Disaster, Disaster Management and Livelihood of Fishermen: a Study on the Selected Areas of Kerala
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Disaster, Disaster Management and Livelihood of Fishermen: A study on the selected areas of Kerala. Report Prepared by: S. Mohammed Irshad PhD Assistant Professor Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies Tata Institute of Social Sciences Post Box No 8313, Deonar, Mumbai-400088. India Phone: 91+22+2552 5893, 91 9833224070 E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] Sponsored by: Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment Thozhil Bhabhavan, Thiruvananthapuram 2018 Acknowledgements I thank KILE for extending the research grant to pursue this research. Every meeting with the core team of KILE was an enriching experience. With great gratitude I acknowledge the comments of Prof T S N Pillai (KILE Core Committee Member), who is really inspired me to get involved in this research project. His comments really helped shape the focus of this research project. I also acknowledge the comments and suggestions of the core committee member of KILE, Prof Manu Bhaskar , Prof Rajan, Mr. S. Thulaseedgaran. The comments were really inspiring me to put more efforts to widen the academic area of work. With due respect, I thank the comment of Prof Rajan one of the core committee members that my first draft which was not copy edited and formatted reflects my character. It moved me and forced me to revisit the coasts and search for more data. I thank Ms Pinky Sujatha, Vimal and Rajiv for their support to collect data and conduct FGDs. I thank Dr. Sekhar Lukose Kuriakose, Member Secretary, Kerala State Disaster Management Authority to share the information on Ockhi cyclone and give valuable academic insight on the cyclone risk management. I express my sincere gratitude to Fr Eugene Pereire, Vicar Thiruvanatapuram, Diocese for sharing crucial details of Cyclone risk management. It helped focus the cases study analysis. I also thank Fr Thiyadatious Dcruz for sharing the classifies document of Diocese for this research. I thank Mr Anil Kumar, president Perinad Gramapanchayt and Mr Vishwanathan Pillai , Member of Perinad Grampanchyat for their support to get in touch with the rehabilitation colony in Perinad. I express my gratitude to Prof N Ramalingam, of Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation for sharing their study reports on Tsunami Rehabilitation. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Sheela Nair, scientist of National Centre for Earth Science Studies and Dr. Shahl Hamid, retired scientist of the same institute and Prof. Anith Joseph of TKM College of Engineering for educating me on the causes of coastal erosion and challenges of putting solutions. It was really an enriching interaction. Finally to my wife and parents for their support and care Content List of Tables List of Graphs Preface Executive Summary Content Page No Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1Research concern of the study 3 1.2.The core objectives of this study are: 6 1.3.Hypothesis of the study 6 1.4.Universe of the study 6 1.5.Unit of the study 7 Chapter II Review of Literatures and Research Gap 8 2.1 Disaster, Adaptation and Rehabilitation 9 2.2Coastal Erosion and Community Vulnerability 10 2.3 Cyclone Risk Prediction and Management 12 Chapter III. Conceptual Framework and Method of the Study 16 3.1 Method of Study 18 Chapter IV. Fisheries Economy and Coastal Economy 20 4.1 Fishermen and Economy at the local level 26 4.2 Assessing the market and fixing the price 27 4.3 Fisheries Department and Fishermen 30 4.4 The new fisheries economy and disaster risks 40 4.5 Conclusion 43 Chapter V: Coastal Erosion: The Recurring Disaster and Lack of Solutions 44 5.1 Coastal Erosion in Kollam and Eravipuram Areas 45 5.2 Erosion, Displacement and Livelihood 54 5.3 Erosion and Permanent Displacement: The Story of a Vulnerable Colony 58 5.4 Potential Solutions to Erosion 67 5.4.1 Economics of Hard Solutions 69 5.5 Community and Coastal Protection 71 5.6 Emerging Conflicts 73 5.7 Conclusion 75 Chapter VI. Tsunami ‘Rehabilitation’: The Continuing Disasters 77 6.1 Tsunami Incident 78 6.1.1 Tsunami: Impact, Loss and Assessment 78 6.1.2 Indirect Financial Support 81 6.1.3 Scenario in Kerala 85 6.2 Post-disaster Rehabilitation 87 6.3 Rehabilitation, Basic Needs and Common Property Rights 89 6.3.1 Life of Tsunami-affected Communities 89 6.3.2 Scheduled Caste Welfare, State and International Non Governmental Organisation (INGO) 92 6.3.3 The New Identity of Tsunami Colonies 93 6.4 Incomplete Tsunami Rehabilitation 96 6.4.1 Infrastructure Investment 96 6.4.2 Drinking Water 96 6.4.3 Old Age Home in Alappad and Arattupuzha 97 6.4.4 Health Care 97 6.4.5 Coastal Protection 97 6.4.6 Education 97 6.4.7 Valeazheekal Higher Secondary School Aratupuzha Panchayat: 98 6.4.8 Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) Centres 98 6.4.9 Road Development 98 6.4.10 Labour Sector 99 6.4.11 Basic Infrastructure 99 6.5 Livelihood and Tsunami Rehabilitation 99 6.5.1 Livelihood Rehabilitation at the Local level 100 6.6 Mining, Tsunami and Coastal Regulation Zone 103 6.6.1 Mining of KMML and IRE 105 6.6.2 Mining of IRE 107 6. 7 Kerala Assembly and Tsunami-related Discussions 108 6. 8 Conclusion 109 Chapter VII: Cyclone Ockhi: Faults in Information Dissemination and the Resultant Struggle 110 7.1 Authenticity of the Warning 116 7.2 Conflict between Church and Government on Ockhi Cyclone 121 7.3 Kerala Government and Ockhi Cyclone 131 7.4 Struggle of the ‘Victims’ 136 7.5 Conclusion 138 Chapter VIII: Summary and Findings 139 8.1 Coastal Erosion and community exclusion 139 8.2 Tsunami and its Secondary Impacts 140 8.3 Ockhi Cyclone and ‘State Action’ 141 Chapter IX. Conclusion and Recommendations for building community resilience and coping capacity 143 List of Tables Page No Table 1.1: Eroding sectors along the coast in each District, Taluka and whole State 2 Table 4.1 District-wise Distribution of Fishermen Population in Kerala 2016-17 (Estimated) 21 4.2 Fishing villages and Fish landing in Kerala 23 Table 4.3 Craft Under Operation 24 Table 4.4 Average monthly income of respondent fishermen from different sectors 26 Table 4.5 The local realty of fishing 28 Table 4.6 The distribution of money is as follows 29 Table 4.7 Average income 29 Table 4.8 .National Minority Development Finance Corporation Supported Micro Finance 32 Table 4.9 Fish production (Lakh tonnes) 33 Table 4.10. Export of marine products from Kerala vis a vis India 34 Table 4.11. 12th Plan for Fisheries and Coastal Area Development – outlay and expenditure ( Rs in lakh) 36 4.13 Fishing Harbors in Kerala 38 Table 4.14 Details of Revenue Collection in Various Fishing Harbors and Fish Landing Centres. (Rs in Lakh 39 Table 4.15. Project Details of the Sagarmala Programme 41 Table 5.1 Details of Fisher folk Family with in 50M from 51 Table 5.2 . Comparing Average income and working days in 1999 and 2017 55 Table 5.3: General Conditions of the Relocated People 62 Table 5.4: Water accessibility and quantity consumption 64 Table 6.1: Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Package (Numbers in Crore Rs.) 79 Table 6.2: Immediate Relief 80 Table 6.3: Norms for Assistance to Fishermen under the Special Package: 80 Table 6.4: Sector-wise Allocation 82 Table 6.5: Replacement of Fishing Vessels 82 Table 6.6: Short and Medium Term Government of India Requirement Rs. in lakhs 83 Table 6.7: Estimated Total Package for Tsunami Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 83 Table 6.8: External Assistance and Gap 84 Table 6.9: Damage and Loss in Kerala 85 Table 6.10: Sources of Funding for Tsunami Rehabilitation 86 Table 6.11: ADB’s Fund Allocation and Sector 86 Table 6.12: Houses Offered by Agencies in Kollam and Alappuzha Districts 87 Table 6.13: Land Occupied in the Previous Place 91 Table 6.14: Assistance to Conventional Livelihood Activities 100 Table 6.15: Prices of Land Acquired for KMML 106 Table 6.16: Waste Sand Sold by KMML from 01-01-2009 to 31-12-2009 106 Table 6.17: Prices of Land Acquired for IRE 107 Table 7.2. Request for Additional financial support to Government of India Table 7.1 Ockhi-Affected Dead Persons in the Latin Archdiocese of Trinandrum 124 Table 7.3 Ockhi –Affected Missing Persons in the Latin Archdiocese of Trivandrum 125 Table 7.3 Financial Debt of Ockhi –Affected Persons from the Latin Archdiocese of Trivandrum 127 Table 7.4 Special assistance to the families of deceased fishermen and for individuals whose livelihood has been affected 130 Table 7.5. Request for Additional financial support to Government of India 132 Table 7.6. Request for Additional financial support to Government of India 134 List of Graphs Page No Graph 4.1 Number of beneficiary groups assisted 25 Graph 4.2 Coastal Investment pattern 37 Figure 4.3 Revenue collection from Fish Landing Centres 40 Graph 4.4 Potential of Deep Sea fishing 41 Graph 4.5 Distribution of Investment in Sagaramala 43 Graph 5.1: Shoreline change: Kollam coast 46 Graph 5.2: Wave Height 46 Illustration 5.3: Level of Erosion in Kollam Backwater Area 47 Illustration 5.4: Erosion and Beach Formation in Kollam Backwater Area 47 Figure 5.5. Income Change of fishermen over two decades 56 Graph 5.6: Cost disparity in water per litter 65 List of Abbreviations KILE : Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment KFWFB Kerala Fishermen’s Welfare Fund Board CAD Coastal Area Development EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone MHHWL Mean higher high water level MLHWL Mean lower high water level, MLLW Mean lower low water level MHLWL Mean higher low water level FGD Focus Group Discussion LIFE-Mission Livelihood Inclusion and Financial Empowerment-MISSION NCESS National Centre for Earth Science Studies IIT Indian Institute of Technology NGO Non Government