On October 15, 2018, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) submitted 88 assessments of species at risk to the federal Minister of the Environment. On January 11, 2019, the Government of Canada posted the Ministerial Response Statements for these species on the Species at Risk Act (SARA) Public Registry. The Government is now launching public consultations on the potential amendment of Schedule 1, the List of Wildlife Species at Risk under SARA. The complete set of statements and the consultation path (normal or extended) for each species are available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate- change/services/species-risk-act-accord-funding/listing-process/minister-environment-response-assessments- october-2018.html

You are invited to submit comments on the potential impacts of amending the List of Wildlife Species at Risk according to these COSEWIC status assessments. Your comments will be considered and will inform the Minister’s recommendation to Cabinet. We ask to receive your comments by May 13, 2019 for species under a normal consultation process or by October 14, 2019 for species following an extended consultation path (the Common Nighthawk, the Olive-sided Flycatcher, and the Peregrine Falcon anatum/tundrius). There will also be an opportunity to provide comments during the 30-day public consultation period associated with pre- publication in Canada Gazette Part I.

Five of the species included in this national consultation are found in British Columbia. These include:

• Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss: New listing as Endangered

o A moss found in a few locations on Vancouver Island. • Smoker’s Lung Lichen: New listing as Threatened

o A lichen occurring in three subpopulations in the Coastal Mountain Ranges and Interior Mountain Ranges of British Columbia. The majority of individuals are found in the Northwestern region (Kispiox and Skeena valleys). • Olive-sided Flycatcher: Reclassification from Threatened to Special Concern

o A forest songbird that breeds throughout forested Canada. • Common Nighthawk: Reclassification from Threatened to Special Concern

o A medium-sized bird found across southern and boreal Canada. It occurs throughout British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, but is not found in the Coast Mountains or Haida Gwaii. • Peregrine Falcon: Reclassification from Special Concern to Not at Risk

o A bird of prey that breeds in southern parts of British Columbia.

Please note that Fisheries and Oceans Canada is conducting separate consultations on proposed amendments to SARA Schedule 1 resulting from COSEWIC’s assessments of aquatic species.

Additional information on the listing and consultation processes is available in “Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act -Terrestrial Species: January 2019". This document also includes a questionnaire that provides you guidance on the types of information and comments Environment and Climate Change Canada is seeking. It is posted on the SARA Public Registry at: https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species- risk-registry/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=3378.

We encourage you to submit your comments through the SARA Public Registry. You are also welcome to contact our regional office with any questions:

Conservation Planning Unit Canadian Wildlife Service / Pacific Region Environment and Climate Change Canada / Government of Canada 5421 Robertson Road RR #1, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2 [email protected]

Respectfully,

Kerry Woo A/Head, Conservation Planning Unit Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada, Pacific Region 5421 Robertson Rd, RR1 Delta, BC V4K 3N2

CONSULTATION ON AMENDING THE LIST OF SPECIES UNDER THE SPECIES AT RISK ACT Terrestrial Species – January 2019 PRINT ISSN: 1713‑0948 Cat. No.: En1-36

PDF Cat. No.: En1-36E-PDF

Unless otherwise specified, you may not reproduce materials in this publication, in whole or in part, for the purposes of commercial redistribution without prior written permission from Environment and Climate Change Canada's copyright administrator. To obtain permission to reproduce Government of Canada materials for commercial purposes, apply for Crown Copyright Clearance by contacting:

Environment and Climate Change Canada Public Inquiries Centre 12th Floor, Fontaine Building 200 Sacré-Coeur Boulevard Gatineau QC K1A 0H3 Telephone: 819-938-3860 Toll Free: 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) Email: [email protected]

Adult Midland Painted Turtle © Jean-François Déry Downy Yellow False Foxglove © Mary Gartshore Common Nighthawk © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada; photo: Charles Francis Spoon-leaved Moss © Peter Kelly Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander © Alexandra Rutherford

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, 2019

Aussi disponible en français CONSULTATION ON AMENDING THE LIST OF SPECIES UNDER THE SPECIES AT RISK ACT Terrestrial Species – January 2019 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Please submit your comments by

May 13, 2019, for terrestrial species undergoing normal consultations and by

October 14, 2019, for terrestrial species undergoing extended consultations.

For a description of the consultation paths these species will undergo, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry website at: www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-act- accord-funding/listing-process/minister-environment-response-assessments-october-2018.html

Please email your comments to the Species at Risk Public Registry at: [email protected]

Comments may also be mailed to: Director General, Wildlife Management Canadian Wildlife Service Environment and Climate Change Canada Gatineau QC K1A 0H3

For more information on the Species at Risk Act, please visit the Species at Risk Public Registry at: www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry.html

2 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ADDITION OF SPECIES TO THE SPECIES AT RISK ACT...... 4 Questions to guide your comments...... 4 The Species at Risk Act and the List of Wildlife Species at Risk...... 5 COSEWIC and the assessment process for identifying species at risk...... 6 Terms used to define the degree of risk to a species...... 6 Terrestrial and aquatic species eligible for Schedule 1 amendments...... 6 Comments solicited on the proposed amendment of Schedule 1...... 6

The Species at Risk Act Listing Process and Consultation...... 7 The purpose of consultations on amendments to the List...... 7 Legislative context of the consultations: the Minister’s recommendation to the Governor in Council...... 7 The Minister of Environment and Climate Change's response to the COSEWIC assessment: the response statement...... 7 Normal and extended consultation periods...... 7 Figure 1: The species listing process under SARA...... 8 Who is consulted, and how...... 9 Role and impact of public consultations in the listing process...... 9

Significance of the Addition of a Species to Schedule 1...... 10 Protection for listed Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened species...... 10 Recovery strategies and action plans for Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened species...... 10 Permits and agreements...... 11 Protection for listed species of Special Concern...... 11 Management plans for species of Special Concern...... 11

THE LIST OF SPECIES ELIGIBLE FOR AN AMENDMENT TO SCHEDULE 1...... 12 Status of the recently assessed species and consultation paths...... 12 Providing comments...... 12 Table 1: Terrestrial species recently assessed by COSEWIC eligible for addition to Schedule 1 or reclassification...... 13 Table 2: Terrestrial species recently reassessed by COSEWIC (no consultations – species status confirmation)...... 14

THE COSEWIC SUMMARIES OF TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ELIGIBLE FOR ADDITION OR RECLASSIFICATION ON SCHEDULE 1...... 15

GLOSSARY...... 16

3 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

ADDITION OF SPECIES TO THE SPECIES AT RISK ACT

Questions to guide your comments Impacts of species listing on your activities The following questions are intended to assist you in and the ecosystem providing comments on the proposed amendments 3) Based on what you know about SARA and the to the List of Wildlife Species at Risk (see Table 1 for information presented in this document, do you the list of species under consultation). They are not think that amending the List of Wildlife Species at limiting, and any other comments you may have are Risk with the proposed listing (Table 1) would have: welcome. We also encourage you to share descriptions a) no impact on your activities or the species; and estimates of costs or benefits to you or your b) a positive impact on your activities or the organization where possible, as well as to propose actions that could be taken for the conservation of species; or these species. c) a negative impact on your activities or the species. Please explain your choice above, specifically: Respondent information 4) Do you think that listing the species would result 1) Are you responding as in cultural, social, or economic costs or benefits a) an individual, or to you, your community or your organization? b) representing a community, business 5) Do you think that listing the species would result or organization (please specify)? in any costs or benefits to the environment or Canada's ecosystems? Species benefits to people or to the ecosystem 6) Based on the maps provided in this document, do 2) Do any or all of the species provide benefits to you or any of your current or planned activities overlap Canada’s ecosystems? If so, please describe these with any of the species ranges or occurrences? benefits. If possible, please provide a monetary or quantitative estimate of their values to you. 7) Do any current or planned activities that you are aware of (e.g., land conversion for natural resource, For example: industrial, commercial, or residential development) • Do any or all of the species provide benefits by have the potential to kill, harm, or harass the supporting your livelihood, for example, through species and/or destroy any part of its habitat? harvesting, subsistence or medicine? If yes, can • If yes, what are these activities, how would they you estimate the extent of these benefits, for affect the species, and/or destroy any part of example, how often the harvest takes place, the its habitat? quantity harvested, and the uses of the harvested • If yes, what is being done, planned to be done, species (e.g., medicine, food, clothes, etc.)? or could be done to avoid killing, harming, or • Do any or all of the species provide cultural or harassing the species, or destroying its habitat? spiritual benefits, for example, recreation, sense Please describe what implications and/or costs of place or tradition? If yes, how? may be involved (qualitative or quantitative). • Do any or all of the species provide Would you personally have to adjust or cease environmental benefits, for example, pollination, any activities? pest control or flood control? If yes, how?

4 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Additional information for small businesses Please email your comments to the Species at Risk Public Registry at: ec.registrelep-sararegistry.ec@ If you are responding for a small business, please canada.ca provide the following details to help Environment and Climate Change Canada gather information By regular mail, please address your comments to: to contribute to the required Small Business Lens analysis that forms part of the Regulatory Impact Director General, Wildlife Management Analysis Statement that will accompany any future Canadian Wildlife Service listing recommendation. Environment and Climate Change Canada Gatineau QC K1A 0H3 1. Are you an enterprise that operates in Canada? 2. Do you engage in commercial activities related The Species at Risk Act and the List to the supply of services or property (which of Wildlife Species at Risk includes goods)? The Government of Canada is committed to preventing 3. Are you an organization that engages in activities the disappearance of wildlife species at risk from for a public purpose (e.g., social welfare or civic our lands. As part of its strategy for realizing that improvement), such as a provincial or municipal commitment, on June 5, 2003, the Government of government, school, college/university, hospital Canada proclaimed the Species at Risk Act (SARA). or charity? Attached to the Act is Schedule 1, the list of the 4. Is your enterprise owned by a First species provided for under SARA, also called the List Nations community? of Wildlife Species at Risk. Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened species on Schedule 1 benefit from 5. How many employees do you have? the protection afforded by the prohibitions and from a) 0–99 recovery planning requirements under SARA. Special b) 100 or more Concern species benefit from its management planning requirements. Schedule 1 has grown from 6. What was your annual gross revenue in the last year? the original 233 to 580 wildlife species at risk. a) Less than $30,000 b) Between $30,000 and $5 million As per the policy Timeline for amendments to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act announced c) More than $5 million in fall of 2017 by the Minister of Environment and To ensure that your comments are considered Climate Change, the Minister will seek to obtain a in time, they should be submitted before the final listing decision on whether to amend the List following deadlines. within 24 months following reception of COSEWIC Annual Report. The Timeline for amendments to For terrestrial species undergoing normal Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act policy can consultations, comments should be submitted be viewed on the SAR Public Registry at: https:// by May 13, 2019. wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/ document/default_e.cfm?documentID=3203 and For terrestrial species undergoing extended the COSEWIC Annual Report can be viewed at consultations, comments should be submitted https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk- by October 14, 2019. registry/document/default_e. To find out which consultation paths these species cfm?documentID=3375 will undergo (extended or normal), please see: www. The complete list of species currently on Schedule 1 canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/ can be viewed on the SAR Public Registry at: services/species-risk-act-accord-funding/ https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk- listing-process/minister-environment-response- registry/species/schedules_e.cfm?id=1 assessments-october-2018.html

Comments received by these deadlines will be considered in the development of the listing proposal.

5 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Species become eligible for addition to Schedule 1 For more information on COSEWIC, visit the once they have been assessed as being at risk by the COSEWIC website at: www.canada.ca/en/ Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in environment-climate-change/services/ Canada (COSEWIC). The decision to add a species committee-status-endangered-wildlife.html to Schedule 1 is made by the Governor in Council further to a recommendation from the Minister of On October 15, 2018, COSEWIC sent to the Minister Environment and Climate Change. The Governor in of Environment and Climate Change its newest assess- Council is the formal executive body that gives legal ments of species at risk. Environment and Climate effect to decisions that then have the force of law. Change Canada is now consulting on changes to Schedule 1 to reflect these new designations for COSEWIC and the assessment process these terrestrial species. To see the list of the for identifying species at risk terrestrial species and their status, please refer to tables 1 and 2. COSEWIC is recognized under SARA as the authority for assessing the status of wildlife species at risk. Terrestrial and aquatic species eligible COSEWIC comprises experts on wildlife species at for Schedule 1 amendments risk. Its members have backgrounds in the fields of biology, ecology, genetics, Indigenous traditional The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans conducts knowledge and other relevant fields. They come separate consultations for the aquatic species. For from various communities, including academia, more information on the consultations for aquatic Indigenous organizations, governments and species, visit the Fisheries and Oceans Canada non-governmental organizations. website at www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.

COSEWIC gives priority to those species more likely The Minister of Environment and Climate Change is to become extinct, and then commissions a status conducting the consultations for all other species report for the evaluation of the species’ status. To be at risk. accepted, status reports must be peer-reviewed and Approximately 48% of the recently assessed terrestrial approved by a subcommittee of species specialists. species at risk also occur in national parks or other In special circumstances, assessments can be done lands administered by Parks Canada; Parks Canada on an emergency basis. When the status report is shares responsibility for these species with Environment complete, COSEWIC meets to examine it and discuss and Climate Change Canada. the species. COSEWIC then determines whether the species is at risk, and, if so, it then assesses the level of risk and assigns a conservation status. Comments solicited on the proposed amendment of Schedule 1 Terms used to define the degree The conservation of wildlife is a joint legal responsibility: of risk to a species one that is shared among the governments of Canada. But biodiversity will not be conserved by governments The conservation status defines the degree of risk to that act alone. The best way to secure the survival of a species. The terms used under SARA are Extirpated, species at risk and their habitats is through the active Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern. participation of all those concerned. SARA recognizes Extirpated species are wildlife species that no longer this, and that all Indigenous peoples and Canadians occur in the wild in Canada but still exist elsewhere. have a role to play in preventing the disappearance Endangered species are wildlife species that are likely of wildlife species from our lands. The Government of to soon become Extirpated or extinct. Threatened Canada is inviting and encouraging you to become species are likely to become Endangered if nothing is involved. One way that you can do so is by sharing done to reverse the factors leading to their extirpation your comments concerning the addition or or extinction. The term Special Concern is used for reclassification of these terrestrial species. wildlife species that may become Threatened or Endangered due to a combination of biological characteristics and threats. Once COSEWIC has assessed a species as Extirpated, Endangered, Threatened or Special Concern, it is eligible for inclusion on Schedule 1.

6 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Your comments are considered in relation to the The Minister of Environment and Climate potential consequences of whether or not a species Change's response to the COSEWIC is included on Schedule 1, and they are then used to assessment: the response statement inform the drafting of the Minister’s proposed listing After COSEWIC has completed its assessment of a recommendations for each of these species. species, it provides it to the Minister of Environment Questions to guide your comments are included and Climate Change. The Minister of Environment and at the beginning of the document. Climate Change then has 90 days to post a response on the Species at Risk Public Registry, known as the response statement. The response statement provides The Species at Risk Act Listing information on the scope of any consultations and the Process and Consultation timelines for action, to the extent possible. It identifies how long the consultations will be (whether they are The addition of a wildlife species at risk to Schedule 1 “normal” or “extended”) by stating when the Minister of SARA facilitates providing for its protection and will forward the assessment to the Governor in Council. conservation. To be effective, the listing process must Consultations for a group of species are launched be transparent and open. The species listing process with the posting of their response statements. under SARA is summarized in Figure 1. Normal and extended The purpose of consultations consultation periods on amendments to the List Normal consultations meet the consultation needs for When COSEWIC assesses a wildlife species, it the listing of most species at risk. The consultations does so solely on the basis of the best available last between four and nine months (known respectively information relevant to the biological status of the as normal and extended consultation paths). Some species. COSEWIC then submits the assessment to of the consultations last up to nine months to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, who allow adequate consultations with wildlife considers it when making the listing recommendation management boards. to the Governor in Council. The purpose of these The extent of consultations needs to be proportional consultations is to provide the Minister with a better to the expected impact of a listing decision and the understanding of the potential social and economic time that may be needed to consult. Under some impacts of the proposed change to the List of Wildlife circumstances, whether or not a species will be Species at Risk, and of the potential consequences included on Schedule 1 could have significant and of not adding a species to the List. widespread impacts on the activities of some groups of people. It is essential that such stakeholders have Legislative context of the consultations: the opportunity to inform the pending decision and, to the Minister’s recommendation to the the extent possible, to provide input on its potential Governor in Council consequences and to share ideas on how best to The comments collected during the consultations approach threats to the species. A longer period may inform the Governor in Council’s consideration of the also be required to consult appropriately with some Minister’s recommendations for listing species at risk. groups. For example, consultations can take longer The Minister must recommend one of three courses for groups that meet infrequently but that must be of action. These are for the Governor in Council to engaged on several occasions. For such reasons, accept the species assessment and modify Schedule 1 extended consultations may be undertaken. accordingly, not to add the species to Schedule 1, or to refer the species assessment back to COSEWIC For both normal and extended consultations, once for its further consideration (Figure 1). they are complete, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change forwards the species assessments to the Governor in Council for the government’s formal receipt of the assessment. The Governor in Council then has nine months to come to a listing decision.

7 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Figure 1: The species listing process under SARA

The Minister of Environment and Climate Change receives species assessments from COSEWIC at least once per year.

The competent departments undertake internal review to determine the extent of public consultation and socio-economic analysis necessary to inform the listing decision.

Within 90 days of receipt of the species assessments prepared by COSEWIC, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change publishes a response statement on the SARA Public Registry that indicates how he or she intends to respond to the assessment and, to the extent possible, provides timelines for action.

Where appropriate, the competent departments undertake consultations and any other relevant analysis needed to prepare the advice for the Minister of Environment and Climate Change.

The Minister of Environment and Climate Change fowards the assessment to the Governor in Council for receipt. This generally occurs within twelve months of posting the response statement, unless further consultation is necessary.

Within nine months of receiving the assessment, the Governor in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change may decide whether or not to list the species under Schedule 1 of SARA or refer the assessment back to COSEWIC for further information or consideration.

Once a species is added to Schedule 1, it bene ts from the applicable provisions of SARA.

8 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

The consultation paths (normal or extended) for the Species at Risk Public Registry. More extensive the terrestrial species listed in Table 1 will consultations may also be done through regional be announced when the Minister publishes the or community meetings or through a more response statements. These will be posted by targeted approach. January 13, 2019, on the Species at Risk Public Registry at: www.canada.ca/en/environment- Environment and Climate Change Canada also climate-change/services/species-risk-act- sends notice of this consultation to identified accord-funding/listing-process/ concerned groups and individuals who have made minister-environment-response-assessments- their interests known. These include, but are not october-2018.html limited to, industries, resource users, landowners and environmental non-governmental organizations. No consultations will be undertaken for those species already on Schedule 1 and for which no change in In most cases, it is difficult for Environment and status is being proposed (Table 2). Climate Change Canada to fully examine the potential impacts of recovery actions when species are being Who is consulted, and how considered for listing. Recovery actions for terrestrial species usually have not yet been comprehensively It is most important to consult with those who would defined at the time of listing, so their impact cannot be most affected by the proposed changes. There be fully understood. Once they are better understood, is protection that is immediately in place when a efforts are made to minimize adverse social and species that is Extirpated, Endangered or Threatened economic impacts of listing and to maximize the is added to Schedule 1 (for more details, see below, benefits. SARA requires that recovery measures “Protection for listed Extirpated, Endangered and be prepared in consultation with those considered Threatened species”). This immediate protection to be directly affected by them. does not apply to species of Special Concern. The nature of protection depends on the type of species, In addition to the public, Environment and Climate its conservation status, and where the species is Change Canada consults on listing with the found. Environment and Climate Change Canada governments of the provinces and territories with lead takes this into account during the consultations; responsibility for the conservation and management those who may be affected by the impacts of the of these wildlife species. Environment and Climate automatic protections are contacted directly, others Change Canada also consults with other federal are encouraged to contribute through a variety departments and agencies. of approaches. Role and impact of public consultations Indigenous peoples known to have species at risk on in the listing process their lands, for which changes to Schedule 1 are being considered, will be contacted. Their engagement is of The results of the public consultations are of great particular significance, acknowledging their role in the significance to informing the process of listing management of the extensive traditional territories species at risk. Environment and Climate Change and the reserve and settlement lands. Canada carefully reviews the comments it receives to gain a better understanding of the benefits and A Wildlife Management Board is a group that has costs of changing the List. been established under a land claims agreement and is authorized by the agreement to perform The comments are then used to inform the Regulatory functions in respect of wildlife species. Some eligible Impact Analysis Statement (RIAS). The RIAS is a species at risk are found on lands where existing land report that summarizes the impact of a proposed claims agreements apply that give specific authority regulatory change. It includes a description of the to a Wildlife Management Board. In such cases, the proposed change and an analysis of its expected Minister of Environment and Climate Change will impact, which takes into account the results of the consult with the relevant board. public consultations. In developing the RIAS, the Government of Canada recognizes that Canada’s To encourage others to contribute and make the natural heritage is an integral part of our national necessary information readily available, this document identity and history and that wildlife in all its forms is distributed to known stakeholders and posted on has value in and of itself. The Government of Canada

9 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019 also recognizes that the absence of full scientific and benefit of a band under the Indian Act (such as certainty is not a reason to postpone decisions to reserves). In the territories, the protection for species protect the environment. at risk on federal lands applies only where they are on lands under the authority of the Minister of Environment A draft Order (see Glossary) is then prepared, and Climate Change or the Parks Canada Agency. providing notice that a decision is being taken by the Governor in Council. The draft Order proposing to Migratory birds are protected by the Migratory Birds list all or some of the species under consideration is Regulations, under the Migratory Birds Convention then published, along with the RIAS, in the Canada Act, 1994, which strictly prohibits the harming of Gazette, Part I, for a comment period of 30 days. migratory birds and the disturbance or destruction of their nests and eggs. The Minister of Environment and Climate Change will take into consideration comments and any additional SARA’s protection for individuals makes it an offence information received following publication of the draft to kill, harm, harass, capture or take an individual Order and the RIAS in the Canada Gazette, Part I. The of a species listed as Extirpated, Endangered or Minister then makes a final listing recommendation for Threatened. It is also an offence to damage or each species to the Governor in Council. The Governor destroy the residence of one or more individuals in Council next decides either to accept the species of an Endangered or Threatened species or an assessment and amend Schedule 1 accordingly; or Extirpated species whose reintroduction has been not to add the species to Schedule 1; or to refer the recommended by a recovery strategy. The Act also species assessment back to COSEWIC for further makes it an offence to possess, collect, buy, sell or information or consideration. The final decision is trade an individual of a species that is Extirpated, published in the Canada Gazette, Part II, and on the Endangered or Threatened. Species at Risk Public Registry. If the Governor in Council decides to list a species, it is at this point Species at risk that are neither aquatic nor protected that it becomes legally included on Schedule 1. under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994, nor on federal lands, do not receive immediate protection upon listing under SARA. Instead, in most cases, the Significance of the Addition protection of terrestrial species on non‑federal lands of a Species to Schedule 1 is the responsibility of the provinces and territories where they are found. The application of protections The protection that comes into effect following the under SARA to a species at risk on non-federal lands addition of a species to Schedule 1 depends upon a requires that the Governor in Council make an order number of factors. These include the species’ status defining those lands. This can only occur when the under SARA, the type of species and where it occurs. Minister is of the opinion that the laws of the province or territory do not effectively protect the species. To Protection for listed Extirpated, put such an order in place, the Minister would then Endangered and Threatened species need to recommend the order be made to the Governor in Council. If the Governor in Council Responsibility for the conservation of wildlife is agrees to make the order, the prohibitions of SARA shared among the governments of Canada. SARA would then apply to the provincial or territorial lands establishes legal protection for individuals as soon specified by the order. The federal government as a species is listed as Threatened, Endangered would consult before making such an order. or Extirpated, and, in the case of Threatened and Endangered species, for their residences. This applies to species considered federal species Recovery strategies and action plans or if they are found on federal land. for Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened species Federal species include migratory birds, as defined Recovery planning results in the development of by the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994, and recovery strategies and action plans for Extirpated, aquatic species covered by the Fisheries Act. Endangered or Threatened species. It involves the Federal land means land that belongs to the federal different levels of government responsible for the government, and the internal waters and territorial sea management of the species, depending on what type of Canada. It also means land set apart for the use of species it is and where it occurs. These include

10 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019 federal, provincial and territorial governments as well or issue permits only for one of three purposes: for as Wildlife Management Boards. Recovery strategies research, for conservation activities, or if the effects and action plans are also prepared in cooperation to the species are incidental to the activity. Research with directly affected Indigenous organizations must relate to the conservation of a species and Landowners and other stakeholders directly affected be conducted by qualified scientists. Conservation by the recovery strategy are consulted to the activities must benefit a listed species or be required extent possible. to enhance its chances of survival. All activities, including those that incidentally affect a listed species, Recovery strategies must be prepared for all its individuals, residences or critical habitat must also Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened species. meet certain conditions. First, it must be established They include measures to mitigate the known threats that all reasonable alternatives to the activity have been to the species and its habitat and set the population considered and the best solution has been adopted. and distribution objectives. Other objectives can be Second, it must also be established that all feasible included, such as stewardship, to conserve the measures will be taken to minimize the impact of the species, or education, to increase public awareness. activity on the listed species. And finally, it must be Recovery strategies must include a statement of established that the activity will not jeopardize the the time frame for the development of one or more survival or recovery of the species. Having issued a action plans that will state the measures necessary permit or agreement, the Minister must then include to implement the recovery strategy. To the extent an explanation on the Species at Risk Public Registry possible, recovery strategies must also identify the of why the permit or agreement was issued. critical habitat of the species, which is the habitat necessary for the survival or recovery of the species. Protection for listed species If there is not enough information available to identify of Special Concern critical habitat, the recovery strategy includes a schedule of studies required for its identification. While immediate protection under SARA for species This schedule outlines what must be done to obtain listed as Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened the necessary information and by when it needs to does not apply to species listed as Special Concern, be done. In such cases, critical habitat can be any existing protections and prohibitions, such as identified in a subsequent action plan. those provided by the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 or the Canada National Parks Act, continue Proposed recovery strategies for newly listed to be in force. species are posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry to provide for public review and comment. Management plans for species For Endangered species, proposed recovery of Special Concern strategies are posted within one year of their addition For species of Special Concern, management plans to Schedule 1, and for Threatened or Extirpated are to be prepared and made available on the Species species, within two years. at Risk Public Registry within three years of a species’ Once a recovery strategy has been posted as final, addition to Schedule 1, allowing for public review and one or more action plans based on the recovery comment. Management plans include appropriate strategy must then be prepared. These include conservation measures for the species and for its measures to address threats and achieve the habitat. They are prepared in cooperation with the population and distribution objectives. Action plans jurisdictions responsible for the management of also complete the identification of the critical habitat the species, including directly affected Wildlife where necessary and, to the extent possible, state Management Boards and Indigenous organizations. measures that are proposed to protect it. Landowners, lessees and others directly affected by a management plan will also be consulted to Permits and agreements the extent possible. For terrestrial species listed on SARA Schedule 1 as Extirpated, Endangered or Threatened, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change may authorize exceptions to the Act’s prohibitions, when and where they apply. The Minister can enter into agreements

11 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

THE LIST OF SPECIES ELIGIBLE FOR AN AMENDMENT TO SCHEDULE 1

Status of the recently assessed species Providing comments and consultation paths The involvement of Canadians is integral to the listing On October 15, 2018, COSEWIC submitted process, as it is to the ultimate protection of Canadian 40 assessments of species at risk to the Minister of wildlife. Your comments matter and are given serious Environment and Climate Change for species that are consideration. Environment and Climate Change eligible to be added to Schedule 1 of SARA. Thirteen Canada will review all the comments that it receives of these are terrestrial species, and 27 are aquatic by the deadlines provided below. species. COSEWIC also reviewed the classification of species already on Schedule 1, in some cases Comments for terrestrial species undergoing normal changing their status. Four terrestrial species are consultations must be received by May 13, 2019. now being considered for down-listing on SARA (to Comments for terrestrial species undergoing a lower risk status) and three terrestrial species are extended consultations must be received by now being considered for a higher risk status on October 14, 2019. SARA. One species, the Peregrine Falcon anatum/ tundrius, is being considered for removal from the Most species will be undergoing normal consultations. list, as it was found to be not at risk in its latest For the final consultation paths, please visit the SARA assessment. In all, 21 terrestrial species that are Public Registry after January 13, 2019 at: eligible to be added to Schedule 1, to be removed www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate- from Schedule 1, or to have their current status change/services/species-risk-act-accord- on Schedule 1 changed are included in this funding/listing-process/minister-environment- consultation (Table 1). response-assessments-october-2018.html

COSEWIC also submitted the reviews of species For more details on submitting comments, see already on Schedule 1, confirming their classification. the section “Comments solicited on the proposed Twenty one of these reviews were for terrestrial amendment of Schedule 1” of this document. species. These species are not included in the consultations because there is no regulatory change being proposed (Table 2).

For more information on the consultations for aquatic species, visit the Fisheries and Oceans Canada website at www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.

12 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Table 1: Terrestrial species recently assessed by COSEWIC eligible for addition to Schedule 1 or reclassification

Taxon Species Scientific Name Range Species eligible for addition to Schedule 1 (13) Endangered (5) Arthropods False-foxglove Sun Moth Pyrrhia aurantiago ON Molluscs Striped Whitelip Webbhelix multilineata ON Mosses Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss Seligeria acutifolia BC Vascular Plants Downy Yellow False Foxglove Aureolaria virginica ON Vascular Plants Quebec Rockcress Boechera quebecensis QC Threatened (3) Lichens Smoker's Lung Lichen Lobaria retigera BC Vascular Plants Fern-leaved Yellow False Foxglove Aureolaria pedicularia ON Vascular Plants Smooth Yellow False Foxglove Aureolaria flava ON Special Concern (5) Arthropods Red-tailed Leafhopper (Great Lakes Aflexia rubranura ON Plains population) Arthropods Red-tailed Leafhopper (Prairie Aflexia rubranura MB population) Reptiles Eastern Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta picta QC NB NS Reptiles Midland Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta marginata ON QC Vascular Plants Yukon Wild Buckwheat Eriogonum flavum var. aquilinum YT Reclassifications: Up‑list (3) From Threatened to Endangered (2) Amphibians Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus QC (Appalachian population) * Birds Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus SK MB ON QC From Special Concern to Endangered (1) Mammals Caribou (Dolphin and Union population) ** Rangifer tarandus NT NU Reclassifications: Down‑list or Delist (5) From Endangered to Threatened (1) Mosses Spoon-leaved Moss Bryoandersonia illecebra ON From Threatened to Special Concern (2) Birds Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor YT NT NU BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PEI NS NL Birds Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi YT NT NU BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PEI NS NL From Endangered to Special Concern (1) Reptiles Prairie Skink Plestiodon septentrionalis MB From Special Concern to Not at Risk (1) Birds Peregrine Falcon anatum/tundrius Falco peregrinus anatum/ YT NT NU BC AB SK tundrius MB ON QC NB NS NL

* Name change, currently listed on SARA Schedule 1 as Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander (Great Lakes – St. Lawrence population) ** Name change, currently listed on SARA Schedule 1 as Barren-ground Caribou (Dolphin and Union population)

13 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Table 2: Terrestrial species recently reassessed by COSEWIC (no consultations – species status confirmation)

Taxon Species Scientific Name Range Status Confirmations (21) Endangered (8) Amphibians Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus ON (Carolinian population) Birds Coastal Vesper Sparrow * Pooecetes gramineus affinis BC Birds Streaked Horned Lark ** Eremophila alpestris strigata BC Birds Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus BC Molluscs Banff Springs Snail Physella johnsoni AB Reptiles Gray Ratsnake (Carolinian population) Pantherophis spiloides ON Vascular Plants Tall Bugbane Actaea elata BC Vascular Plants Tall Woolly-heads Psilocarphus elatior BC Threatened (5) Arthropods Verna's Flower Moth Schinia verna AB SK MB Birds Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica SK MB ON QC NB NS Birds Northern Saw-whet Owl brooksi subspecies Aegolius acadicus brooksi BC Mosses Porsild's Bryum Haplodontium macrocarpum NU BC AB NL Reptiles Gray Ratsnake (Great Lakes/ St. Lawrence population) Pantherophis spiloides ON Special Concern (8) Birds Peregrine Falcon pealei subspecies Falco peregrinus pealei BC Vascular Plants Athabasca Thrift Armeria maritima spp. interior SK Vascular Plants Blanket-leaved Willow Salix silicicola SK Vascular Plants Floccose Tansy Tanacetum huronense var. AB SK floccosum Vascular Plants Large-headed Woolly Yarrow Achillea millefolium var. SK megacephala Vascular Plants Mackenzie Hairgrass Deschampsia mackenzieana NT SK Vascular Plants Sand-dune Short-capsuled Willow Salix brachycarpa var. SK psammophila Vascular Plants Turnor's Willow Salix turnorii SK

* Name change, currently listed on SARA Schedule 1 as Vesper Sparrow affinis subspecies ** Name change, currently listed on SARA Schedule 1 as Horned Lark strigata subspecies

14 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

THE COSEWIC SUMMARIES OF TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ELIGIBLE FOR ADDITION OR RECLASSIFICATION ON SCHEDULE 1

For a brief summary of the reasons for the COSEWIC status designation of individual species, and their biology, threats, distribution and other information, please consult the COSEWIC Summaries of Terrestrial Species Eligible for Addition or Reclassification on Schedule 1 – January 2019 at: https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=3378

For a more comprehensive explanation of the conservation status of an individual species, please refer to the COSEWIC status report for that species, also available on the SAR Public Registry at: https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/sar/assessment/status_e.cfm or contact:

COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment and Climate Change Canada Gatineau QC K1A 0H3

15 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

GLOSSARY

Aquatic species: A wildlife species that is a fish as defined in section 2 of the Fisheries Act or a marine plant as defined in section 47 of the Act. The term includes marine mammals.

Canada Gazette: The Canada Gazette is one of the vehicles that Canadians can use to access laws and regulations. It has been the “official newspaper” of the Government of Canada since 1841. Government departments and agencies as well as the private sector are required by law to publish certain information in the Canada Gazette. Notices and proposed regulations are published in the Canada Gazette, Part l, and official regulations are published in the Canada Gazette, Part Il. For more information, please visit http://gazetteducanada.gc.ca. Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council: The Council is made up of federal, provincial and territorial ministers with responsibilities for wildlife species. The Council’s mandate is to provide national leadership and coordination for the protection of species at risk.

COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. The Committee comprises experts on wildlife species at risk. Their backgrounds are in the fields of biology, ecology, genetics, Indigenous traditional knowledge and other relevant fields. These experts come from various communities, including, among others, government and academia.

COSEWIC assessment: COSEWIC’s assessment or re-assessment of the status of a wildlife species, based on a status report on the species that COSEWIC either has had prepared or has received with an application.

Down‑listing: A revision of the status of a species on Schedule 1 to a status of lower risk. A revision of the status of a Schedule 1 species to a higher risk status would be up‑listing.

Federal land: Any land owned by the federal government, the internal waters and territorial sea of Canada, and reserves and other land set apart for the use and benefit of a band under theIndian Act.

Governor in Council: The Governor General of Canada acting on the advice of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada, the formal executive body that gives legal effect to those decisions of Cabinet that are to have the force of law.

Individual: An individual of a wildlife species, whether living or dead, at any developmental stage, and includes larvae, embryos, eggs, sperm, seeds, pollen, spores and asexual propagules.

Order: An order issued by the Governor in Council, either on the basis of authority delegated by legislation or by virtue of the prerogative powers of the Crown.

Response statement: A document in which the Minister of Environment and Climate Change indicates how he or she intends to respond to the COSEWIC assessment of a wildlife species. A response statement is posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry within 90 days of receipt of the assessment by the Minister, and provides timelines for action to the extent possible.

RIAS: Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement. A document that provides an analysis of the expected impact of a regulatory initiative and which accompanies an Order in Council.

Species at Risk Public Registry: Developed as an online service, the Species at Risk Public Registry has been accessible to the public since proclamation of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The website gives users easy access to documents and information related to SARA at any time and location with Internet access. It can be found at www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry.html. Schedule 1: A schedule of SARA, also known as the List of Wildlife Species at Risk, which presents the list of species protected under SARA.

16 Consultation on Amending the List of Species under the Species at Risk Act: Terrestrial Species, January 2019

Up‑listing: A revision of the status of a species on Schedule 1 to a status of higher risk. A revision of the status of a Schedule 1 species to a lower risk status would be down‑listing.

Wildlife Management Board: Established under the land claims agreements in northern Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, and Nunavut, Wildlife Management Boards are the “main instruments of wildlife management” within their settlement areas. In this role, Wildlife Management Boards not only establish, modify and remove levels of total allowable harvest of a variety of wildlife species, but also participate in research activities, including annual harvest studies, and approve the designation of species at risk in their settlement areas.

Wildlife species: Under SARA, a species, subspecies, variety, or geographically or genetically distinct population of animal, plant or other organism, other than a bacterium or virus. To be eligible for inclusion under SARA, a wildlife species must be wild by nature and native to Canada. Non‑native species that have been here for 50 years or more can be considered eligible if they came without human intervention.

17

Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss specialized leaves (known as perichaetial leaves) surrounding the female reproductive organ, and the short, stout stalks (setae) supporting the spore-bearing capsules.

The species is known from Europe, eastern Asia, and northwestern North America. Phylogeographic relationships among the various populations have not been studied but are of interest owing to the large gaps between the occurrences.

Distribution Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss is known from only three sites in North America: two on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and one in southeastern Photo: © Richard Caners Alaska. The distance between the sites in British Scientific name Columbia is around 173 km, and the site in Alaska is Seligeria acutifolia located approximately 870 km north of the northernmost Canadian site. Taxon Mosses

COSEWIC status Endangered

Canadian range British Columbia

Reason for designation This minute, habitat-specific moss has a very restricted distribution in Canada, where it is known from only two sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It is 0 confined to limestone outcrops near sea level beneath a high, coniferous forest canopy in hypermaritime Global distribution of Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss climatic regions near the coast. Primary threats include (Seligeria acutifolia).

impacts to habitat from quarrying, logging, and roads. Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Acuteleaf The site near Kennedy Lake is currently not expected to Small Limestone Moss Seligeria acutifolia in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 35 pp. be harvested. However, plans to quarry the marble deposit at the site near Wood Cove, where two-thirds Habitat of the known Canadian population occurs, imminently Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss is a narrow habitat threaten this subpopulation. specialist. In coastal British Columbia it has only been found on moist vertical surfaces of slightly granular Wildlife Species Description and limestone outcrops beneath a high canopy of conifers Significance near sea-level. Both sites are located within the Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss (Seligeria acutifolia) is ‘Southern variant’ of the Very Wet Hypermaritime a minute, upright, light-green-coloured moss that forms subzone of the Coastal Western Hemlock sparse colonies on vertical surfaces of limestone biogeoclimatic zone (CWHvh1); this variant is confined bedrock. Characters distinguishing it from closely to the west coast of Vancouver Island and a small related species include the highly differentiated strip of low-lying land on the adjacent mainland coast

1 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary near the northern tip of Vancouver Island. The climate of the CWHvh1 is characterized by cool temperatures, high rainfall, and fog throughout much of the year.

The limestone bedrock is characterized as ‘pure’ to ‘highly pure’ and is associated with undifferentiated Parson Bay and Quatsino formations and possibly an undifferentiated Buttle Lake Group Formation. These formations do not occur further north and differ in geological history and composition from most substrates on the mainland coast and Haida Gwaii.

Biology

The reproductive biology of Acuteleaf Small Photo: © Richard Caners Limestone Moss is poorly known. The moss is monoicous, meaning both male and female Population sizes and trends reproductive structures occur on the same shoots. The population of Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss in Although spore-containing capsules were observed Canada consists of at least three colonies comprised at both sites on Vancouver Island in 2016, they were of an estimated 800–1500 shoots. Two of the colonies not abundant, and it is not known whether the spores are found near Wood Cove in Kashutl Inlet on were viable. However, it is thought that Seligeria must northwestern Vancouver Island, and the third is reproduce relatively frequently for the colony to located near Kennedy Lake, to the south. The persist in its habitat. The species has an estimated subpopulations have not been monitored; therefore, generation time of 5–8 years. population trends are unknown. However, based on herbarium specimens it is known that both Dispersal via wind to suitable habitat beyond the subpopulations have persisted for at least 45 years. immediate vicinity of the sites where the species occurs in British Columbia is unlikely because the Threats and limiting factors thin-walled, delicate spores of Seligeria have poor Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss occupies an survivability and the places where Acuteleaf Small uncommon niche on the hypermaritime coast of Limestone Moss occurs are sheltered by coniferous British Columbia. Calcareous rock outcrops occur forest and rugged topography. sporadically in sheltered sites at low elevation, and despite targeted surveys for this report and extensive The species does not produce specialized structures surveys by numerous experienced bryologists to facilitate asexual reproduction, unlike some throughout the coast in the past decades, the species mosses including Seligeria carniolica. Vegetative has only been found twice. reproduction by means of fragmentation has not been observed and the gametophytes (i.e., shoots) are The primary threats to the Canadian population are firmly attached to the rock surface, limiting potential quarrying, roads, and logging. Most imminent is long-distance dispersal by birds. quarrying; the northern subpopulation (Wood Cove) is associated with a commercially valuable marble The adaptability of Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss deposit within an active mineral claim. Logging is a is unknown but is thought to be highly limited by its threat to both subpopulations; if the canopy of mature small size, which reduces its competitiveness on conifers was to be removed, the species would likely wetter and drier rock surfaces, and its close affinity to be extirpated. Although there are no roads near the sheltered moist, vertical calcareous rock substrates remote Wood Cove site, the Kennedy Lake of a particular chemical composition and texture. subpopulation could be impacted by road maintenance activities such as rock blasting and grading.

2 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

Rescue from the subpopulation in Alaska, which is approximately 870 km to the north, is extremely unlikely. Dispersal is severely limited by biological and environmental factors and by the sparseness of potentially suitable habitat.

Protection, status, and ranks Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss has no legal protection or status. Its global conservation rank is ‘Apparently Secure’, rounded from a “range-rank” of ‘Vulnerable’ to ‘Secure’ (reflecting uncertainty). In Canada, it has been assessed as ‘Critically Imperiled’ at both the national and provincial levels.

In the United States Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss is not ranked, but in Europe it is assessed as ‘Vulnerable’ in several countries. However, in a recent assessment of the conservation status of European bryophytes the species was not included in the candidate list, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently places it in the category of ‘Least Concern’.

Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Acuteleaf Small Limestone Moss Seligeria acutifolia in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 35 pp.

For more information, please visit www.sararegistry.gc.ca.

For information regarding reproduction rights, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Public Inquiries Centre at 1‑800‑668‑6767 (in Canada only) or 819‑997‑2800 or email to [email protected].

3 Smoker’s Lung Lichen dark upper surface and abundant grain-like vegetative propagules called isidia. The lower surface is tomentose (dark pigmented tangled hyphae), and the tomentum is interrupted by white patches that give a characteristic contrasting dark-light pattern. The spore-bearing fruit bodies, apothecia, are unknown in North American populations. Smoker’s Lung Lichen is a “flagship” species among a suite of rare and uncommon epiphytic lichens and bryophytes that depend on humid, old growth forests in British Columbia (B.C.), many of which exhibit an unusual coastal-inland disjunct distribution.

Distribution

Photo: © Stephen Sharnoff The North American distribution of Smoker’s Lung Scientific name Lichen is wholly within the geographic boundaries of Lobaria retigera Alaska and British Columbia. The Canadian portion of the range accounts for more than 50% of the total Taxon spatial distribution in North America. Smoker’s Lung Lichens Lichen is also found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Oceania, and Africa. COSEWIC status Within Canada, the core range for Smoker’s Lung Threatened Lichen falls within the Kispiox region of northwestern British Columbia. Canadian range British Columbia

Reason for designation This lichen is strongly associated with humid old growth forests in British Columbia and is a “flagship” species for a suite of rare and uncommon lichens and bryophytes. More than 50% of the North American range is in Canada. The Canadian population comprises three subpopulations; however, nearly all remaining individuals (>90%) are found in the Northwestern subpopulation (Kispiox and Skeena valleys). The threats to this species in Canada are extensive forest harvesting, both past and present, leading to declines in the population from the direct impacts (removal of host trees), as well as indirect impacts (edge effects) in adjacent habitats. Predicted 0 climate change may lead to further declines in the remaining populations of this lichen. Smoker’s Lung Lichen (Lobaria retigera) occurrences in British Columbia.

Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Smoker’s Wildlife species description and Lung Lichen Lobaria retigera in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered significance Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 61 pp. The Smoker’s Lung Lichen is a rare cyanolichen, strongly associated with humid mature to old growth forests and is characterized by a net-ridged/reticulate

1 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

Habitat and (3) the CWH biogeoclimatic zone in Coastal B.C. The estimated number of thalli in the In Canada, Smoker’s Lung Lichen is confined to moist three subpopulations is ca. 150, 58,000 and mature to old forests at elevations below 1000 m. 100 respectively, based on enumerated thalli and Avoidance of summer drought is a key attribute of habitat modelling. The number of thalli at each Smoker’s Lung Lichen habitat. In British Columbia, occurrence varied from single thalli to over 2000 thalli this requirement is met in mature to old growth at the most abundant site in northwestern B.C, forests growing in oceanic and humid continental which is the core range for this lichen. Evidence regions. The three Canadian subpopulations occur in suggests that extirpation has occurred at three the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) and the Interior occurrences, with another 21, mostly in northwestern Cedar-Hemlock (ICH) biogeoclimatic zones. The B.C. being at risk within the next two to three lichen colonizes twigs and branches of Western generations (40-60 years) due to logging and Hemlock, as well as leaning snags and dead trunks, associated edge effects. Many trees on which the but can be found on other coniferous species, Smoker’s Lung Lichen was found to be abundant in including Western Redcedar, Subalpine Fir, the 2015 and 2016 preharvest surveys of planned cut and Amabilis Fir. It is occasionally found on older blocks in the Kispox valley have been designated for alder and willow trees, especially those that have placement in wildlife tree patches (with a 35 m buffer rough bark. placed around the trees). However, the survival of these thalli is uncertain, as this lichen species is Biology highly sensitive to microclimate changes associated Smoker’s Lung Lichen produces asexual propagules, with edge effects. isidia, which are thought to be locally dispersed by rain and animals. Dispersal of isidia may be a limiting Threats and Limiting Factors factor for Smoker’s Lung Lichen as in North America Smoker’s Lung Lichen is limited by the availability it does not form sexual structures (apothecia), so long of suitable habitat (humid mature and old growth distance dispersal of the fungal component by forests) and poor dispersal efficiency. Humid, wet, ascospores does not occur. In coastal forests, the mature or old growth, cedar-hemlock forests have lack of available substrata, due to the competing diminished in abundance with the progressive cover of mosses and/or liverworts, is also a major expansion of forest harvesting. Additional threats constraint. The photosynthetic partner of the are from Hemlock-looper infestations and fire which Smoker’s Lung Lichen is Nostoc, a cyanobacterium. are predicted to increase in severity and frequency due to rising mean annual temperatures as a result of global warming. The cumulative effects of these threats: harvesting, climate change, insect infestations and fire, are expected to lead to a decline in the number of mature individuals of Smoker’s Lung Lichen over the next two to three generations.

Protection, Status and Ranks Smoker’s Lung Lichen is a Blue-listed species in British Columbia. Fifteen extant Canadian occurrences of Smoker’s Lung Lichen are situated within parks or protected areas, eight of which are Photo: © Stephen Sharnoff found in the newly designated Ancient Forest/Chun Population Sizes and Trends T’oh Whudujut Provincial Park in the upper Fraser The Canadian distribution of Smoker’s Lung Lichen River watershed. The remaining forty-one is limited to three geographic regions in B.C.: occurrences are on Crown Land, where most do (1) ICH biogeoclimatic zone of interior B.C.,(2) the not have long-term protection from forest harvesting ICH biogeoclimatic zone of northwestern B.C., or other disturbances. Some have limited protection

2 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary in designated Old Growth Management Areas (OGMAs) and/or Wildlife Tree Retention patches. The Smoker’s Lung Lichen also occurs in Alaska where it is ranked S2S3 (Imperilled or Vulnerable).

Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Smoker’s Lung Lichen Lobaria retigera in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 61 pp.

For more information, please visit www.sararegistry.gc.ca.

For information regarding reproduction rights, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Public Inquiries Centre at 1‑800‑668‑6767 (in Canada only) or 819‑997‑2800 or email to [email protected].

3 Olive-sided Flycatcher extending from the throat, centre of breast and belly to the undertail coverts, contrasting sharply with the dark flanks and sides of the breast to appear vested. White tufts are also often visible above the wings on each side of the rump. The wings are dark with indistinct pale wing bars, and the bill is stout. Olive- sided Flycatchers tend to perch conspicuously atop tall trees or snags while foraging, giving their distinctive song—a loud three-note whistle: Quick, THREE BEERS!

Distribution Photo: © John D. Reynolds Olive-sided Flycatcher is a widespread migratory species, with 53% of its breeding range across most of forested Canada, and the remainder in the western Scientific name and northeastern United States. The winter Contopus cooperi distribution is concentrated in northern South Taxon America, particularly in the Northern Andes Birds Mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, but also in western Brazil, Venezuela, and Bolivia. It is COSEWIC status occasionally found wintering in other highland areas Special Concern from Mexico through Central America, including parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Canadian range Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, British, Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador

Reason for designation The Canadian population of this widespread forest songbird has experienced a substantial long-term decline, although the rate of decrease has slowed over the past decade. Loss of wintering habitat in northern South America is likely the greatest threat 0 facing this aerial insectivore, but the species may also Global range of Olive-sided Flycatcher be affected by changes on the breeding grounds Source: Altman and Sallabanks 2012; Partners In Flight Science Committee 2013a; such as the effects of altered fire regimes and Haché et al. 2014 changing climates on nesting habitat quality, and reductions in the abundance and availability of aerial Habitat insect prey. Concerns for the species remain, as most Olive-sided Flycatcher is most often associated with of these threats are continuing, and those related to edges of coniferous or mixed forests with tall trees or climate change may increase. snags for perching, alongside open areas, or in burned forest with standing trees and snags. In natural Wildlife species description and conditions, these habitats may include open to semi- significance open mature forest stands, as well as mature stands Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi) is a with edges near wet areas (such as rivers, muskeg, medium-sized songbird, 18-20 cm in length. Adults bogs or swamps), burned forest, openings created by are a deep brownish-olive above, with whitish insect outbreaks, barrens, or other gaps. The species

1 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary also uses forest stands adjacent to human-created Threats and Limiting Factors openings (such as clearcuts, thinned stands, and Forest loss on the wintering grounds in Central and prescribed burns). There is some limited evidence that South America may be the most significant factor birds nesting in and near harvested habitats experience driving population declines. Insectivorous birds as a lower breeding success than those nesting adjacent to group have been experiencing declines, likely natural (e.g., burned) openings. In the Rocky associated with widespread insect declines, pesticide Mountains and westward, Olive-sided Flycatcher use (particularly neonicotinoids), and changes in prey occurs in sparsely vegetated forests from sea level to availability during the breeding season as a possible 2250 m in proximity to wetland edge, whereas farther result of climate change. Habitat loss or degradation east, it is most frequently found near wetland areas or is likely affecting this species on both the breeding in recent burns. and wintering grounds. On the breeding grounds, this occurs through forest harvesting, anthropogenic Biology disturbance such as development and service Olive-sided Flycatcher is an aerial insectivore, corridors, and changes in fire regimes associated generally making short foraging flights from a high with climate change and direct human intervention perch to intercept flying insects. The egg and nestling (fire suppression), all of which may reduce habitat stages in Canada can last from late May/mid-June to quality and affect nest success. early/mid-August, depending on latitude. Olive-sided Flycatchers arrive on their Canadian breeding Protection, Status, and Ranks grounds between April and June, but predominantly Olive-sided Flycatcher is classified as G4 (Apparently around mid-May. They are socially monogamous, Secure) globally and in the United States, and N3 with large territories of 10-20 ha. Nests are typically (Vulnerable) in Canada by NatureServe. Provincial and built in coniferous trees. Average clutch size is three territorial breeding season rankings (except Nunavut, eggs, and a single brood is raised. Nest success where it was not assessed) range from S1S3 to S4 ranges from 30 to 65%, differing by region and (Critically Imperilled to Apparently Secure). All regional habitat type. Renesting is common if the first clutch rankings have changed to be less secure since the last fails. Olive-sided Flycatchers have been known to live COSEWIC assessment in 2007. The IUCN Red List for at least 7 years. Fall migration begins in late July, classified this species as Near Threatened in 2012 and with most birds departing for the wintering grounds again in 2016. Olive-sided Flycatcher is protected in between mid-August and early September. Canada by the Species at Risk Act (2002), where it is listed as Threatened under Schedule 1. It is also listed Population Sizes and Trends on provincial species at risk legislation in New Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicate declines for Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Olive-sided Flycatcher in Canada, which are not Labrador. It is protected in Canada under the Migratory significant in the short term (2.1% mean annual Birds Convention Act (1994) and by similar legislation decline for the period 2006-2016, equating to a in the United States and Mexico. cumulative decline of 19%), but are significant in the long term (2.8% mean annual decline for the period 1989-2016, and a cumulative decline of 72% since Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and 1970). Both short and long-term declines have been status report on the Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus greatest in New Brunswick, British Columbia, cooperi in Canada. Committee on the Status of Manitoba, and Yukon. Data from another large Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. ix + 52 pp. dataset (Boreal Avian Modelling Project) do not provide evidence of decline between 1997 and 2013.

Some migration monitoring stations report declining trends, though data are scarce. In the U.S. portion of For more information, please visit the breeding range, there is evidence of northward www.sararegistry.gc.ca. range retractions in California, New Hampshire, and For information regarding reproduction rights, please contact New York. Overall, evidence suggests that declines Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Public Inquiries have continued over the past decade, though on Centre at 1‑800‑668‑6767 (in Canada only) or 819‑997‑2800 average at a somewhat lower rate than previously. or email to [email protected].

2 Common Nighthawk insects on which this species forages, which can be attributed to agricultural and other pesticides, and changes in precipitation, temperature and hydrological regimes. An increasing frequency of severe or extreme weather events is also likely impacting this species by reducing its productivity and increasing mortality.

Wildlife species description and significance Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) is the most frequently seen member of the nightjar family. It pursues and catches flying insects on the wing, and is most active from dusk to dawn. It is extremely well-camouflaged by its mottled brown plumage Photo: © Gordon Court when perched on the ground or horizontal surfaces. Scientific name Common Nighthawk is most often seen in flight, Chordeiles minor when it can be recognized by its distinctive bounding flight, white bar near the end of the wing, and nasal Taxon peent call. Birds

COSEWIC status Special Concern

Canadian range Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador

Reason for designation

This aerial insectivore is a widespread breeding bird Photo: © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada; photo: Charles Francis across southern and boreal Canada. Its population in southern Canada has declined by 68% since 1970, Distribution but the rate of decline has slowed appreciably over The species breeds across Canada, as far north as the past decade, and the species appears to be quite central Yukon and southwestern Northwest Territories abundant in suitable boreal habitats. Concerns in the west, and slightly north of the Boreal Shield in remain over the effects of human activities and the east. It breeds throughout the contiguous United changing climates in reducing food and nest-site States and locally south into Central America. It availability. The causes of decline are not well known, winters in South America, mainly in the lowlands east but include threats that reduce the numbers of aerial of the Andes Mountains.

1 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

4-5 years on average, with a generation time of about 2-3 years. Other key demographic variables, such as survival rates and site fidelity, are poorly known. Survival and reproduction of individuals are thought to be constrained by the availability of flying insects on which to forage.

Population Sizes and Trends Population size estimates are poor, because Common Nighthawk is difficult to detect during most of the day, and much of its boreal habitat is not well-surveyed. The Canadian population is estimated from Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) results as 900,000 adults, about 10% of the global population. The Boreal Avian Modelling project, which collects data from additional sources in the northern parts of the breeding range, estimates a population of 270,000 adults in Canada, although this value is likely an underestimate. The BBS provides the best available information on population trends, especially in southern Canada. It shows that numbers there declined by 68% between 1970 and 2015, and that the rate of decline has slowed appreciably to 12% over the 10-year period 2005-2015. Analysis of eBird records suggests that the population may have stabilized in recent years, 0 and the species appears to be quite abundant in suitable boreal habitats. Breeding, migrating and wintering range of Common Nighthawk. Threats and Limiting Factors Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Widespread threats that may have an important Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 50 pp. impact include reduced abundance of aerial insects due to effects of agricultural and other pesticides, Habitat changes in precipitation and hydrological regimes, Common Nighthawk breeds in a range of open and changes in temperature regimes, and increasing partially open habitats, including forest openings and frequency of severe or extreme weather events. post-fire habitats, prairies, bogs, and rocky or sandy Several other threats have been proposed, but natural habitats, as well as disturbed areas. It is also appear to be less severe or affect only a small found in settled areas that meet its habitat needs, proportion of the population. those with open areas for foraging and bare or short-cropped surfaces for nesting. The species’ Protection, Status and Ranks use of a wide range of habitats makes it difficult to Common Nighthawk and its nests are protected estimate trends in habitat availability, except in urban under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994, and habitats, where their main nesting sites – flat graveled the species is listed as Threatened under Schedule 1 roofs – are disappearing. of the Species at Risk Act. A national recovery strategy has been developed to address key threats, Biology close knowledge gaps and identify critical habitat. Common Nighthawk can breed by its second year, The species is ranked as Not at Risk globally (G5), lays 1-2 eggs, and raises one brood per year. The Apparently Secure (N4B) in Canada and Secure (N5B) limited data available on longevity suggest it lives for in the United States. However, it is considered as

2 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

Critically Imperilled (S1), Imperilled (S2), or Vulnerable (S3) in 14 of 48 states and nine of 13 provinces and territories in which it occurs. In the remaining provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario) it is ranked Apparently Secure (S4) or Secure (S5).

Source: COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 50 pp.

For more information, please visit www.sararegistry.gc.ca.

For information regarding reproduction rights, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Public Inquiries Centre at 1‑800‑668‑6767 (in Canada only) or 819‑997‑2800 or email to [email protected].

3 Peregrine Falcon anatum/tundrius Wildlife species description and significance The Peregrine Falcon is a crow-sized raptor with long, pointed wings. Sexes are best distinguished by size, with females being on average 15-20% longer and 40-50% heavier than males. Adults have bluish-grey or darker upperparts, and pale underparts with variable amounts of dark spotting and barring. Immatures have upperparts that vary from pale to slate or chocolate brown, and underparts that are buffy with blackish streaks. A dark malar stripe extends from the eye across the cheek, and is generally wider on adults.

Photo: © Gordon Court Nineteen subspecies of Peregrine Falcon are recognized globally, three of which occur in North Scientific name America. The pealei subspecies is darker overall and is Falco peregrinus anatum/tundrius the largest, on average, in North America. The anatum Taxon and tundrius subspecies cannot be distinguished Birds genetically, and are considered as a single entity for the purpose of this status report. Within the anatum/ COSEWIC status tundrius complex, northern birds are typically paler Not at Risk and smaller, while more southern birds tend to have orange to brownish tinges to their underparts. Canadian range Yukon, Northern Territories, Nunavut, British The Peregrine Falcon became an important symbol of Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, environmental degradation due to its dramatic declines Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland in abundance in the middle of the 20th century, and its and Labrador recovery has been heralded as a conservation success story. It is one of the more desired falconry species Reason for designation globally. Following dramatic declines in the mid-20th century, this species has rebounded significantly over the past Distribution few decades, with continued moderate to strong The Peregrine Falcon is one of the world’s most widely increases in many parts of Canada since the last distributed bird species, occurring on every continent status report in 2007. The initial recovery was a result except Antarctica. The pealei subspecies is restricted of reintroductions across much of southern Canada to the western coast of North America, and in Canada following the ban of organochlorine pesticides (e.g., it is limited to the marine coasts of British Columbia DDT). Increasingly, the ongoing population growth is a from northwestern Vancouver Island to the Alaska function of healthy productivity and, in the case of panhandle, with the majority occurring on Haida Gwaii urban-nesting pairs, exploitation of previously (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). The unoccupied habitat. While pollutants continue to be anatum/tundrius Peregrine Falcon is widely distributed used on the wintering grounds of some individuals, across Canada, breeding in every jurisdiction except and can be found in tissue samples, they appear to be Prince Edward Island, but its distribution in southern at levels that are not affecting reproductive success at Canada is discontinuous. It occurs in southern parts of the population level. The extent to which populations British Columbia and the Prairie Provinces, and across have recovered relative to historical levels is generally eastern Canada from the Great Lakes Basin to the Bay unknown, but the consistent strong growth of the of Fundy, but does not breed on the island of overall population suggests that there are currently no Newfoundland. Arctic-nesting Peregrine Falcons breed significant threats to the species. from the Beaufort Sea coast of the Yukon east to Labrador and north to Baffin Island.

1 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

individuals nesting on cliffs versus urban habitats varies substantially across Canada. Alternate nest sites, which are not used every year, are often located within a nesting territory.

Peregrine Falcons often migrate along coasts, which provide prime hunting habitat because they coincide with the migration routes of preferred prey species, but some migrate through the interior. Peregrine Falcon wintering habitat varies widely, but typically contains aquatic and wetland habitats, and can also include urban areas. Northern-nesting anatum/ tundrius birds generally migrate the farthest, to Central and South America, while more southern- nesting birds may not migrate as far and some even overwinter on their nesting territories. Many pealei Peregrine Falcons winter on or close to their nesting territories.

Biology Peregrine Falcons maintain a nesting territory, 0 although in areas with abundant prey, nest sites can be close together. Adults typically return to previously Canadian and North American breeding distribution of used nest sites, and those with high productivity are the Peregrine Falcon. often occupied throughout successive generations. Source: COSEWIC. 2017. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (pealei subspecies – Falco peregrinus pealei and anatum/ Breeding typically begins at 2-3 years of age, tundrius – Falco peregrinus anatum/tundrius) in Canada. Committee on the Status typically one year younger for females than males. of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xviii + 108 pp. The nest is a simple scrape on a nest ledge, usually a Habitat cliff or building, and occasionally in a stick nest of another bird. Peregrine Falcons typically lay 3-4 eggs, The Peregrine Falcon breeds in a wide variety of and incubation averages 32-35 days. The young habitats, including tundra, coastal islands, desert usually begin to take flight around 40 days after canyons, and major metropolitan centres. Higher hatching, with males typically fledging earlier than densities are often found in Arctic and coastal females. Both adults incubate, with the female usually habitats. Although its diet is flexible, it breeds only doing more of the incubation. Nest productivity varies where there is access to sufficient food supplies. The considerably, both annually and regionally, and is most commonly used habitats contain cliffs or heavily influenced by individual condition, severe buildings for nesting and open landscapes for weather events, and prey availability. Productivity foraging, with large rivers or lakes typically present among pealei Peregrine Falcons averages 1.9 young nearby. Breeding sites may have a linear distribution, fledged per territorial pair. For anatum/tundrius following rivers or coastlines. Nest sites of pealei Peregrine Falcons in southern Canada it has ranged Peregrine Falcons are usually on island cliffs. The between 1.5-1.9 young/territorial pair since 1995, anatum/tundrius Peregrine Falcons in northern while in northern Canada it has consistently remained Canada nest primarily on cliffs along large river at or below 1.5. Peregrine Falcons typically prey upon systems. Urban habitats have become increasingly small to medium-sized birds that are hunted in the air, used by Peregrine Falcons in southern Canada in although they can pursue a wide range of prey, recent decades, with buildings, bridges and other including rodents in the Arctic. structures being used as nest sites. The proportion of

2 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

Although the historical population size was not well documented, given the remoteness of most nest sites, there was an evident dramatic decline in Peregrine Falcon numbers in the middle of the 20th century because of widespread contamination by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), which resulted in impaired reproduction through thinning of eggshells. The pealei Peregrine Falcon population has been gradually increasing over the past several decades at an estimated rate of almost +2% per year. The most recent estimates of population growth over a 20-year period for southern Canada anatum/tundrius subpopulations range from +50% in Saskatchewan to +3233% in Ontario. Although generally increasing, northern-nesting anatum/tundrius Peregrine Falcon subpopulations have shown more variability across jurisdictions and years. From 1990-2010, the number of occupied territories in five regularly surveyed areas of northern Canada increased by an average of 1.3% Photo: © Gordon Court per year, with a range over 20 years from -5% in Labrador to 100% in Nunavut. Population Sizes and Trends The Canadian pealei Peregrine Falcon nesting Threats and Limiting Factors population is presently considered to be stable The Peregrine Falcon remains potentially vulnerable to slightly increasing, with the recent total of to threats including toxic chemicals, heavy metal 119 occupied nests documented in 2015 being a contamination, and severe weather effects associated record high, although the trend may in part reflect with climate change. However, climate change may increasing survey effort over time. Overall, the also have some positive effects, such as an extended population is estimated at 250-1000 mature individuals. nesting season for High Arctic subpopulations. Regulated harvest levels for falconry purposes There are 300 known pairs of anatum/tundrius appear to be sufficiently low to avoid population Peregrine Falcons in southern Canada, an area with impacts. Overall, no substantial threats are currently good survey coverage, and the total population for apparent for anatum/tundrius, as reflected by the the region is estimated at approximately 1000 mature steady increase in numbers across most of Canada. individuals. In northern Canada, a minimum of Given its reliance on seabirds, the pealei subspecies 479 known nesting sites1 have been identified within remains vulnerable to oil spills and other pollution that regularly surveyed study areas, and the population for may affect these prey, as well as other natural system these surveyed areas is estimated at 1,500 mature modifications that could result in seabird declines. individuals. However, the vast majority of the Arctic region is not surveyed and the total population is Protection, Status and Ranks undoubtedly much larger. The total post-breeding Peregrine Falcon anatum/tundrius was assessed by population of northern North America (Canada, COSEWIC as Special Concern in April 2007 and Alaska, and Greenland) in 2000, based upon mark- reassessed as Not at Risk in November 2017. The recapture studies of hatching-year birds, was pealei subspecies was assessed as Special Concern estimated to represent more than 60,000 mature in April 2007 and November 2017. The anatum/ individuals. Based upon this estimate and subsequent tundrius and the pealei subspecies of the Peregrine rates of population growth, the Peregrine Falcon Falcon are both listed as Special Concern under population in northern Canada is conservatively Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Act. estimated to be at least 35,000 mature individuals.

1 Based upon the number of observed nesting sites in the 2010 survey, supplemented by higher counts for regions also surveyed in 2015 and the highest recent count for regions not surveyed in 2010.

3 The text information is taken directly from the COSEWIC executive summary

Peregrine Falcon is currently listed under Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna. In addition to the national management plan, a number of provinces and national parks have management plans or recovery strategies for the Peregrine Falcon.

Source: COSEWIC. 2017. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (pealei subspecies – Falco peregrinus pealei and anatum/tundrius – Falco peregrinus anatum/tundrius) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xviii + 108 pp.

For more information, please visit www.sararegistry.gc.ca.

For information regarding reproduction rights, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Public Inquiries Centre at 1‑800‑668‑6767 (in Canada only) or 819‑997‑2800 or email to [email protected].

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