French food and Place the raisins in a small bowl excellent meat restaurants which allow and cover with boiling water. Let them us to choose on the same menu between plump in the water for 10 minutes. national, Argentinean or Canadian Remove seeds and veins from chili meats, but exquisitely prepared regard- peppers. Sauté the chopped onions, gar- less of their origin. lic, and peppers in the olive oil until soft We mention some of them: starters and fragrant. and soups, such as cheese and spinach Add the cumin and paprika and cook rolls in a passion fruit sauce, fresh snail 2 minutes more, stirring. Add the ground and quinoa salad, main courses such as beef and cook until browned. grilled quinoa taboulé, pickled fish with Drain the raisins and add them to carob syrup or desserts including quinoa Arroz chaufa the ground beef. Add the beef broth and imperial (with milk and passion fruit simmer for 10 to 15 minutes more, or jelly), quinoa and guanábana (a flavour- until most of the liquid is gone. ful fruit) mousse. Chifa reflects a fusion by Chinese Stir in the hard-boiled egg and the Peruvians of the products that their black olives. Season mixture with salt Cuisine of the Amazon ancestors brought with those that they and pepper to taste. Food in the Amazon is full of exotic deli- found in Peru, and later cultivated them- Remove beef mixture from heat and cacies, made with native ingredients. selves. Even some creole dishes such as let cool for 5 minutes. Stir in 1/2 cup Fruits and vegetables are the basis of the tacu-tacu, lomo saltado and -- one of the crumbled queso fresco. jungle diet. Although many animal spe- main dishes - arroz chaufa, were influ- While the beef is cooking, bring a cies are hunted for food in the biologi- enced by the Chinese. In downtown large pot of salted water to a rolling boil. cally diverse jungle, one standout is the Lima on Capon Street is the barrio chino Slice the tops off of the peppers and paiche, one of the world’s largest fresh- (Chinatown). The great variety of savory reserve. Clean the inside of the peppers, water fish. and sweet dishes, with different types of removing the seeds and veins. Among the fruits of Peru’s jungle is meats, vegetables and soups, created a Cook the peppers in the boiling the camu camu, which contains 40 times new culinary alternative for Peruvians. water until bright red and just tender, more Vitamin C than the kiwi fruit. Its about 8 - 10 minutes. Drain peppers and signature dish is juanes: Fowl, fish and Sweet dishes and desserts blot dry with paper towels. wild meat are indispensable ingredients All Peruvian desserts spring from colo- Fill each pepper with some of sea- in preparing juanes (rice dough stuffed nial times when a household was judged soned ground beef mixture. Top with with chicken and wrapped in banana by the quality of the desserts served. remaining queso fresco. leaves for cooking), grilled picuro (deli- They are not complicated but are often Place the peppers on a baking sheet, cious wild meat), apishado or pork time-consuming and need to be pre- with the tops alongside them (but not cooked in a peanut and corn sauce, and pared with love and respect for tradition. covering the filling). Bake for 10 to 15 patarashca fish wrapped in banana Those with a sweet tooth will not be dis- minutes, or until the cheese is melted leaves and cooked over a fire. appointed with the desserts and sweets and the filling is heated through. of Peru and here are many popular and Serve warm. Chifa delicious choices from which to select. (Peruvian Chinese food - from the Like most South Americans, Peruvians New Andean Cuisine (Novo Andina) Mandarin word meaning “to eat food”) love their desserts. Here are some to try A few years ago there was a “cultur- Large Chinese migrations began to the next time you’re visiting the home of al recognition movement” from which arrive from Cantonese regions more the Inca: suspiro limeño, arroz con leche; the cuisine did not escape. It focused than a hundred and fifty years ago, and picarones and turrón de doña pepa. on a search for what our ancestors ate with them came a delicious cuisine and how they cooked. In that effort, that provided unknown vegetables and Suspiro Limeño: renowned chefs met with anthropolo- legumes to Peruvian cuisine and merged Made of milk, this classic criollo des- gists and sociologists to create what is Oriental flavors with local ones. The sert is said to have been named by the known nowadays as the novo-andina Chinese restaurants (Chifas) give us var- famous Peruvian poet and author José cuisine. ied and wonderful dishes that are not Gálvez whose wife doña Amparo Ayarez Peru Gourmet found anywhere else and which every was famous for her cooking. When asked visitor praises. what inspired the name, he reported- This trend, which appeared in the Peru Gourmet ly replied ‘because it is soft and sweet 1980s, uses old Andean culinary tradi- like the sigh of a woman.’ In this case, it

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Suspiro limeño Chica morada Pisco sour would be a woman from Lima, a Limeña. ring), and cook until all the sugar has dissolved. Let the syrup cool. INGREDIENTS 1 (14-oz.) can sweetened condensed milk Wines: 1 (12 fluid oz.) can evaporated milk The wine industry is a long-established 1 tbls. vanilla extract one, and some high quality vineyards 2 beaten egg yolks and wineries do exist. The wines come 2 beaten egg whites from three producers, the best-known 1 cup confectioners’ sugar of which is probably Tacama, some of 1/4 tsp. ground cinnamon (optional) whose vineyards were established in the A variety of pisco brands 16th Century and which can count the PREPARATION: eminent Emile Peynaud of Bordeaux Whisk together the sweetened con- amongst their past consultants. Viña densed milk, evaporated milk, vanilla, al drink. It is a cocktail made from pisco Ocucaje was founded in 1898, whilst and egg yolks in a saucepan. Place over combined with lemon juice, egg white, Tabernero, founded 1857, also has a rep- medium-low heat and gently cook until ice and sugar. A good pisco sour is a first utation for good quality. the mixture thickens, stirring constantly rate way to kick off a Peruvian meal. with a wooden spoon, about 30 minutes. Drinking a “sipping” pisco is also a won- Sources (Texts, Photos and Recipes): Pour into a heatproof serving dish and derful way to end one. The Art of Peruvian Cuisine. Tony Custer set aside. Primicias de Cocina Peruana. Rodolfo Whip the egg whites with con- PISCO SOUR Hinostroza fectioners sugar to stiff peaks. Spread INGREDIENTS: Perú Mucho Gusto - meringue on top of milk mixture. 7 ½ oz (or 3 parts) Peruvian Pisco www.perumuchogusto.com Refrigerate until cold, about 3 hours. 2 ½ oz (1 part) key lime juice Perú Gourmet - www.perugourmet.com Sprinkle with cinnamon before serving. 2 ½ oz (1 part) sugar syrup Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía – 1 egg white www.apega.com.pe Beverages Angostura bitters Gastronomía Perú – Ice www.gastronomiaperu.com Chicha Morada: is a beverage (soft Comisión Nacional de Pisco – drink) prepared from a base of boiled PREPARATION: www.conapisco.org.pe purple corn to which are added chunks Pour the Pisco, key lime juice and syrup Peruvian Restaurants in Canada – of pineapple, sugar and ice as it cools. on a jar blender with enough ice to dou- www.theperuguide.com ble the volume. www.peru-travel-adventures.com Pisco: It is a strong alcoholic drink Blend on high. Add one egg white http://southamericanfood.about.com (40-45% alcohol), made from distilled and blend again. grapes in traditional distilleries in south Serve. Pour a drop of Angostura bit- Ambassador Jorge Castañeda, former of Lima and Ica. The word ‘pisco’ derives ters in each glass Ambassador of Peru to Canada (June from the word pisqu, meaning “little Tip: To make the sugar syrup, just 2008/March 2010) has been posted as bird” in Quecha, the language of the put ½ cup of sugar in a pot with 3 tbs. of Ambassador to Thailand and concurrent ancient Inca. Pisco Sour is our nation- water, bring to a slow boil (always stir- in Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines. d i p l o ma t an d i n t e rna t i o na l c ana d a 73 DELIGHTS|DESTINATIONS

Visit the world’s most famous rock at the British Museum

By Fred Donnelly

he Rosetta Stone, one of the best known of the world’s artifacts, is Ta black slab of thick quartz with blends of other minerals that caused it, until recently, to be mistaken for basalt . Its reputation as the most famous chunk of rock in the world is based on its para- mount importance in deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of ancient Egypt . The story of the stone’s discovery is a well-known tale bound up in the military confrontations of more than two centuries past . In 1798, the French sent an army under Napoleon Bonaparte to conquer Egypt, a country then ruled by the Otto- man Turks . This expedition had other non- military objectives as Napoleon brought with him a team of more than 150 scholars, scientists and artists to document the civilization of ancient Egypt . In 1799, a military engineer who was working on the repairs to a fort at Rosetta or al-Rashid, a small port near Cairo, found the Rosetta Stone built into a wall . It had been chopped up and re-used as a building material . The French immediately recognized the significance of their find . Here was a monumental inscription stone of great antiquity which, although T rustees o f the British M useum damaged, could unlock the secrets of an- The Rosetta Stone, discovered in Egypt by scholars accompanying Napoleon Bonaparte’s army as it set out cient Egypt . to conquer the territory, is a symbol of humanity’s complex interactions. The stone had three texts cut into its surface and the lower one was recogniz- spite of occasional requests from present- ancient Egyptian . To make matters confus- able Greek while the one on the top was day Egyptians to have it returned to its ing, hieroglyphics also contained symbols Egyptian hieroglyphics, an undecipher- country of origin . for concepts or ideas, called logograms able system of writing whose exact nature As for the decoding of the hieroglyph- by linguists . In spite of this complexity was unknown . It had little pictures instead ics, it was a long-term international effort . Champollion was able to produce a work- of western-style letters, but what were English scholar Thomas Young (1773-1829) able alphabet for hieroglyphics enabling the pictures? Were they representations made some significant breakthroughs by scholars to read many hitherto undeci- of sounds or ideas? Perhaps the Rosetta 1818 . By then, the bottom part of the stone pherable inscriptions . Stone could be used to decipher Egyptian in Greek was well-known, the middle part It is interesting to note that Young hieroglyphics . Everyone had the same written in demotic, another form of an- and Champollion corresponded and co- idea and copies of the stone’s text soon cient Egyptian, had been worked on and operated in their efforts at times . Then, at circulated widely in Europe . the top part of hieroglyphs still eluded the other times, the two were in a nationalistic Then, in 1802, in an episode still unclear scholars . Nevertheless, Young was able to rivalry in which they and their supporters in the historical records, the Rosetta Stone work out the meanings for several words presented exaggerated claims as to who fell into the hands of the British, who had and proper names . did what first . By 1832, both men were intervened to defeat their French rivals in Building on Young’s work, and using dead . Champollion died at an early age Egypt . By 1802, the stone was placed in copies of the text, French linguist Jean- with his work still incomplete . It was left the British Museum in London and that Francois Champollion (1790-1832) made to others to finish the process of decipher- city has been its permanent residence for the significant discovery that led to the de- ment with scholars from England, Ireland more than two centuries with one excep- cipherment of hieroglyphics . By the early and especially Germany making signifi- tion . In 1972, the stone was exhibited 1820s, he figured out that ancient Egyptian cant contributions . briefly in Paris . Today, it remains a centre- hieroglyphics were a form of mostly pho- What does the text of the Rosetta Stone piece attraction of the British Museum’s netic symbols . The little pictures usually, state? It’s a monumental inscription of a collection of world heritage artifacts in but not always, represented sounds in decree of 196 B .C . granting privileges to

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the priests of certain temples in exchange War is usually destructive of historical for their maintenance of a royal cult . More infrastructures and yet it was a war that interesting is its bilingual and diglossic na- led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone . ture . Two of its texts are in ancient Egyp- Humans also have destructive tendencies tian, one, the formal and perhaps priestly when they need building materials . We hieroglyphics, and the other, in demotic or tear down the old, especially when we everyday Egyptian . Meanwhile, the third lack an understanding of its significance, section at the bottom is in Greek, the lan- and often recycle materials in new struc- guage of the then-ruling dynasty of Egypt, tures . Sometimes we unwittingly preserve whose family members were descendants pieces of lost civilizations in the process of the Macedonian-Greek general Ptolemy . and strikingly so in the case of the stone It’s a reminder of the cultural and linguis- from the wall at al-Rashid . tic complexity of a past civilization . Sometimes we engage in unconstructive What does the Rosetta Stone mean personal and national rivalries, then we turn for us today? In the scholarly world, it’s around to act collectively to solve a common the artifact that enabled us to unlock the problem . At other times, we bemoan the lin- hieroglyphic writing of the ancient Egyp- guistic and cultural complexities of our con- tians . This allowed the recovery of at least temporary societies, seemingly oblivious to part of a civilization that had been largely the precedents of similar complexities ivn lost . In popular culture the term “Rosetta our world’s heritage . Stone” has come to mean anything that For this reason, I think the Rosetta Stone provides the key to understanding a is something more than an artifact used to language, including a widely advertised make a great linguistic and cultural dis- American language training program . covery . It’s an object that encapsulates in And yet I see something else when I its story the diversities, complexities and

have visited the Rosetta Stone at the Brit- T rustees o f the British M useum contradictions of our cultural heritage . ish Museum . I see an artifact that also rep- In popular culture, the term "Rosetta Stone" has resents the successes, the failures and the come to mean anything that provides the key to Fred Donnelly teaches at the University contradictions of human endeavours . understanding a language. of New Brunswick in Saint John .                

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